语言与教育.doc

三 语言与教育passage 1distance learning is a very different experience from attending a university or college, it does have several advantages and can be ideal for people in particular conditions and with certain characteristics. distance learning students do not need to be in the same place as the teacher. they can even be in a different country. as a result, the cost is usually much lower than attending a university or college. students can also take as long as they want to complete the course, so they can organize their study while they are working. distance learning allows students the freedom to plan but the disadvantage of it is that many students have to put off their study tasks and spend much longer on their course. distance learners never meet the other students or teachers face to face, so they have to motivate themselves to complete projects without encouragement and advice from other people. while students who attend college or university are able to get information from lectures, distance learners usually depend only on written materials. to be successful, distance learners have to be good readers. they must be able to analyse and absorb written texts with little help from a teacher. because distance learners are not in the study environment of a university, they have to control themselves while studying. for example, students with children may be disturbed by their children from time to time. other features of campus life that distance learners cannot experience are the lively social and sports activities. therefore distance learning would not suit people who see further or higher education as an chance to make friends and have fun as well as to study.1. it takes some distance learners longer to complete a course because_. a. they are doing a full-time jobb. they cannot discuss their studies with a teacherc. they have lots of reading to dod. they can arrange their own plan2. doing a degree by distance learning is less expensive because students_. a. can continue to workb. do not have to attend the university or collegec. do not have to travel abroadd. can take as long as they want to pay3. which of the following is not usually used in distance learning courses? a. e-mailb. booksc. tapesd. websites4. according to the passage, distance learning is not good for students who_. a. need further educationb. enjoy making friends and having func. like playing with childrend. want to experience university sports and social activitiesreading tips：1d细节判断题由文中第三段第一句话可知，接受远程教育的学生们可自己安排学生任务，也因此会花更多的时间来完成课程。2b事实推理题由文中第二段第二句得知：通过远程教育获得学位比上大学的花费要少得多。3c事实推理题由文中第四段第一句后半部分可知：接受远程教育的学生们只需依赖写出来了的素材，故c为正确答案。4d细节判断题由文中第五段最后一句判断：远程教育不适合那些认为这种教育既是结交朋友也是获取知识的机会的人。culture tips:国外优秀的远程大学的课程，受到不少有一定英语基础并且在外资企业里工作的白领的青睐，因为这些白领的工作压力较大，从经济上和时间上不太可能放弃原有的职位和薪资，全脱产地进行深造。远程教育凭借着其灵活的教学时间还有低廉的学费，近两年来在国际上发展迅速，特别是远程mba。然而许多学生对国外远程学位的市场认可度方面还存在疑虑。国内的外资企业普遍认可优秀的国际化的远程教育，因为这种全英语的远程教育非常实用，毕业生在各方面的素质一点不输给校园毕业生（海归）。passage 2this morning i accidentally hit my three-year-old girl with my handbag as i was going through the door. she immediately shouted, “mom, you hit me!” i responded with, “but darling i didnt mean it. why are you shouting at me?” “but you did hit me mom. you hit me with your handbag and it hurts,” my little girl insisted. “but i didnt mean it, sweetie, ok?” then i saw tears welling up in her big eyes. i realized that it actually was not ok. whether it is intentional or not, it needs to be recognized as pain that you have caused to another person. she had a little red mark on her forehead, and it was in fact my fault, whether i meant to do it or not. so i put my handbag down, leaned(斜倚) forward, and asked her to show me the mark. i then gave her a “magic kiss”. i said that i really sorry, and then gave her a warm hug. no more was spoken about it. my daughter ran away happily with her small toy bear. it was a really easy thing to do. much easier than arguing and saying, “it was not my fault because i didnt mean it!” yes, a lot of things are not intentional, but they still cause pain. how hard is it to just face someone, kiss them, and apologize?1. what happened to the little girl?a. she fell down accidentally.b. she cried because she didnt find her mother.c. she was hit by her mothers handbag.d. she was heavily beat by her mother.2. what was the response(反应) of her mother? a. her mother hugged her.b. her mother kissed and apologized her.c. her mother shouted at her.d. her mother didnt notice her.3. what is the meaning of the word intentional in paragraph 5? a. by chanceb. on purposec. in favord. in this wayreading tips:1. c细节判断题由文章第一段可知。2b事实推理题由文章第六段中kiss and i said that i was really sorry可知。3a词义猜测题由第一段中accidentally及第五段来判断intentional为碰巧之意。culture tips: 美国人十分重视子女的家庭教育，父母尊重孩子的个性，着重培养孩子的品德修养，培养他们遇事如何应对，如何“做人”。美国家庭家教十二法则：l 归属法则保证孩子在健康的家庭环境中成长，让孩子在家庭中找到自己的位置，找到归属感；l 希望法则永远让孩子看到希望，让孩子在希望中成长，保持孩子善良的本性；l 力量法则永远不要与孩子斗强，让孩子看到力量的重要性，同时也让孩子明白力量并不是惟一决定他们人生的惟一要素；l 管理法则在孩子未成年以前，管束是父母的责任，孩子必须学会放弃和坚持，一旦对孩子管理不严，父母应该追究自己的责任；l 声音法则尽管孩子在家里没有决定权，但是一定要倾听他们的声音，这是孩子作为成人的一个必经阶段；l 榜样法则言传身教对孩子的影响是巨大的，父母必须言传身教，对自己所做的事情负责；l 求同存异法则尊重并保留孩子对世界的看法，并尽量理解他们，不要苛求孩子拥有同样的价值观；l 惩罚法则对犯错的孩子进行惩罚，但美国父母对这一法则慎用，因为它容易使孩子产生逆反和报复心理，慎用！l 后果法则让孩子了解其行为在现实世界是可能产生的后果，并让孩子为自己所做的事情背负责任；l 结构法则教孩子从小了解道德和法律的界限；l “20码”法则培养孩子的独立意识，父母与其至少保持20码的距离，孩子应该独立完成自己的事情；l “四何”法则任何情况下都要了解孩子跟何人在一起、在何地方、在干何事，以及何时回家。passage 3 before 1066, in the land we now call great britain lived people belonging to two major language groups. in the west-central region were the welsh, who spoke a celtic language, and in the north lived the scots, whose language, thought not the same as welsh, was also celtic. in the rest of the country lived the saxons, actually a mixture of anglos, saxons, and other germanic and nordic people, who spoke what we now call anglo-saxon (or old english), a germanic language. if this state of affairs had lasted, english today would be close to german.but this state of affairs did not last. in 1066 the normans led by william defeated the saxons and began their rule over english. for about a century, french became the official language of english while old english became the language of peasants. as a result, english words of politics and the law come from french rather than german. in some cases, modern english even shows a difference between upper-class french and lower-class anglo-saxon in its words. we even have different words for some foods, meat in particular, depending on whether it is still out in the fields or at home ready to be cooked, which shows the fact that the saxon peasants were doing farming, while the upper-class normans were most of the eating.when americans visit europe for the first time, they usually find germany more “foreign” than france because the german they see on signs and advertisements seems much more different from english than french does. few realize that the english language is actually germanic in its beginning and that the french influences are all the result of one mans ambition.1. what is the subject discussed in the text? a. the history of great britain.b. the similarity between english and french.c. the rule of english by william the conqueror.d. the french influences on the english language.2. which of the following was spoken by the upper-class normans? a. chickb. porkc. cowd. pig3. what language were the main languages in england before 1066? a. anglo-saxon and celticb. french and celticc. germanandanglo-saxond. english and french reading tips:1d主旨大意题文章讲述了英语语言的发展，重点阐述了法语对这一语言的影响。2b事实推理题由文中第二段最后两句可知，只有上流的诺曼底人才能使用在家里准备烹饪的肉食这种语言。3a细节判断题由文中第一段第一句和倒数第二句可知，anglo-saxon语言和celtic，在william入侵之前是英国人的主要语言。cultural tips:在追溯英语的历史发展时，我们通常将它分为三个时期：（一）古英语(old english)，从公元450年至1150年；(二)中古英语(middle english)，从公元1150年至1500年；，（三）现代英语(modern english)，从1500年至今。为便于研究，我们常把1500-1700年的英语称作“早期现代英语”(early modern english)，1700年至今的英语称作“后期现代英语”(later modern english)。这样的分期当然不是绝对的，但它有助于我们对英语历史发展全过程的了解和研究。passage 4 everybody knows that words can carry messages. people communicate with words. books, magazines, tv, radio and films all help us to know what is going on in the world and what people are thinking about. do you think you can communicate without words? a smile on your face shows you are happy or friendly. tears in your eyes tell others that you are sad. when you put your hand in class, the teacher knows that you want to say something or ask a question. you shake your head, and people know you are saying “no.” you nod and people know you are saying “yes.” other things can also carry messages. for example, a sign at the bus stop helps you to know which bus to take. a sign on the wall of your school helps you to find the library. signs on doors tell you where to go in or out. have you ever noticed that there are a lot of signs around you and receive messages from them all the time? people can communicate in many ways without words. for example, an artist can use his drawing to tell about beautiful mountains, seas and many other things.1. choose the best title for this passage. a. ways for communicationb. the best way for communication.c. the only way for communication.d. words can carry messages.2. how can people communicate with each other? a. with only words.b. only without words.c. either with words or without words.d. just by using different kinds of signs.3. which of the following is not a way for communication without words? a. a cry for help.b. a smile on your face.c. making a face.d. nodding your head.4. what does the road sign p tell people? a. you can go into the park.b. you can please everyone.c. you can leave your car here.d. you can cross the street here.5. how can a musician communicate with people? a. by saying something.b. by playing some music.c. by writing letters.d. all of the above.reading tips：1a主旨大意题文章主要就是叙述不同种传递信息的方式，因此答案为a。2，c细节判断题with words 是指使用语言，而without words同指所有的非语言传递信息方式。a、b、d项都只是一方面。3a细节判断题a cry for help要用到语言，其他三项都属于身体语言。4c事实推理题p是park 的首字母，此外park是指停车场，含义是“可以在此处停车”。在路标中park不指“公园”。5d细节判断题音乐家除了用普通人的交流方式：说和写之外，他还可以通过演奏音乐来传递信息。culture tips:人类交际一般分为书面、口头和身势三部分，由于文化教育的偏见，绝大多数受过教育的人往往认为书面语最重要，口语次之，至于身体动作，是名列最后的。然而，无论是从不断进化的整个人类，还是从个人角度看，这些技能的习得次序，出现率以及平常所提供的信息量，都表明三者之间的重要地位正好相反。随着改革开放的不断深入，国际交流的不断增加，非语言交际在跨文化交际中的作用越来越引起国内语言学界的关注，不再成为一个被冷落的课题。而在非语言交际的研究中，倍受关注的是体态语（body language）。在日常生活中，人们常常可以不用言语，而借助于表情、手势之类的动作达到交流思想的目的，有时甚至会“无声胜有声”，这就是体态语的妙用。同步阅读理解passage 1 a student is learning to speak british english. he wonders(想知道):can i communicate(交际) with americans? can they understand me? learners of english often ask: what are the differences between british and american english? how important are these differences? certainly, there are some differences between british and american english. there are a few differences in grammar. for example, speakers of british english say “in hospital” and “have you a pen?” americans say “in the hospital” and “do you have a pen?” . pronunciation is sometimes different. americans usually sound theirs in words like “bird” and “hurt” . speakers of british english do not sound theirs in these words. there are differences between british and american english in spelling and vocabulary. for example, “colour” and “honour” are british, “ color” and “ honor” are american. these differences in grammar, pronunciation, spelling and vocabulary are not important, however. for the most part, british and american english are the same language.1. according to this passage, a student who is learning to speak american english might be afraid that _. a. british people cannot understand himb. american people cannot understand himc. the grammar is too hard for himd. the spelling is too hard for him2. american english and british english are different in _. a. spellingb. pronunciationc. grammard. all of the above3. what is not mentioned(提及)in the passage? a. whether there are differences between british english and american english.b. whether british english and american english are one language or two.c. how the differences between british english and american english came about.d. how important the differences are.passage 2 if youve been joining in chat room conversation, or trading e-mail with web pals, you have become one of the millions who write in a special short form of english. and youve got a sense of humor about short forms like sohf(=sense of humor failure ) to describe internet newcomers who understand you. across the globe, every night teenagers and their elders are “ talking ” online-many of them are talking at the same time. its fast: try talking to six people at once. its brief: three of four words per exchange. it takes wit(诙谐),and quick fingers. want to enter a conversation? just type pmfji(=pardon me for jumping in). interested in whom youre talking to ? a/s/l, the nearly universal request to know your pals age, sex and location. you may get 15/m/ny as a response from your pal. if something makes you laugh, say youre otf(=on the floor),or lol(=laughing out loud), or combine the two into rotfl(=rolling on the floor laughing).and when its time to get back to work or go to bed, you type gtg(=got to go )or ttyl(=talk to you later) . people want to write as fast as possible, and they want to get their ideas across as quickly as they can, capital letters are left in the dust, except when expressing strong feelings, as it takes more time to hold down the “ shift” key and use capitals. punctuation(标点) is going , too.1. in order to talk to several people at the same time on the internet, _.a. you have to speak fast and fluentlyb. you should speak with wit and humorc. one should pay much attention to the use of exact wordsd. you have to express your ideas in a brief way2. if you get 17/f/ny as an answer to your a/s/l, it means_.a. you are talking to a girl who is 17 and lives in new york.b. the person who is talking to you is a 17-foot-tall new york girlc. you are talking to 17girls who are from new york.d. the person on the other end is 17 from new york and he is fine3. to save time on the internet, _.a. some people leave their letters in the dustbinb. some people never use “shift” in their writingc. people seldom use capital letters and punctuationd. many people leave the capital or punctuationpassage 3 i attend boston university. one-third of the students who attend this school are international students. they come from all over the world-many of them from latin america. there is a large, comfortable dining hall on campus. i go there every day during school with my friends, many of whom are from latin america and spain. for the most part, the american students eat lunch in the dining hall between noon and two oclock. i seldom see any of them stay for more than an hour. they get their food and eat as quickly as they can. when they leave, the dining hall is still full of latinos (拉丁美洲人). the latinos stay for several hours talking , laughing, smoking, and drinking soda and coffee. sometimes their lunch goes until four oclock. they stay as long as their friends stay. they dont leave until they have to do something else. i think that there are also a lot of arab students there. they seem to take more time to eat and talk as well. i think the latinos stay longer for three reasons. first, they are used to eating their breakfast, lunch, and dinner later in the day than americans eat theirs. second, they are used to talking more time at each meal, eating slowly. they dont eat more food; they just take more time. third, i think that family and friends are more important to spanish speakers than school or work. they would rather relax and talk to their friends during a meal than rush off to study or work. maybe this is not true everywhere, but i think it is true here at boston university.1. from the text, we may guess that the writer comes from _. a. the united statesb. south americac. arabd. spain2. when the american students end their meal, they usually _. a. stay a little longerb. have some drinksc. look worriedd. leave in a hurry3. what can be inferred from the text? a. americans are not friendly with people.b. latinos are not busier than americans.c. the dining hall usually closes at 4 oclock.d. arab students take longer lunchtime.passage 4the college entrance exam is not only a big challenge for chinese high school students, but also a very important exam in the lives of south korean students.although the long, cold winter has already started in south korea, the national exams have made the atmosphere very heated.more than 675,ooo south korean high school graduates took the college entrance exam last wednesday. they usually take exams in korean, maths, sociology(社会学), history and foreign languages.officially there is one college place for every 1.33 students. but because all the students want to go to the top universities in the country, the competition can reach one place for 10 students.because students face fierce competition, they have to study very hard to realize their dreams. they often go to school before 7:30 a.m. after school has finished at 6:30 p.m. , most of them go to the library to continue their study instead of returning home. many of the senior 3 students only sleep for three to four hours a day.the exam day is a very serious day for the whole of south korea. vehicles are not allowed within a 200-meter radius(范围)