英美诗歌赏析(英文版).doc

1 墓园挽歌： 托马斯格雷（thomas gray，1716-1771）是感伤主义诗歌的代表诗人。他最著名的诗歌是便是墓园挽歌，并因此同写过夜吟死亡（nitht-piece on death,1721）的托马斯帕达尔（thomas parnell, 1679-1718）,写过 坟墓（the grave, 1743）的罗伯特布莱尔（robert blair，1699-1746）和写过夜思（night thoughts，1742）的爱德华杨格（edward yong,1683-1765）等人一道被称为“墓园派诗人”。 墓园挽歌是“感伤主义”的代表作，常被批评家誉为十八世纪乃至英国历来最好的诗歌。这首诗有着这样独特的地位，主要是因为它凝聚了每个时期中的某种社会情绪，用比较完美的形式表达了这种情绪，在一定程度上解决了如何革新旧传统的问题，具有较高的艺术成就。 这首诗写诗人流连在乡村的墓园里，望着一座座平民百姓的墓石，他思考了狠毒。这些人默默无闻，劳作终身，死后埋葬简陋的墓地里，他们身前也有过报复，经历过悲欢离合。回忆中，诗人对他们寄予深切的同情，对骄奢淫逸的权贵做了温和的批评，并指出：不论身前多么荣华富贵，死亡对于每个人来说都是平等的。既然大家殊途同归，人们就应该以一种豁达的态度来面对人生。 这首诗共32 节，每节有四行五步抑扬格组成，以abab 押韵。总体上来说，这首诗在形式上采用了古典主义的格式，但在内容上却显示了感伤主义和浪漫主义的新特征。 诗人在晚钟时分步入墓园： 晚钟殷殷响，夕阳已西沉。 群牛呼叫归，迂回走草径。 农夫荷锄犁，倦倦回家门。 唯我立狂野，独自对黄昏。 （the curfew tolls the knell of parting day, the lowing herd winds slowly oer the lea, the ploughman homeward plods his weary way, and leaves the world to darkness and to me.） 开头一段描写了天黑时分牧人赶着牛群徐徐入村，农人们经历了一天的劳累拖着疲惫的步伐回家的景象，把恬静的乡村生活如风景画般的呈现在了我们面前。除了视觉上的感受之外，这四句诗同时也提供了宁静乡村傍晚的交汇声响：在暮霭中回荡的晚钟，清脆悦耳的牛铃，组成了令人心宁神怡的交响乐。墓园里覆盖着杉树，幽静而又肃穆。诗人在坟墓和碑牌中漫步，哀悼这些逝去的农人，感叹他们再也不能享受生前的简朴无华而又充满亲情的生活： 熊熊炉中火，不为先人焚， 不复有主妇，殷勤理家政。 无复小儿女，趋奔迎父亲。 竞上慈父膝，偎爱又接吻 （for them no more the blazing hearth shall burn, or busy housewife ply her evening care: no children run to lisp their sires return, or climb his knees the envied kiss to share,） 这些乡村居民生来就愚笨无能吗？诗人感叹命运的不公： 多少珍宝石，灿烂放光芒。 埋藏大海底，美好无人赏。 多少鲜花朵，开在荒野上， 娇艳无人见，空自扬芬芳。 （full many a gem of purest ray serene the dark unfathomd caves of ocean bear: full many a flower is born to blush unseen, and waste its sweetness on the desert air.) 他们中有出色的诗才，也有超过克伦威尔的领袖才能，但他们只是生不逢时，没有获得早就的机遇和条件。在为他们操劳的一生感叹的时候，格雷笔锋一转，指出人世间的功名利禄只不过是过眼云烟，称赞这些默默无闻的人们不受诱惑，诚实劳作： 岂似市朝人，纷争似癫狂。 纯朴爱宁静，安分守规章。 2 闲居幽谷中，穷乡又僻壤。 孤独寡见闻，默默度时光。 （far from the madding crowds ignoble strife, their sober wishes never learnd to stray; along the cool sequesterd vale of life they kept the noiseless tenour of their way.） 但是诗人不会忘记他们，虽然墓碑上面都刻的是简单朴实的词句。有朝一日某个路人也许会像诗人一样对他们感兴趣，会询问这些坟墓里的让你活着时候的情形。他会从某个“村中白发老翁嘴里得到这些农人一生的故事： “东方天欲晓，山头频见君。 足履青草露，快步向前行。 登上小山丘，来把朝阳迎。 “山上有老树，枝叶迎风摇。 树根成怪形，蜷曲有盘绕。 日中君困倦，树荫卧逍遥。 静看小溪水，潺潺起浪涛。 “山麓树林畔，时时独遨游。 遐想露笑容，低吟乐悠悠。 有时怀忧伤，面容见消瘦。 偷弹相思泪，黯暗怀春愁。 “某日晨光中，不见君行踪。 草原无人影，树下亦空空。 今日复明日，河边不相逢。 山上人杳然，不见入林中。 “亲友穿丧父，徐向教堂行。 作诗寄哀伤，送君如坟茔。 墓地老树下，黄土石碑新。 行人请一读，碑上有姓名。” 墓园挽歌之所以世代传颂，魅力不减，就在于他所涵盖的深刻的人生哲理以及洋溢于笔端、沁于心田的对劳动众生的博爱之情。格雷不愧是世纪之交从古典主义是个向浪漫主义诗歌国度的重要任务之一。 the poem has been ranked among the best of the 18th century english poetry.in order to create the atmosphere of melancholy, gray uses his own techniques:1 nature as a background for the display of emotion. (first 3 stanzas: a picture if twilight)-all the natural objects, either directly or by contrast, reflect the mood of man-romantic melancholy. 2 employment of some long vowels and diphthongs to create its own melancholic tone which permeates the whole elegy.(1st line) 3 use of end-stopped lines which sound firm and finished. the termination of the end-stopped lines beautifully enacts the completion of the things. this technique of writing here hints that the lives of the poor come to an end. throughout the whole poem, the author shows his great sympathy for the poor, the lowly and the unrenowned in these graves, while he expresses his unmistakable censure upon the great, the powerful and the wealthy who in their lifetime have contempt for the common people or brought havoc to the country. he stresses the fact that death is inevitable and that everyone is equal before death no matter who he is. theme: it is a meditation on human mortality, the tragic dignity it gives to all mankind, & the stability & serenity of rustic life. the elegy lies in grays perfect expression of what all men feel about life & death. in this poem, gray reflects on death, the sorrows of life & the mysteries of human life with a touch of his personal melancholy. the poet compares the ordinary people with the great ones, wondering what the commons could have achieved if they had had the chance. here he reveals his sympathy for the poor & the unknown, but mocks the great ones who despise the poor & bring havoc on them 1. what is grays opinion of high-born persons vis-a-vis the low-born?：the fate of those who once held important offices, who have enjoyed beauty, wealth and power will be the same as that of those ordinary, humble people when they die.because of poverty or other handicaps, many talented people never receive the opportunities they deserve. every personno matter how important, powerful, or wealthyends up the same, dead. 2. comment on grays line, “the paths of glory lead but to the grave.” the fate of those who once held important offices, who have enjoyed beauty, wealth and power will be the same as that of those ordinary, humble people when they die. every personno matter how important, powerful, or wealthyends up the same, dead. 4 do you believe his dead brothers and sisters influenced him in the writing of his poem? yes.he will cheish the life, there will always be grief atmosphere when he wrote poet. 5. what is an “animated bust” (line 41)? the phrase carries some note of irony, what is the special nature of the irony, animated bust: life-like marble figure. it elaborate funeral monuments can not bring back the dead to life 丁登寺华兹华斯 3 翻译 五年过去了，五个夏天，还有 五个漫长的冬天！并且我重又听见 这些水声，从山泉中滚流出来， 在内陆的溪流中柔声低语。 看到这些峻峭巍峨的山崖， 这一幕荒野的风景深深地留给 思想一个幽僻的印象：山水呀， 联结着天空的那一片宁静。 这一天到来，我重又在此休憩 在无花果树的浓荫之下远眺 村舍密布的田野，簇生的果树园， 在这一个时令，果子呀尚未成熟， 披着一身葱绿，将自己掩没 在灌木丛和乔木林中。我又一次 看到树篙，或许那并非树篱，而是一行行 顽皮的树精在野跑：这些田园风光， 一直绿到家门；袅绕的炊烟 静静地升起在树林顶端！ 它飘忽不定，仿佛是一些 漂泊者在无家的林中走动， 或许是有高人逸士的洞穴，孤独地 坐在火焰旁。 这些美好的形体 虽然已经久违，我并不曾遗忘， 不是像盲者面对眼前的美景： 然而，当我独居一室，置身于 城镇的喧嚣声深感疲惫之时， 它们却带来了甜蜜的感觉， 渗入血液，渗入心脏， 甚至进入我最纯净的思想， 位我恢复恬静：还有忘怀己久的 愉悦的感觉，那些个愉悦 或许对一个良善者最美好的岁月 有过远非轻微和平凡的影响， 那是一些早经遗忘的无名琐事， 却饱含着善意与友爱。不仅如此， 我凭借它们还得到另一种能力， 具有更崇高的形态，一种满足的惬意， 这整个神秘的重负，那不可理解的 世界令人厌倦的压力，顿然间 减轻；一种恬静而幸福的心绪， 听从着柔情引导我们前进， 直到我们的肉躯停止了呼吸， 甚至人类的血液也凝滞不动， 我们的身体进入安眠状态， 并且变成一个鲜活的灵魂， 这时，和谐的力量，欣悦而深沉的力量， 4 让我们的眼睛逐渐变得安宁， 我们能够看清事物内在的生命。 倘若这只是 一种虚妄的信念，可是，哦！如此频繁 在黑暗中，在以各种面目出现的 乏味的白天里；当无益的烦闷 和世界的热病沉重地压迫着 心脏搏动的每一个节奏 如此频繁，在精神上我转向你， 啊，绿叶葱笼的怀河！你在森林中漫游， 我如此频繁地在精神上转向你。 而如今，思想之幽光明灭不定地闪烁， 许多熟悉的东西黯淡而述蒙， 还带着一丝怅惘的窘困， 心智的图像又一次重现； 我站立在此，不仅感到了 当下的愉悦，而且还欣慰地想到 未来岁月的生命与粮食正蕴藏 在眼前的片刻间。于是，我胆敢这样希望， 尽管我已不复当初，不再是新来乍到的 光景，即时我像这山上的一头小鹿， 在山峦间跳跃，在大江两岸 窜跑，在孤寂的小溪边逗留， 听凭大自然的引导：与其说像一个 在追求着所爱，倒莫如说正是 在躲避着所惧。因为那时的自然 （如今，童年时代粗鄙的乐趣， 和动物般的嬉戏已经消逝） 在我是一切的一切。我那时的心境 难以描画。轰鸣着的瀑布 像一种激情萦绕我心；巨石， 高山，幽晦茂密的森林， 它们的颜色和形体，都曾经是 我的欲望，一种情愫，一份爱恋， 不需要用思想来赋予它们 深邃的魅力，也不需要 视觉以外的情趣。那样的时光消逝， 一切掺合着苦痛的欢乐不复再现， 那今人晕眩的狂喜也已消失。我不再 为此沮丧，哀痛和怨诉；另一种能力 赋予了我，这一种损失呀， 已经得到了补偿，我深信不疑。 因为我已懂得如何看待大自然，再不似 少不更事的青年；而是经常听到 人生宁静而忧郁的乐曲， 优雅，悦耳，却富有净化 和克制的力量。我感觉到 有什么在以崇高的思想之喜悦 5 让我心动；一种升华的意念， 深深地融入某种东西， 仿佛正栖居于落日的余晖 浩瀚的海洋和清新的空气， 蔚蓝色的天空和人类的心灵： 一种动力，一种精神，推动着 思想的主体和思想的客体 穿过宇宙万物，不停地运行。所以， 我依然热爱草原，森林，和山峦； 一切这绿色大地能见的东西， 一切目睹耳闻的大千世界的 林林总总，它们既有想象所造， 也有感觉所知。我欣喜地发现 在大自然和感觉的语言里， 隐藏着最纯洁的思想之铁锚， 心灵的护士、向导和警卫，以及 我整个精神生活的灵魂。 即便我并没有 受到过这样的教育，我也不会更多地 被这种温和的精神所腐蚀， 因为有你陪伴着我，并且站立 在美丽的河畔，你呀，我最亲爱的朋友， 亲爱的，亲爱的朋友；在你的嗓音里 我捕捉住从前心灵的语言，在你顾盼流转的 野性的眼睛里，我再一次重温了 往昔的快乐。啊！我愿再有一会儿 让我在你身上寻觅过去的那个我， 我亲爱的亲爱的妹妹！我要为此祈祷， 我知道大自然从来没有背弃过 爱她的心灵；这是她特殊的恩典， 贯穿我们一生的岁月从欢乐 引向欢乐；因为她能够赋予 我们深藏的心智以活力，留给 我们宁静而优美的印象，以崇高的 思想滋养我们使得流言蜚语， 急躁的武断，自私者的冷讽热嘲， 缺乏同情的敷衍应付，以及 日常生活中全部枯燥的交往， 都不能让我们屈服，不能损害 我们欢快的信念，毫不怀疑 我们所见的一切充满幸福。因此， 让月光照耀着你进行孤独的漫游， 让迷蒙蒙的山风自由地 吹拂你；如此，在往后的岁月里 当这些狂野的惊喜转化成 冷静的低意，当你的心智 变成一座集纳众美的大厦， 你的记忆像一个栖居的家园招引着 6 一切甜美而和谐的乐音；啊！那时， 即令孤独惊悸，痛苦，或哀伤成为 你的命运，你将依然杯着柔情的喜悦 顺着这些健康的思路追忆起我， 和我这一番劝勉之言！即便我远走他方 再也听不见你可爱的声音， 再也不能在你野性的双眸中 看见我往昔生活的光亮一一你也不会 忘记我俩在这妩媚的河畔 一度并肩站立；而我呀，一个 长期崇拜大自然的人，再度重临， 虔敬之心未减：莫如说怀着 一腔更热烈的爱情啊！更淳厚的热情， 更神圣的爱慕。你更加不会忘记， 经过多年的浪迹天涯，漫长岁月的 分离，这些高耸的树林和陡峻的山崖， 这绿色的田园风光，更让我感到亲近， 这有它们自身的魅力，更有你的缘故 the beginning of the poem goes like this”five years have passed.”what impression do these lines give you? ：the poem opens with the speakers declaration that five years have passed since he last visited this location, encountered its tranquil, rustic scenery, and heard the murmuring waters of the river. wordsworth emphasizes the act of returning by making extensive use of repetition. he also uses the phrase once again twice, both times in the middle of a line, breaking the flow of the text. it is in this manner that the reader is introduced to the natural beauty of the wye river area. what attitude does the speaker have toward nature?：wordsworth advocates a return to nature. according to him, society and the crowded unnatural life of cities tend to weaken and pervert humanity; and a return to natural and simple living is the only remedy for human wretchedness. he shows sympathy to the common people. it is sympathy goes to the very small children suffering from poverty and misery. three stages of his growing up, defined in terms of his evolving relations to the nature secen:a.the young boys purely physical responsiveness. b the postadolescents aching.dizzy,and equivocal passions love which is more like dread; this was the state of mind on the occasion of his first visit. c. his present state in which for the first time he adds thought to sense. all his knowledge of human suffering, so painfully acquired in the interior chastens him while it enriches the visible scene like a chord of music and he has gained also awareness of an immanent which links his mind and all the elements of the external world. theme：wordsworth traced the progress of his love of nation from coarse physical pleasures of his boyhood, through the aching joys and dizzy raptures of his adolescence, to his present nature reflective contemplation informed by expericance and knowledge of suffering ！the full title of this poem is lines composed a few miles above tintern abbey, on revisiting the banks of the wye during a tour. july 13, 1798. published in 1798 in lyrical ballads, this poem is widely considered to be one of wordsworths masterpieces. it is a complex poem, addressing memory, mortality, faith in nature, and familial love. the poems structure is similarly complex, making use of the freedom of blank verse as well as the measured rhythm of iambic pentameter. the flow of the writing has been described as that of waves, accelerating only to stop in the middle of a line (caesura). the repetition of sounds and words adds to the ebb and flow of the language, appropriately speaking to the ebb and flow of the poets memories. form: tintern abbey is composed in blank verse, which is a name used to describe unrhymed lines in iambic pentameter. its style is therefore very fluid and natural; it reads as easily as if it were a prose piece. but of course the poetic structure is tightly constructed; wordswort hs slight variations on the stresses of iambic rhythms is remarkable. lines such as here, under this dark sycamore, and view do not quite conform to the stress-patterns of the meter, but fit into it loosely, helping wordsworth approximate the sounds of natural speech without grossly breaking his meter. occasionally, divided lines are used to indicate a kind of paragraph break, when the poet changes subjects or shifts the focus of his discourse. ！divided into five stanzas of different lengths, the poem begins in the present moment, describing the natural setting. wordsworth emphasizes the act of returning by making extensive use of repetition: five years have passed; five summers, with the length / of five long winters! and again i hear / these waters. he also uses the phrase once again twice, both times in the middle of a line, breaking the flow of the text. it is in this manner that the reader is introduced to the natural beauty of the wye river area. ！second stanza, wordsworth departs from the present moment to describe how his memories of the scene inspired and sustained him over the past five years. life away from nature is described as being in lonely rooms, and mid the din / of towns and cities. meanwhile, nature is described with almost religious fervor: wordsworth uses words such as sublime, blessed, and serene. wordsworth refers to a blessed mood twice, emphasizing his spiritual relationship with nature. interestingly, while wordsworth uses many words related to spirituality and religion in this poem, he never refers to god or christianity. it seems that nature is playing that role in this poem, especially at the end of the second stanza, when wordsworth describes a sort of transcendent moment: ！nature, it seems, offers humankind (we) a kind of insight (we see into the life of things) in the face of mortality (we are laid asleep). wordsworth lays emphasis on the last line by making it only eight syllables (four iambs) long, as opposed to ten. ！third stanza, wordsworth returns to the present and acknowledges that his faith might be in vain, but reiterates how important his memories of this landscape have been to him, addressing the river directly: o sylvan wye! as in many of his other poems, wordsworth personifies natural forms or nature as a whole by addressing them directly (apostrophe). ！wordsworth seems to value this period of his life, and remembers it with a somewhat nostalgic air, although he admits that in this simpler time (the 7 coarser pleasures of my boyish days), he was not so sophisticated as he is now. in the present, he is weighed down by more serious thoughts. he alludes to a loss of faith and a sense of disheartenment. this transition is widely believed to refer to wordsworths changing attitude towards the french revolution. as france and britain entered the conflict, wordsw