中国文化概况 chapter13.ppt

chapter13worldheritagesites,aglimpseofchineseculture,本章教学目的,对中国世界文化和自然遗产的了解。,本章教学重难点,世界文化和自然遗产著名山脉的介绍世界自然遗产著名风景点的介绍世界文化遗产石窟和古村落的介绍,本章教学的时间安排,教师课堂讲解(60minutes)introductiontotheworldheritagelist(5minutes)worldculturalandnaturalheritagesmountains(15minutes)worldnaturalheritagescenicspots(15minutes)worldculturalheritages(15minutes)thepreservationofworldheritage讨论(10minutes)学生课件展示(30minutes),worldculturalandnaturalheritagesinchina,chinahasavastterritories,abundantnaturalresources,withmanywonderfullandscapesandtreasuredhistoricsites.anumberoftheseformpartoftheworldheritagelist,asourceofgreatnationalpridetothechinesepeople.,chinastartedtosubmittotheworldheritagelistin1987.uptojune2007,amongtheover800worldheritagesiteslistedbyunesco,chinahas35listed,rankingthethird,trailingspainanditaly.,worldculturalandnaturalheritagemountains,mounttaishanwaslistedin1987byunescoasadualculturalandnaturalheritage.chinasspectacularmountainlandscapesattractmanytouristshomeandabroad.amongthem,mounttaishan,mounthuangshan,mountlushanandmountwuyiaremostworthvisiting.,mounttaishan,therearefivesacredmountainsinchina:mounttaishan(泰山),mounthuashan(华山),mounthengshan(恒山),mounthengshan(衡山)，andmountsongshan(嵩山).,inmounttaishan,natureandculturepenetrateintoeachother.itisthesymbolofspiritualcultureofchina.,thesunriseintheeast,mounttaishansfourspectacularviews,thesunsetinthewest,theyonderyellowriverresemblingagoldenbelt,theseaofcloudslikejadeplates,mounthuangshan,mounthuangshanwaslistedin1990byunescoasadualculturalandnaturalheritage.thethreemainpeaks,thelotuspeak,thetiandupeakandtheguangmingpeak,areabout1,800metresabovesealevel.,threemainpeaks,thelotuspeak,thetiandupeak,theguangmingpeak,mountlushan,mountlushanwasaddedtothelistofworldculturalheritagein1996byunescowhc.themountainisawell-knownscenicarea,summerresortandplaceforconvalescent(恢复期的)patients.,threewaterfalls,hanpopass,sudongpo,abrilliantpoetofthesongdynasty,queriedinoneofhispoems:“howcouldonetellwhatmountlushanreallylookslikewhenoneisinthemidstofthemountainallalong?”,mountemei,mountemeiandtheleshangiantbuddhascenicareawerelistedin1996byunescowhcasadualculturalandnaturalheritage.themountainstretchesmorethan200kmfromsouthtonorth.,itsmainpeak,wanfotop(万佛顶:thesummitoftenthousandbuddhas),isabout3,099metresabovesealevel.,atthesummitofthemountemeiisthemonasteryknownasthegoldensummit.,mountemeiisawell-knownnaturalmuseumwithmorethan3,000speciesofplantsand2,000typesofanimalsincludinggroupsofmonkeysthatappearonthemountainroads.,thegiantbuddhaofleshan30kmwestofmountemeiisthelargestbuddhaintheworld.,mountwuyi,mountwuyiwaslistedin1999byunescowhcasadualculturalandnaturalheritage.locatedsouthofwuyishancity,fujianprovince,mountwuyihaswhatisprobablythelargest,mosttypicalandbest-preservedsubtropicalvirginforestsintheworld.itisatypicalrosycloudlandform(丹霞地貌).,thisscenicareaincludesonestream,sevenshoals(滩),nineponds,11ravines(涧),13springs,36peaks,61rocks,72caves,99cliffs,and108scenicspots.,worldnaturalheritagescenicspots,sincetheninetiesofthelastcentury,therehavebeenfournaturalsiteslistedasworldnaturalheritage:wulingyuanscenicandhistoricinterestarea,jiuzhaigouvalleyscenicandhistoricinterestarea,huanglongscenicandhistoricinterestareaandsichuangiantpandasanctuaries.,wulingyuan(武陵源),thewulingyuannaturalresortofzhangjiajiecityinthenorthwestofhunanprovincewaslistedasaworldnaturalheritagein1992byunesco.,theareaconsistsofthreeparts:zhangjiajienationalforestpark,suoxiyunaturalresourcereserveandtianzishannaturalresourcereserve.,jiuzhaigouvalleyscenicandhistoricinterestarea,thejiuzhaigouvalleyscenicandhistoricinterestareawasputontheworldnaturalheritageslistin1992byunesco.,thejiuzhaigouvalleyisanarrowstripoflowland,400kmlong,intheminshan(岷山)mountainrangeinnanpingcountyinnortheastsichuanprovince.itgotitsnamebecausethereareninetibetanvillagesinthevalley.,itssixmainscenicsitesarelongsea,swordrock,cataract(诺日朗瀑布),shuzhenglakes,zharulakesandblacksea.,itswonderfulscenesofgreenlakes,overlappingfalls,colorfulforests,snowypeaksanditstibetanlifeareofworldwiderenown.,huanglongscenicandhistoricinterestarea,thehuanglongscenicandhistoricinterestareainsongpancountyofsichuanprovincewasputontheworldnaturalheritagelistin1992byunesco.huanglongisfamedforitscolorfulpools,snow-cappedmountains,deepforests,waterfallsanddiversifiedcultures.,huanglongwinsitsfameforitsmagiclandscapeoflimeformations,madeupof3,400multi-colouredponds,interlacedalongthevalley.,sichuangiantpandasanctuaries,thesichuangiantpandasanctuarieswaslistedtobetheworldnaturalheritagein2006byunesco.,thepandahabitatinsichuancovers9,245sqkmincludinglying-dragon,mountainfoursisters,goldmountainrangesaswellas12citiesandcounties.thirtypercentofthewildpandasintheworldarelivingthere,whichmakesitthelargestandmostintactwildpandahabitatintheworld.,worldculturalheritages,famousgrottosfamousancientcitiesyinxu(anyang),famousgrottos,withthewidespreadofbuddhisminchinainthesecondcentury,grottoartswereintroducedtochinafromindia,anddevelopedrapidlybetweenthesecondandfourthcenturies.grottoswerecarvedinclifffacesinvariousplaces,particularlyinnorthernchina.theyunganggrottosinshanxiprovince,thedunhuangcavesingansuprovinceandthelongmengrottosinhenanprovincearecalledthethreemostimportantgrottosinchina.,mogaocaves,themogaocavesindunhuangwereputonthelistoftheworldculturalheritagein1987byunesco.itisthegreatestandmostconsummate(完整的)galleryofbuddhistartintheworld.,thecaveseachmeasures1,600meterslongand50metershigh,andisclose-packedlikeabeehive(蜂窝).thereare492caveswiththe1,000yearoldmuralsandcolouredstatueswhichwerecompletedindifferentperiodssuchasthesouthandthenorthdynasties,sui,tang,thefivedynasties,song,westxiaandyuandynasty.,longmengrottos,thelongmengrottoswasputonthelistoftheworldculturalheritagein2000byunesco.thelongmengrottosaresituatedonthebankoftheyiriverinluoyangcity,henanprovince.theywerecarvedfromthenorthernweitothesongdynasty,spanningmorethan400years.therearealltogethermorethan97,000statuesofbuddha,morethan1,300caves,over3,600inscriptionsandtitledtabletsinthesite.,thelongmengrottosisanoutdoorartmuseumofstonecarvingsandhasthehighestnumberofinscribedstonetabletsamongchinasgrottos.,lushenabuddha(卢舍那佛),thelargestofthestatues,is17.14metershigh,andthesmallestoneisamere-2-cm-high.twocaves,theguyangcave(古阳洞)andthebinyangcave(宾阳洞),containthemostrepresentativestatues.,yunganggrottos,theyunganggrottoswereputonthelistoftheworldculturalheritagein2001byunescowhc.located16kmwestofdatongcitywiththenorthernclifffaceswuzhouhills,theyunganggrottoswerehewn(凿)outofcliff-sidesinahoneycombpattern,stretchingforonekmfromeasttowest.,theycontainchinaslargestandearlieststonesculpture.thesculpturalworksatyungangarenotedfortheirfleshy,vigorousfeaturesandrichvariety.thebiggestoneinthegrottosis17metreshigh,whilethesmallestisonlyseveralcm.thestatuesofallkindsarevividandlifelike.,famousancientcities,oldtownoflijiangoldtownoflijiangwasputontheworldculturalheritagelistbyunescoin1997.alsocalleddayantown,theoldtownoflijiangisfoundedinalargenaxi(纳西)settlementfirstbuiltduringthesouthernsongdynastysomeeightcenturiesagoinyunnanprovince.,lijiangsfamecomesfromthedongba(东巴)cultureofnaxiethnicgroupandthemosuo(摩挲)matrilinealfamily.itisanintactancientcitywithalonghistory,inhabitedchieflybythenaxiethnicgroup.itisnicknamedthe“orientalvenice”.mostofthebuildingsinthetownweremadeofwoodandtiles,extremelyelegantandcomfortable.,cityofpingyao,ancientcityofpingyaowasputontheworldculturalheritagelistbyunescowhcin1997.pingyaoisasmalltownincentralshanxiprovince.itwasbuiltinthezhoudynasty.thereisthemostwell-preservedancientcitywallwhichsurroundsthetown.pingyaohasattractedmoreandmoreattentionthroughouttheworld.itisthemirrorofcitiesinthemingandqingdynasties.,hongcunandxidi(宏村与西递),ancientvillagesinsouthernanhuihongcunandxidiwereputontheworldculturalheritagelistbyunescowhcin2000,2003and2004.located10kmnortheastofyixiancounty,anhuiprovince,xidiandhongcunhaveabout400500yearsofhistory.theoriginalresidentialstyleandfeaturesofthemingandqingdynastieswerepreservedperfectly,reputedas“alivingancientresidentialmuseum”byexpertsandtouristsathomeandfromabroad.,xidiandhongcunaretypicalrepresentationofthecultureoffeudalsocietyinthelaterstageofchinathecarrierofhuizhouculture.ithaswellpreserveditsdialects,costume,andsomelocalfoodanddrinks.,yinxu(anyang),the3,300-year-oldyinxuwereputonunescosworldheritagelistin2006.itisthekeyculturalheritagesiteunderthegovernmentsprotection.itislocatedatanyang,henanprovince.after60yearsofarchaeological(考古的)excavationsfrom1928,theruinsofpalaces,temples,workshops,tombsandsacrificialpitshavebeenfoundthere.,withatotalareaofabout24sqkm,yinxuisthecapitalcitysruinsofthelateshangdynasty.theexcavationoftheruinshasprovidedrichandcrucialmaterialsforthestudyofhistoryofthatperiod.theunearthedrelicsinclude:alargenumberoforacleboneinscriptions(甲骨文),delicatebronzeware,jadeandivoryarticles,productiontoolsandarticlesfordailyuse.,themostfamousamongthemisthesimuwutripod(司母戊方鼎),thelargestpieceofbronzewarerelicofthattimeeverfoundintheworld.itshowsthehighlevelofcraftsmanshipandeconomicandculturaldevelopmentofthelateshangdynasty.,thepreservationofworldheritage,theworldheritagecommittee,underunesco,considerseachyearsuggestionsforlistingasworldheritagesites.allsitesontheworldheritagelistreceivefinancialandtechnicalaid.inthemeantime,theybecomebetterknownworldwideandareprotectedbypressurefromtheinternationalcommunity.,twomajorcriteriaarevitalwhenseekingaworldheritagedesig