同济大学实用写作期末复习提纲.docx

同济大学实用写作期末复习提纲CHAPTER ONE1. The conciseness, clarity, correctness and courteousness are very important.2. There are two general types of workplace document, those that try to either inform the reader about a product or service or persuade the reader that this product or service is a good one and worth buying.3. The workplace writer chooses content and language which will best achieve their aim.4. As with any form of communication, the most important factors in business communication are purpose and audience.5. The status of the people sending and receiving the communication includes bottom-up communication, top-down communication and sideways communication.CHAPTER TWO1. A memo is used only for communication within a company, i.e. it is an intra-company document and is not used for inter-company communication.2. A memo may be distributed top-down or bottom-up.3. Using first person words like we, I and our and second person words like you and your reduces the distance between the sender and receiver. Junior employees writing to senior employees can use these words, but they need to be careful that the right distance, and therefore courtesy, is maintained.l Title(MEMORANDUM), Heading(To, From, Date, Subject), Body(Purpose, Background, Request)CHAPTER THREE1. Letters of request are written to seek information and to obtain a response to a specific enquiry.2. Letters responding to requests give information but also attempt to build goodwill.l Block formatThe main feature of this format is that everything (with the possible exception of the companys letterhead and logo) is blocked or justified to the left side of the page. With this style, it is not necessary to use commas or full stops in the date, address, salutation, or close.l SalutationIf you know the name of your recipient, begin Dear Mr. or Ms. X and close Yours sincerely; if you do not know the recipient or their gender, begin Dear Sir/Madam and close Yours faithfully.CHAPTER FOUR1. Letters of complaint normally include the following information: an explanation of the problem, the consequences of the problem for both parties and a request to solve the problem.2. A letter of adjustment will normally include the following information in the given order: an offer of apologies, a summary of action taken to rectify the problems and an assurance of goodwill including the offer of compensation, if appropriate.CHAPTER SIX1. A business report is divided into numbered section: introduction, procedure, findings, conclusion and recommendations.2. A business report is written because information which has been gathered needs to be presented in an organized way. The length and format depends on the purpose of the report, the content and the intended audience or reader.l VoicesThe function of the passive voice is to make the information sound objective and impersonal, to remove any hint of personal bias.l TensesTo show the relevance of the information, writers often use the S. Pr. T. as the default tense, especially for the introduction and conclusion sections. Exceptions to this are when an event clearly took place in the past.CHAPTER EIGHT1. It is very important, but also quite difficult, to get the tone and style right in job application letters.2. A resume always contains particular information in sequence and under certain headings: career objective, personal data, education and qualifications, employment record, extracurricular activities and awards, special skills, hobbies and sports and referees.3. The most important language feature of a resume is its simplicity.l Application LetterSpecifying the job being applied for, relating studies to job demands, mentioning relevant part-time work, referring reader to the resume, mentioning the qualities developed through project work, stating reasons for applying to this particular company, showing knowledge of companys plans, linking language skills to companys plans and giving contact details and stating available for interviewCHAPTER TEN1. Minutes of a meeting are written for two main purposes: to create a record of what took place in the meeting and to remind those at the meeting of the actions they need to take after the meeting.2. Whatever the length, minutes always include the time and date of the meeting, the name of all those present and absent, the agenda items discussed and all decisions reached and the time at which the meeting ended.3. When writing minutes, we need to use reported speech.CHAPTER TWELVE1. We persuade others in three main ways: appeal to reason, appeal to emotions and appeal to trust.CHAPTER THIRTEENl Introduction, body and conclusionl Sales(pl.)l Grow, ascend, mount, soar, level up, shoot up, booml Descend, plunge, plummet, slump, skid, tumble, level down, bottom outl Flatten out, reach a plateau, remain, maintain, keep, stay, be the same as, be similar to, level off/outCHAPTER FOURTEEN1. Business proposals are written to suggest new ideas for organizing a company to make it more efficient or for promoting its products and services in a more effective way.2. To be practical, there are five areas in which an idea needs to work: the technical, the resource-related, the financial, the social and the environmental.CHAPTER SIXTEEN1. A company profile provides prospective clients and customers with what the company considers to be key information about the organization. This wi