最新初中英语语法梳理和重点句型.doc

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最新初中英语语法梳理和重点句型 最新初中英语语法大全名 词表示人、事物、地方、现象或抽象概念等的名称的词。知识梳理：提纲挈领，抓住重点和难点！一、名词的分类注：1.专有名词是指人、地方、团体、机构等特有的名称。第一个字母必须大写。专有名词前一般不加冠词。2、有普通名词构成的专有名词前要用定冠词the，但它不大写。3、有些不可数名词有时表示为具体的东西时，则变为可数名词，而且以四上也有了变化。eg. beer -a beer 一杯啤酒， work- a work 工厂，著作 ，glass-a glass 一个玻璃杯， room空间-a room一个房间二、名词的数：表示可以计算数目的人或物称为可数名词。1、可数名词有单、复数两种形式：可数名词的单数形式要在名词前加 a或an；复数形式是在名词后加 -s或-es。名词复数形式有规则变化和不规则变化两种，规则变化第 1 页 共 74 页 2. 可数名词复数的不规则变化改变单数名词中的元音字母eg. man-men, womanwomen, toothteeth, footfeet, goosegeese, mouse-mice 单复数同形 eg. chinese-chinese, deer-deer, fish-fish, sheep-sheep,由man 和woman构成的合成词, 每个名词都要变复数eg. a man doctor men doctors, a woman teacher-women teachers注意: 有些名词表示一种物体具有不可分割的相同的两部分,在使用时只有复数形式 eg. trousers, clothes, glasses, shorts,scissors, etc;有些名词从形式上看是复数, 实际上是单数(其后的谓语动词要用单数). eg. maths, phyiscs, politics, news3. 不可数名词：表示不能计算数目的人或物，称为不可数名词。他们前面不能用a/an,没有复数形式。物质名词和抽象名词都属于不可数名词。不可数名词一般只有单数形式, 但有其特殊用法:(1) 同一个词,变成复数形式, 意义不同。eg. food 食物- foods 各种食物，time 时间 - times 时代，green 绿色 -greens 青菜(2) 有些不可数名词用复数代指具体的事物eg. hope -hopes 希望 hardship - hardships 艰苦(3) 物质名词在表示数量时,常用某个量词+of来表示eg. a cup of tea, seven pieces of bread, several bags of rice, 三、名词的所有格名词的所有格是表示名词之间的所有关系,有两种表示形式, 一种是在名词后+s；另一种是用of, 表示 的。1. (1) 一般词的所有格, 直接在词尾 +s。 eg. mr. motts robot, childrens clothes(2) 以s结尾的名词所有格只在词尾 + eg. teachers books(3) 两人共有的物体, 则在第二个名词后+s; 如果分别是两人所有, 则在每个名词后面+s。 eg. lucy and lilys room. (指两人共住一个房间)mrs greens and mrs browns son. (指两人各自的儿子)(4) 表示某具体场所时, 所有格后面的名词可省略eg. the doctors (office) mr. whites2.(1) 没有生命的事物一般用of 短语来表示所属关系。eg. the wall of the classroom，a picture of the bedroom，(2) 名词的的定语较长时,有生命的事物也可用of短语表示。eg. a long story of a 50-year-old man(4) 双重所有格 eg. a friend of his, the big nose of toms(5) 有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词，也可以加s来构成所有格。eg. ten minutes walk, todays newspaper例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！1. they got much _ from those new books.a. ideas b. photos c. news d. stories解析: much 是用来修饰不可数名词的, a b d三个选项均是可是名词的复数形式, c项为不可数名词, 因此选c.2. i have two _ and three bottles of _ here.第 2 页 共 74 页 a. orange, orange b. oranges, orangesc. oranges, orange d. orange, oranges解析: orange 有两种含义, 一种可数名词橘子, 另一种是不可数名词橘汁, 此题第一空应填可数名词, 第二空填不可数名词, 因此选 c。3. every evening m r. king takes a _ to his home .a. 25 minutes walk b. 25 minutes walkc. 25 minute walk d. 25 minutes walk解析: 句中的 minute应该用其复数的所有格形式,只+,而不能+s,因此选a。4. an old _ wants to see you.a. people b. person c. the people d. the person解析: person 与people 都有人 的意思, 但用法不同. 一个人用 a person,两个人 用 two persons; people 泛指 人们是集合名词,表示复数, the people 指 人民, a people 指 一个民族. 应选b。5. help yourself to _.a. chickens and apples b. chickens and applec. chicken and apple d. chicken and apples解析: chicken 可用作可数名词指小鸡,用作不可数名词指鸡肉,根据词题意应理解为鸡肉;apple为可数名词, 故应+s, 因此选d。6. oh, dear. i forgot the two _.a. rooms number b. rooms number c. room numbers d. rooms numbers 解析: room number 房间号码. room可直接用作定语修饰后面的名词 . 类似的还有my phsics teacher, two bus drivers 等. 应选c。7. she has been in tianjin for ten years. tianjin has become her second _.a. family b. house c. home d. room解析: family指的是家庭或是家庭成员; house指的是房子(住所); room 指的是房间;而home 指的是家, 因此选c.8. _ mothers couldnt go to the meeting, because they have gone to shanghai .a. mary and peters b. mary and peterc. marys and peter d. marys and peters解析: 此句中 mothers是复数,表示两个人各自的母亲,因此应选d。9. li lei has been to _ many times this month.a. her uncle b. her uncles c. her uncles d. aunts解析: 此句意为 李雷这个去她舅舅家多次. 表示具体场所时, 可省去所有格后面的名词. 因此选b。10. he is a success as a leader but he hasnt _ in teaching.a. many experiences b. much experiencec. an experience d. a lot experience解析: experience 作 经验 讲时是不可数名词, 作 经历讲时是可数名词. 本句中应理解为 经验,因此是不可数名词,排除 a c. 又因 a lot of , lots of, plenty of 只用于肯定句, 不用于否定句, 因此选b。11. a classmate of _ was here ten minutes ago.a. you b. your c. your sister d. your sisters解析: 此题考查名词的双重所有格.应选d。12. a group of _ are talking with two _.第 3 页 共 74 页 a. frenchmen, germans b. germans ,frenchmansc. frenchmans , germen d. germen , frenchmen解析: frenchman 是复合词,其复数形式为 frenchmen; german 的复数为直接在单词末尾+s, 应选a.13.the team _ having a meeting .a. is b. are c. am d. be解析: team 是一个集合名词,即可表示复数意义(指整个小组) , 也可指小组中的成员(表示复数), 此题意为后者, 因此选b。14. would you like _? _, please.a. drink, three coffees b. a cup of drink, coffeesc. a drink, a coffee d. a drink, three cups of coffees解析: drink 和coffee是不可数名词, 可以用of来表示数量, eg, three cups of coffee, 当前面加a 时,则表示 一杯因此选c。15. the great wall was made not only by _, but also the flesh and blood of _ men.a.earth and stone, millions of b. earths and stones, millionsc. the earth and stone, million of d. the earths and stones, millions解析：earth 是不可数名词，因此删除b d,数以百万的应为millions of .因此选a。练习与巩固：熟能生巧，取得好成绩！选择最佳答案：1 last night, there was a food accident. the _ were ill, but no _ were lost.a. child, lives b. children, life c. children, lives d. child, life2. -this is a photo of _ when they were young.-ok, how happy they both looked!a. my father and mother b. my mother and fathersc. my mothers and fathers d.my fathers and my mother3. the new student is in _ , grade two.a. class third b. third class c. class three d. three class4. today is september 10th. its _ day. lets go and buy some flowers for our teachers.a. teachers b. teachers c. the teachers d. teachers5. the market isnt far from here. its only _ bicycle ride.a.half an hours b. half an hours c. half an hour d. an hour and a half6. - what would you like to drink, girls?- _, please.a.two cup of coffee b. two cups of coffec. two cups of coffee d. two cups of coffees7. during christmas, people get together and sing christmas songs for _.a. fun b. wishes c. interest d. thanks8. some _ are flying kites near the river.a. child b. boy c. boys d. childs9. after the exam, well have_ holiday.a. two weeks b. two-weeks c. two weeks d. two weeks10. they are those _ bags.please put them on the bus.第 4 页 共 74 页 a. visitor b. visitors c. visitors d. visitors11.- how many workers are there in your factory?- there are two _.a. hundreds b. hundred c. hundred of d. hundreds of12. -what do you think of the _ the moonlight sonata by beethoven?- it sounds really wonderful.a. subject b. music c. book d. animal13. there is not enough _ in the corner for the fridge.a. place b. room c. field d. ground14. _ comes from sheep and some people like eating ita. wool b. pork c. mutton d. milk15. if you dont take more _, youll get fat.a. medicine b. lessons c. photos d. exercise16. my school is about twenty _ walk from here.a. minute b. minutes c. minutess d. minutes17. mum, i have _ to tell you!a. a good news b. some good news c. some good newes d. much good news18. which is the _ to the post office?a. street b. way c. road d. address19. i stayed at _ last sunday.a. my uncles b. my uncles c. my uncles d. my uncles family20. maths _ not easy to learn.a. are b. is c. am d. were1-5 cbcbb 6-10 caccd 11-15 abbcd 16-20 bbbcb 冠 词 冠词分为不定冠词(a, an )和定冠词 (the) 知识梳理：提纲挈领，抓住重点和难点！一、 不定冠词的用法1)用与可数名词的单数形式前,指人或事物的某一种类：例如：she is a girl.pass me an apple , please.2)、指某人或某物,但不具体说明何人或何物。例如：a boy is waiting for youwe work six days a week.3). 表示 一这个数量,但数的概念没有one 强烈.例如:we are going to have an english lesson tomorrow.i have a mouth , a nose, two eyes and two ears.4). 用于某些固定的词组中.例如:a few, a little, a lot of注: 用a 还是an, 要看后面的词读音以辅音开头还是以元音开头.二、定冠词的用法第 5 页 共 74 页 1) 特指某(些)人或某(些)物.例如: the photo of the boy2) 指双方都知道的人或物.例如:-where are the new books, jim?- they are on the small table.3) 指上文提过的人或物.例如:today he is making a machine.he wants to ride the machine like a bike and fly