《从属结构之从句篇》PPT课件.ppt

名词从句,名词从句含盖了主语从句、宾语从句、补语从句和同位语从句。连接这些从句与主句的关系词主要有三类：,1.从属连词：that（无有词义）,whether（是否）,if（是否）2.连接代词：who（谁，主格）,whom（谁，宾格）,whose谁的，所有格）,what（什么）,which（哪个，哪些）3.连接副词：when（什么时候）where（什么地方）why（为什么）,how（怎样）,名词从句中的从属连词在从句里不担任任何成分，只起连接的作用；而关系代词和关系副词不仅仅是起连接的作用，而且还在从句里担任一定的成分;关系代词常在从句中担任主语、宾语或表语等成分；关系副词常在从句中担任状语。,另外，在使用上面的这些关系词时，有几个问题值得我们注意：首先，只能用whether而不能用if的情况.,1）引导主语从句，例如：Whetherwellmakealoanfortheprojecthasnotbeendecided（正确）OR:Ithasnotbeendecidedwhetherwellmakealoanfortheproject.（正确）Ifwellmakealoanfortheprojecthasnotbeendecided.（错误）OR:Ithasnotbeendecidedifwellmakealoanfortheproject.（错误）,2）作介词的宾语，,IhavenoideaaboutwhetherIcanraisethemoneyforbuyingacar.（正确）我不知道我是否能为买车筹措到资金。IhavenoideaaboutifIcanraisethemoneyforbuyingacar.（错误）,3）后接不定式,Hedidntknowwhethertogoallhimselffirstorwaitforherhere.(正确)Hedidntknowiftogoallhimselforwaitforherhere.（错误）,4）后接ornot,Wewonderwhethertheyllcomeintimeornot.(正确)我们担心他们会不会准时到。Wewonderiftheyllcomeintimeornot.（错误）,其次，what引导的名词从句表达的意思是所的。这个所怎么的定义根据从句谓语的动作意义而定。,Idontunderstandwhatyousaid.Whatheneedsistopracticemore.Moneyiswhatsheisreallyafter.Peoplehavedifferentideasaboutwhathappinessmeans.,最后，要了解-ever=nomatter，用于表示强调，意为无论。也就是说：,whatever=nomatterwhat（无论什么）whoever=nomatterwho（无论谁）whichever=nomatterwhich（无论那个）whenever=nomatterwhen（无论何时）wherever=nomatterwhere（无论何地）however=nomatterhow（无论怎样）,A主语从句,Whetherhellcomeornotremainsaquestion.他是否会来依然是一个问题。Whoeversaysthatisnotallowed.无论谁这样说都是不允许的。ThatshereadsEnglishaloudeverymorninghelpsheralotintheimprovementofherEnglishstudy.,要点提示在使用主语从句中，有几个问题值得我们注意：,1）尽管主从连词that在主语从句中没有任何意义,但一般不能省略。Thatthereisnoelevatorinthebuildingisthecriticalinconvenience.这幢楼里没有电梯是极大的不便之处。Itisnecessary(that)hehavehisfurtherstudyincollege.(当主语从句在后面时，连词that可以省去)他在大学进一步深造是完全必要的。,2）为了保持句子平衡或在正式文体中,常用先行It代替主语从句而将主语从句置于句末。,Itremainsaquestionwhetherhellcomeornot.他是否会来，依然是一个问题。Itisnotallowedwhoeversaysthat.无论谁这样说都是不允许的。,3）在It+be+形容词/名词+that从句的结构中，由于某些形容词/名词的原因，that从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟式。这类形容词/名词常见的有：,essential（绝对必要的）,important（重要的），natural（自然的）,necessary必要的）,regretful（遗憾的）,strange（奇怪的）,proper（适当的）,urgent（紧急的）duty（义务、责任）,apity（遗憾）,nowonder（难怪）,aregret（遗憾）。例如：,Itisstrangethathe(should)sayso.他居然会这样说，真是奇怪。Itisagreatpitythatyou(should)thinkso.他居然会这样想，真是一件憾事。Itisnaturalthatabird(should)restintrees.鸟在树上安歇是很自然的。Itisawonderthatheshouldhavepassedtheexam.他这次考试居然会及格，真是个奇迹。,4）以what引导的主语从句常用于句首表示强调。Whattheyneednowisfinancialaid.他们现在所需要的是经济援助。Whatshethinksofmedoesntmeanmuchtome.她怎么样看我，对我来说无所谓。Whatyouhavesaidhurtheralot.你所说的话对她伤害很大。,B宾语从句Ibelievethathewillfindajobinthatpublisher.（作谓语动词的宾语）我相信，他一定会在那家出版社找到工作。Helaughedatwhattheysaid.（作介词的宾语）她对他们说的话，一笑置之。,要点提示在使用宾语从句中，有几个问题值得我们注意：1）宾语从句与主句的时态一致性问题这种一致性的要求,只有当主句的谓语动词用于过去时区的时候才存在。凡是在过去时区内的各种不同时态都在其中。另外，这种一致性只要求宾语从句的谓语动词也用于过去时区即可，至于用什么样具体的时态就要依从句的需要而定了。,Hehadtoldmethathewouldjointheclubsometime.他曾经告诉我说，他会在某个时候参加俱乐部的。IrememberedthatIhadmethimsomewhere.我记得我曾在哪儿见过他。Shethoughtthatshewouldhavefinishedwhatshewasdoingbytheendofthemonth.她认为在那个月底她将完成她手头上做的事。,2）if引导的宾语从句不能作介词的宾语，而只有用whether引导才行。这一点在上面刚刚讲过.（略）3）某些动词后面，宾语从句的谓语要求用虚拟式。这一点已在虚拟语气一章中讨论过了，本章只作简单的复习。,虚拟式的动词，常见的有：command（命令）,demand（要求）,desire（希望）,insist（坚持）,order（命令）,propose（提议）,recommend（推荐）,request（要求）,require（要求）,suggest（建议），等。例如：Heproposedthatwe(should)setadeadlineforthecomplementoftheplan.他提议拟定一个执行计划的期限。,IndirectSpeech,DirectSpeech,and,一字不改地引用或复述别人的话，被引用或复述的部分就叫直接引语；直接引语必须都放在引号中，其位置常在句尾或句首。,用自己的话转述别人的话；被转述的部分就叫间接引语；间接引语不必用括号，一般用宾语从句或复合宾语表达法。,原封不动引用别人的原话,原话在引号中。,“Takeoffyourboots,”hesaid.,“Idontknowwhereyourbikeis,”saidtheArab.,“Imsorry,”theprofessorsaidtotheclass,“butnoneofyouwatchedcarefullyenough.”,DirectSpeech:,用自己的话转述别人所说的内容。通常以宾语从句的形式出现。当直接引语变为间接引语时，有关的人称、语序、时态、代词、时间状语、地点状语、和少数动词都要作相应的改变。,IndirectSpeech:,时态的变化,一般过去时,过去进行时,过去完成时,过去完成时或不变,过去将来时,附：,代词时间状语地点状语少数动词,that,those,there,then,go,take,could,might,hadto,时间状语,陈述句：,引语前用that引导,有时也可以不用。,Hesaid,“Iopenedthewindowthismorning.”,Hesaidthatheopenedthewindowthatmorning.,Mysistersaid,“Wehavecleanedthefloor.”,Mysistersaidthattheyhadcleanedthefloor.,Themanagersaidtome,“Youmustgotherenextweek.”,ThemanagertoldmethatIhadtogotherethenextweek.,Thegirlsaid,“Icandomyhomeworkmyself.”,Thegirlsaidthatshecoulddoherhomeworkherself.,如直接引语是客观真理，变为间接引语时，时态不变。,Theteachersaidinclass,“Themoonmovesaroundtheearth.”,Theteachersaidinclassthatthemoonmovesaroundtheearth.,陈述句直接引语变间接引语的结构：,Asaidthat,AtoldBthat,Thegirlsaidthatshecoulddoherhomeworkherself.,ThemanagertoldmethatIhadtogotherethenextweek.,一般疑问句：,变为间接引语后，要用陈述语序（主语先写）用if或whether引导。时态等作相应变化。,Heasked,“Canyouhearme?”,Heaskedif/whetherIcouldhearhim.,Theteacherasked,“Haveyoureadthisbook,Bob?”,TheteacheraskedBobif/whetherhehadreadthatbook.,Shesaidtome,“Willyougotherewithme?”,Sheaskedmeif/whetherIwouldgotherewithher.,Sheasked,“Didyouseethefilmyesterday,Peter?”,SheaskedPeterif/whetherhehadseenthefilmthedaybefore.,“Areyouleavingtodayortomorrow?”JoanaskedKate.,JoanaskedKateif/whethershewasleavingthatdayorthenextday.,一般疑问句直接引语变间接引语的结构：,Aaskedif/whether,AaskedBifwhether,Heaskedif/whetherIcouldhearhim.,TheteacheraskedBobif/whetherhehadreadthatbook.,特殊疑问句：,变为间接引语后，仍用原来的疑问词引导，用陈述语序。时态等作相应变化。,Whendidtheybuildthisbridge?”sheasked.,Sheaskedwhentheybuiltthatbridge.,Theteacheraskedher,“Whydidyoucomelate?”,Theteacheraskedherwhyshecamelate.,RobertaskedAlice,“Whereismydictionary?”,RobertaskedAlicewherehisdictionarywas.,Mrs.Billaskedhim,“Whichbookdoyoulikebest?”,Mrs.Billaskedhimwhichbookhelikedbest.,特殊疑问句直接引语变间接引语的结构：,Aasked+原句疑问词,AaskedB+原句疑问词,Sheaskedwhentheybuiltthatbridge.,Mrs.Billaskedhimwhichbookhelikedbest.,祈使句：,改为间接引语后，就成了以不定式短语形式出现的宾语补足语（动词常是ask/tell/order/advise/warn/remind等）。,Hesaidtothegirl,“Doitatonce.”,Hetoldthegirltodoitatonce.,Mrs.Hillsaid,“pleasesingatourparty,Mary.”,Mrs.HillaskedMarytosingattheirparty.,Shesaidtome,“Dontsmokeintheclassroom.”,Shetoldmenottosmokeintheclassroom.,Hesaid,“Letsgofishingtomorrow.”,Hesuggestedgoingfishingthenextday.,祈使句直接引语变间接引语的结构(sbtodosth)：,AtoldB(not)todo,AaskedB(not)todo,Hetoldthegirltodoitatonce.,Mrs.HillaskedMarytosingattheirparty.,二）祈使句改间接引语后是sb(not)todosth结构注意以下几点1.said/saidto要变成asked/told/order等可跟不定式作宾补的动词。2.呼语变宾语，please要去掉.,感叹句直接引语(变化前)Hesaid,“HowhappyIam!”间接引语(变化后)Hesaidthathewasveryhappy.Hesaidhowhappyhewas.Whatacleverboyyouare!sheexclaimed.Shetoldhimwhatacleverboyhewas.Shetoldhimthathewasacleverboy.,由直接引语转变为间接引语,有时会引时态的变化,注意以下几个方面,1.主句动词为一般现在时、现在完成时或一般将来时，在转述直接引语过程中可以不作任何时态改变：,直接引语Sheoftensays,“Allmenandwomenareequalunderthelaw.”间接引语Sheoftensaysthatallmenandwomenareequalunderthelaw.,由直接引语转变为间接引语,下列情况时态不变1.不变的真理：Theteachersaidtothestudents,“Waterfreezeswhenthetemperaturefallsbelow0.”Theteachertoldthestudentsthatwaterfreezeswhenthetemperaturefallsbelow0.2.经常的习惯(强调动作或状态现在仍然如此时，)Hesaidtothedoctor,“Ismoketwopackseveryday.”Hetoldthedoctorthathesmokestwopackseveryday.,3.历史事件(直接引语中有绝对具体的过去时间做状语时)Theteachersaid,“WorldWarendedin1945.”TheteachersaidthatWorldWarendedin1945.4.部分情态动词,如must,oughtto,usedto,hadbetter等：Shesaidtome:“Youmusthurryup.”ShesaidthatImusthurryup.,Heoftensays“Ishalltellyouaboutthem.”Heoftentellsmethat_willtell_about_.IyouthemB.hemethemC.heyouusD.Imeyou,B,例题,2.Youmustsaytoher,“Idependonyouandhim.”Youmusttellherthat_dependon_and_.A.IyouhimB.sheyoumeC.youherhimD.youmehim,C,例题,3.Ishalltellhim,“Ihavewrittentoyouandhertwice.”Ishalltellhimthat_havewrittento_and_twice.IhimherB.youhimherC.IyoumeD.youmeher,A,例题,4.Jacksaidtome,”Youlookworriedtoday.”Jacktoldmethat_worried_.helookstodayB.youlooktodayC.welookedthatdayD.Ilookedthatday,D,例题,5.Theysaidtous,“Areyouafraidtoleavethishouse?”Theyaskedus_afraidtoleave_house.thatwerewethisB.thatwewerethatC.ifwerewethisD.ifwewerethat,D,例题,6.“DoyouknowEnglish?”heasked.Heaskedif_English.IknewB.youknowC.heknewD.Iknow,A,例题,7.Janesaid,“Whatdidhehearaboutaweekago?”Janeasked_about_.thatheheardaweekagoB.ifheheardtheweekagoC.whathehadheardaweekagoD.whathehadheardtheweekbefore,D,例题,8.Sheasked,”Whosehousewillhebreakintonexttime?”Sheaskedwhosehouse_breakinto_.willhenexttimeB.wouldhethenexttimeC.hewillnexttimeD.hewouldthenexttime,D,例题,9.Jacksaidtoher,”Wheredoyouspendyourholidays?”Jackaskedherwhere_holidays.shespendherB.youspendyourC.shespentherD.youspentyour,c,例题,10.Theteacheraskedher,“Doesthesunriseintheeast?”Theteacheraskedher_thesun_intheeast.ifriseB.ifrisesC.whetherroseD.whetherdidrise,例题,B,C补语从句在句子中担当补足成分的主谓结构称之为补语从句。它常位于句中联系动词或是起联系动词作用的动词之后.例如：Theproblemiswherewecanholdourmeeting.问题是我们可以在哪儿举行会议。Itseemsthateverythinggoessmoothly.似乎一切都进行得很顺利。Thecauseisthatthetemperatureofwaterislowerthatneeded.其原因是水的温度低于所需要的温度。Thatiswhathereallywants.那就是他真想要的东西。,D同位语从句同位语从句就是在句子中担当同位语的主谓结构.在使用同位语从句时要特别注意：尽管主从连词that在同位语从句中没有任何意义，但却不能省略。另外，同位语从句常用于下面这些名词的后面:,fact（事实）,fear（担心、害怕）,belief（信念,意见）,evidence（证据）,hope（希望）,idea（想法）news（新闻）,doubt（怀疑）,suggestion（建议）,proposal（提议）,order（命令）,recommendation（推荐），等等。例如：ThereisthenewsthatanAmericandelegationwillarriveinBeijingtomorrowafternoon.有消息说一个美国代表团将于明天下午抵达北京。,Isthereanyproofthatthefoodoftheplantdiffersfromthatofanimals?是否有任何证据可以说明植物性的食物不同于动物性的食物呢？Weallknowthefactthatorganizationhelpsmemorization.我们都知道这样一个事实：把要记忆的材料组织起来有助于记忆。Whatdoyouthinkofhisproposalthatwe(should)putonaplayattheEnglishevening?他建议我们在英语晚会上演一个剧，你觉得怎么样？,四、专项考点练习1._thattheyfoundanunusualplantintheforest.A.ItissaidB.TheyaresaidC.ItsaidD.Itsays2._causedtheaccidentisstillacompletemystery.A.WhatB.ThatC.HowD.Where3.ItworriedMaryalot_shewouldpassthecollegeentranceexamination.A.whetherB.ifC.thatD.how,4.Shanghaihastakenonanewlook.Itisntlike_itusedtobe.A.whatB.howC.thatD.which5._isnopossibility_Bobwillwinthefirstprizeinthematch.A.There,thatB.It,thatC.There,whetherD.It,whether,6.LittleTommywasreluctanttotelltheschoolmaster_hehaddonethedaybefore.A.thatB.howC.whatD.where7.Theoldmansmiledwhenhesawhowpretty_uptobeduringthepastfewyears.A.hadhisdaughtergrownB.wouldhisdaughtergrowC.hisdaughterwouldgrowD.hisdaughterhadgrown8.HaveyouseenMarylately?Mybosswantstoknow_.A.howsheisgettingalongB.howisshegettingalongC.whatsheisgettingalongD.whatisshegettingalong,9._surprisedmemostwas_suchalittlegirlofsevencouldplaytheviolinsowell.A.That;whatB.What;thatC.That;thatD.What;what10.Thesewildflowersaresospecial.Iwoulddo_Icantosavethem.A.whateverB.whichC.thatD.whichever,11._helpedtosavethedrowninggirlisworthpraising.A.WhoB.AnyoneC.WhoeverD.Theperson12.Eat_youlikeandleavetheothersfor_comesinlate.A.any;whoB.every;whoeverC.whichever;whoeverD.either;whoever13._shecouldntunderstandwas_fewerandfewerstudentsshowedinterestinherlessons.A.What;whyB.That;whyC.What;becauseD.Why;that,14.Itwas_hesaid_disappointedme.A.What;thatB.That;thatC.What;whatD.That;what15.Itwasorderedthatallthesoldiers_tothefront.A.shouldsendB.mustbesentC.besentD.mustgo,16.Thetruevalueoflifeisnotin_,but_.A.whichweget;whatgiveweB.whatweget;whatwegiveC.whichdoweget;whatdowegiveD.howweget;thatwegive17.Weareallforyourproposalthatthediscussion_.A.beputoffB.wasputoffC.shouldputoffD.istobeputoff18.GoandgetyourcoatIts_youleftitA.whereB.thereC.herewhereD.wherethere,19.Sarahhopestobecomeafriendof_sharesherinterests.A.anyoneB.whomeverC.whoeverD.nomatterwho20.Youcantimagine_whentheyreceivedtheseniceChristmaspresents.A.howtheywereexcitedB.howexcitedtheywereC.howexcitedweretheyD.theywerehowexcited,RelativeClause,关系分句,1.定义：,2.先行词：,3.关系代词、关系副词：,在复合句中用来用来修饰名词或代词的从句叫关系分句。,被关系分句所修饰的名词或代词叫先行词（antecedent）。,引导关系分句的词,关系代词：,关系副词：,Who,whom,whose,which,that等,When,where,why等,关系代词和关系副词的作用：,1、引导作用2、替代作用3、在关系分句中担当某个成分的作用,Eg:1.Thosewhowanttogopleasesignyournameshere.2.Thisisthehousewherehewasborn.3.Bill,whowashereyesterday,askedmealotofquestions.,关系代词的用法,人；物,物,人,人,人、物,主语；宾语,主语；宾语,主语；宾语,宾语,定语,作宾语可省,作宾语可省,作宾语可省,可省,不可省,关系副词的用法,时间,状语,否,地点,状语,否,原因,状语,否,判断下列引导词在句中的用法,Eg:1.Heissuchamanwhonevertellsalie.2.Heisthemodelworkerwhom/whoweshouldlearnfrom.3.Adictionaryisabookwhichoftenhelpsustoknowthemeaningsofthewords.4.ThisisthefilmwhichIlikebest.5.Theboywhosefatherisaprofessorisoneofmybestfriends.,指代、所作成分、是否可省略,6.Thehousewhoseroofwasblownawaybythestormwillberebuiltsoon.7.Itwas11oclockwhentheaccidenthappenedlastnight.8.ThisisthevillagewhereIwasbroughtup.,关系代词which和that的区别：,A.关系代词必须用that的情形：,ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.Thefirstmanarrivedattheclasswasourheadteacher.ThisistheonlyticketthatIgotyesterday.ThisistheverybookthatImlookingfor.IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou?Allthatyouhavetodoistopressthebutton.Thereisnotimethatwecanwaste.Thecaranditsdriverthatknockeddowntheoldladyhavebeentakentothepolicestation.,Summarize:只能用that引导关系分句的几种情况,1)先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰时。,2）先行词被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast修饰时。,3)先行词是不定代词all,few,little,much,something,nothing,anything等.,4）先行词被all,any,every,each,few,little,no,some等修饰。,5）先行词既有人又有物时。,B.指物时，作介词的宾语，关系代词只能用which,Thisisthequestionaboutwhichwevehadsomuchdiscussion.,Practice:,1.Theyaskedhimtotellthemeverything_hesawatthefront.A.whatB.thatC.whichD.where2.Inthedarkstreet,therewasntasingleperson_shecouldturnforhelp.A.thatB.whoC.fromwhomD.towhom3.Idontlike_youspeaktoher.A.thewayB.thewayinthatC.thewaywhichD.thewayofwhich,B,D,A,Correctthefollowingsentences:,1.ThisisthebestfilmwhichIhaveseen.2.Thatsallwhichwanttosay.,ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveseen.,ThatsallthatIwanttosay.,3.Isthereanythingwhichyouwantinthisshop?4.Hetalkedaboutsomewritersandbookswhich/whowereunknowntousall.5.Theroominthatshelivesisalargeone.,Isthereanythingthatyouwantinthisshop?,Hetalkedaboutsomewritersandbooksthatwereunknowntousall.,Theroominwhichshelivesisalargeone.,关系副词when,where,why的用法,1.Doyoustillrememberthedaywhenwewenttovisitthemuseumtogether?,Doyoustillrememberthedayonwhichwewenttovisitthemuseumtogether?,2.Thisisthefactorywheremyfatheronceworked.,Thisisthefactoryinwhichmyfatheronceworked.,3.Thisisthereasonwhyhewaslate.,Thisisthereasonforwhichhewaslate.,Summarize:,在关系分句中关系副词都等于一个适当的介词加上which，在从句中作状语,When=in/at/on/+which;Where=in/at/on/+which;Why=for/+which,Practice:,1.-IdrovetoZhuhaifortheairshowlastweek.-Isthatthereason_youhadafewdaysoff?A.whyB.whenC.whatD.where2.Imgoingtovisittheschool_mymothertaughtphysicstenyearsago.A.whereB.thatC.whichD.what3.Doyoustillremembertheday_IfirstcametoBeijing?A.whichB.thatC.whenD.where,A,A,C,关系副词when,where和关系代词that,which的区分同样是修饰一个地点，有时使用where，有时使用that/which；同样是修饰一个时间，有时使用when，有时使用that/which主要看：从句意思是否完整；完整的话需用关系副词，若意思不完整则需加关系代词充当某个成分。请比较以下句子：Thisistheparkthatwevisitedlastyear.(从句意思不完整需要加宾语)Thisistheparkwhereweheldabirthdayparty.（从句完整，只需加上特定的关系副词）Thatsthedatethatshewontforgetforever.Thatsthedatewhenwewenttothecollege.Ilikethetimethatwehadtogether.Ilikethetimewhenwelivedtogether.,限制性关系分句和非限制性关系分句,定义：限制性关系分句是先行词不可缺少的修饰成分，否则主句的意思不完整或不成立。非限制性关系分句只对所修饰的词作进一步的说明，去掉之后主句的意思照样完整。,Comparethefollowingsentences:,Amanwhodoesnottrytolearnfromotherscantachievemuch.Thereremanyplays(that)Idliketosee.ThisnotewasleftbyXiaoWu,whowasjusthere.,YesterdayMrBrownpaidavisittoHangzhou,whichisfamousforitsWestLake.Theyhaveinvitedmetovisittheircountry,whichisverykindofthem.,Summarize:,1.限制性关系分句常和先行词紧密相连；非限制性关系分句与先行词之间常用逗号分开。,2.非限制性关系分句不能用that来引导。,3.非限制性关系分句有时可以用来修饰整个句子。,*关系代词和人称代词/指示代词的选择Hehasthreesons,noneof_isadoctor.Hehasthreesons,butnoneof_isadoctor.Hehasthreesons,_aredoctors.Hehasthreesons;_aredoctors.A.whomB.themC.theyD.who,A,D,B,C,Practice:,1._isknowntoeverybody,themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.A.ItB.AsC.ThatD.What2.Hemadeanotherwonderfuldiscovery,_ofgreatimportancetoscience.A.whichIthinkisB.whichIthinkitisC.whichIthinkitD.Ithinkwhichis3.Ishallneverforgetthoseyears_Ilivedinthecountrywiththefarmers,_hasagreateffectonmylife.A.that;whichB.when;whichC.which;thatD.when;who,B,A,B,Correctmistakesforthefollowingsentences.1.Underthebigtreeare34students,manyofthemcomefromclasstwo.2.Mymotherhasagoodbook,whichcoverlooksterrible.3.Whoaretheyounggirlswhoarehavingdinnerintherestaurant?4.Sheisoneofthegirlswhoisveryinterestedinmaths.5.Tomistheonlyoneoftheboyswholikeplayingfootball.6.Whoisthegirlthatyoutalkedtoherjustnow?7.Thisistheverypenthatyougaveittomebefore.8.Thereisanoldwoman,thatisholdingastick.,whom,whose,that,are,likes,去掉her,去掉it,who,状语从句,adverbialclause,定义：在复合句中由从句表示的状语称作状语从句，它可以用来修饰谓语（包括非谓语动词）、定语或状语，或是整个句子。,准确掌握每一个连词的含义是掌握状语从句的关键。,同时要注意主从句的时态呼应。,状语从句一般分为九大类,状语从句类别:,时间状语从句地点状语从句原因状语从句目的状语从句结果状语从句条件状语从句方式状语从句比较状语从句让步状语从句,1.时间状语从句：,引导时间状语从句的连词有：,when,while,as,themoment,before,after,till,until,since,assoonas等。,请注意when,while,as的区别,When-当时候,通常指某一特定的时间点，主句与从句的动作同时发生。,WhenIopenedthewindow,Isawhimcomeup.,WhenIhavetime,Iwillgotoseeyou.,WhenIcamehome,Imetanoldschoolmateofmine.,Hesaidhewouldtellheraboutitwhenhesawher.,*注意：在时间状语从句中，主从句都是将来的动作或状态时，习惯上主句用将来时，从句用一般现在时。,When-正在的时候，突然。通常主句是进行时或beaboutto时，在翻译的时候，when可以译成没想到或突然。,Iwaswalkingalongthestreet,whenImethim.,Iwasabouttofallasleepwhenmysistercamein.,Oneevening,littleHanswassittingnearthefirewhenheheardaloudknockatthedoor.,When当从句是进行时，主句是一般时，往往表示不满。,SomeoneknockedatthedoorwhenIwashavingbreakfast.,WhenIwasleavingthehouse,thepostmanarrived.,Whenthechildrenhadgonetobed,shebegantoprepareherlessons.,When=after,While-在期间，往往指一段时间。,WhilewewereinAmerica,wesawhimtwice.,Whileweweretalking,hecamein.,Strikewhiletheironishot.,While-表示一种不满情绪，意思是这边在干某种重要的事，而另一边在享受等。,Wearecleaningtheclassroomwhiletheyareplayingthefootball.,Thesoldierfacesthepowderwhilethebeautypowdertheface.,WhileIamwashingthefloor,youcanbecleaningthewindows.,As-一边一边,随着,Shewasdoingherhomeworkasshewaslisteningtothemusic.,Asshegrewolder,shebecamemorebeautiful.,As-当时，指一个动作紧接着一个动作发生，从句通常用进行时。,AsIwasgoingout,itbegantorain.,IsawMaryasshewasgoingonthebus.,Ashewaseatinghisbreakfast,heheardsomeoneknockatthedoor.,SomeonepattedmeontheshoulderasIwasstandingbeforetheshopwindow.,Themoment-一就=assoonas,immediately,-DidyouremembertogiveMarythemoneyyouowedher?,-Yes,IgaveherthemomentIsawher.,Notuntil-直到才,Hedidntleavetheofficeuntilhefinishedthework.,=Helefttheofficewhenhefini