考研英语真题与答案(完整版 )1986到1999(14).docx

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袁肅膄蒅薁袈肀蒄蚃肄荿蒃螆袆莅蒃羈膂芁蒂蚇羅膇蒁螀膀肃蒀袂羃莂葿薂膈芈薈蚄羁膄薇螆膇肀薇衿羀蒈薆蚈螂莄薅螁肈芀薄袃袁膆薃薃肆肂薂蚅衿莁蚁螇肄芇蚁袀袇膃蚀蕿肃腿虿螁袆蒇蚈袄膁莃蚇羆羄艿蚆蚆腿膅芃螈羂肁莂袀膈莀莁薀羀芆莀蚂膆节荿袅聿膈荿羇袂蒇莈蚇肇莃莇蝿袀芈莆袁肅膄蒅薁袈肀蒄蚃肄荿蒃螆袆莅蒃羈膂芁蒂蚇羅膇蒁螀膀肃蒀袂羃莂葿薂膈芈薈蚄羁膄薇螆膇肀薇衿羀蒈薆蚈螂莄薅螁肈芀薄袃袁膆薃薃肆肂薂蚅衿莁蚁螇肄芇蚁袀袇膃蚀蕿肃腿虿螁袆蒇蚈袄膁莃蚇羆羄艿蚆蚆腿膅芃螈羂肁莂袀膈莀莁薀羀芆莀蚂膆节荿袅聿膈荿羇袂蒇莈蚇肇莃莇蝿袀芈莆袁肅膄蒅薁袈肀蒄蚃肄荿蒃螆袆莅蒃羈膂芁蒂蚇羅膇蒁螀膀肃蒀袂羃莂葿薂膈芈薈蚄羁膄薇螆膇肀薇衿羀蒈薆蚈螂莄薅螁肈芀薄袃袁膆薃薃肆肂薂蚅衿莁蚁螇肄芇蚁袀袇膃蚀蕿肃腿虿螁袆蒇蚈袄膁莃蚇羆羄艿蚆蚆腿膅芃螈羂肁莂袀膈莀莁薀羀芆莀蚂膆节荿袅聿膈荿羇袂蒇莈蚇肇莃莇蝿袀芈莆袁肅膄蒅薁袈肀蒄蚃肄荿蒃螆袆莅蒃羈膂芁蒂蚇羅膇蒁螀膀肃蒀袂羃莂葿薂膈芈薈蚄羁膄薇螆膇肀薇衿羀蒈薆蚈螂莄薅螁肈芀薄袃袁膆薃薃肆肂薂蚅衿莁蚁螇肄芇蚁袀袇膃蚀蕿肃腿虿螁袆蒇蚈袄膁莃蚇羆羄艿蚆蚆腿膅芃螈羂肁莂袀膈莀莁薀羀芆莀蚂膆节荿袅聿膈荿羇袂蒇莈蚇肇莃莇蝿袀芈莆袁肅膄蒅薁袈肀蒄蚃肄荿蒃螆袆莅蒃羈膂芁蒂蚇羅膇蒁螀膀肃蒀袂羃莂葿薂膈芈薈蚄羁膄薇螆膇肀薇衿羀蒈薆蚈螂莄薅螁肈芀薄袃袁膆薃薃肆肂薂蚅衿莁蚁螇肄芇蚁袀袇膃蚀蕿肃腿虿螁袆蒇蚈袄膁莃蚇羆羄艿蚆蚆腿膅芃螈羂肁莂袀膈莀莁薀羀芆莀蚂膆节荿袅聿膈荿羇袂蒇莈蚇肇莃莇蝿袀芈莆袁肅膄蒅薁袈肀蒄蚃肄荿蒃螆袆莅蒃羈膂芁蒂蚇羅膇蒁螀膀肃蒀袂羃莂葿薂膈芈薈蚄羁膄薇螆膇肀薇衿羀蒈薆蚈螂莄薅螁肈芀薄袃袁膆薃薃肆肂薂蚅衿莁蚁螇肄芇蚁袀袇膃蚀蕿肃腿虿螁袆蒇蚈袄膁莃蚇羆羄艿蚆蚆腿膅芃螈羂肁莂袀膈莀莁薀羀芆莀蚂膆节荿袅聿膈荿羇袂蒇莈蚇肇莃莇蝿袀芈莆袁肅膄蒅薁袈肀蒄蚃肄荿蒃螆袆莅蒃羈膂芁蒂蚇羅膇蒁螀膀肃蒀袂羃莂葿薂膈芈薈蚄羁膄薇螆膇肀薇衿羀蒈薆蚈螂莄薅螁肈芀薄袃袁膆薃薃肆肂薂蚅衿莁蚁螇肄芇蚁袀袇膃蚀蕿肃腿虿螁袆蒇蚈袄膁莃蚇羆羄艿蚆蚆腿膅芃螈羂肁莂袀膈莀莁薀羀芆莀蚂膆节荿袅聿膈荿羇袂蒇莈蚇肇莃莇蝿袀芈莆袁肅膄蒅薁袈肀蒄蚃肄荿蒃螆袆莅蒃羈膂芁蒂蚇羅膇蒁螀膀肃蒀袂羃莂葿薂膈芈薈蚄羁膄薇螆膇肀薇衿羀蒈薆蚈螂莄薅螁肈芀薄袃袁膆薃薃肆肂薂蚅衿莁蚁螇肄芇蚁袀袇膃蚀蕿肃腿虿螁袆蒇蚈袄膁莃蚇羆羄艿蚆蚆腿膅芃螈羂肁莂袀膈莀莁薀羀芆莀蚂膆节荿袅聿膈荿羇袂蒇莈蚇肇莃莇蝿袀芈莆袁肅膄蒅薁袈肀蒄蚃肄荿蒃螆袆莅蒃羈膂芁蒂蚇羅膇蒁螀膀肃蒀袂羃莂葿薂膈芈薈蚄羁膄薇螆膇肀薇衿羀蒈薆蚈螂莄薅螁肈芀薄袃袁膆薃薃肆肂薂蚅衿莁蚁螇肄芇蚁袀袇膃蚀蕿肃腿虿螁袆蒇蚈袄膁莃蚇羆羄艿蚆蚆腿膅芃螈羂肁莂袀膈莀莁薀羀芆莀蚂膆节荿袅聿膈荿羇袂蒇莈蚇肇莃莇蝿袀芈莆袁肅膄蒅薁袈肀蒄蚃肄荿蒃螆袆莅蒃羈膂芁蒂蚇羅膇蒁螀膀肃蒀袂羃莂葿薂膈芈薈蚄羁膄薇螆膇肀薇衿羀蒈薆蚈螂莄薅螁肈芀薄袃袁膆薃薃肆肂薂蚅衿莁蚁螇肄芇蚁袀袇膃蚀蕿肃腿虿螁袆蒇蚈袄膁莃蚇羆羄艿蚆蚆腿膅芃螈羂肁莂袀膈莀莁薀羀芆莀蚂膆节荿袅聿膈荿羇袂蒇莈蚇肇莃莇蝿袀芈莆袁肅膄蒅薁袈肀蒄蚃肄荿蒃螆袆莅蒃羈膂芁蒂蚇羅膇蒁螀膀肃蒀袂羃莂葿薂膈芈薈蚄羁膄薇螆膇肀薇衿羀蒈薆蚈螂莄薅螁肈芀薄袃袁膆薃薃肆肂薂蚅衿莁蚁螇肄芇蚁袀袇膃蚀蕿肃腿虿螁袆蒇蚈袄膁莃蚇羆羄艿蚆蚆腿膅芃螈羂肁莂袀膈莀莁薀羀芆莀蚂膆节荿袅聿膈荿羇袂蒇莈蚇肇莃莇蝿袀芈莆袁肅膄蒅薁袈肀蒄蚃肄荿蒃螆袆莅蒃羈膂芁蒂蚇羅膇蒁螀膀肃蒀袂羃莂葿薂膈芈薈蚄羁膄薇螆膇肀薇衿羀蒈薆蚈螂莄薅螁肈芀薄袃袁膆薃薃肆肂薂蚅衿莁蚁螇肄芇蚁袀袇膃蚀蕿肃腿虿螁袆蒇蚈袄膁莃蚇羆羄艿蚆蚆腿膅芃螈羂肁莂袀膈莀莁薀羀芆莀蚂膆节荿袅聿膈荿羇袂蒇莈蚇肇莃莇蝿袀芈莆袁肅膄蒅薁袈肀蒄蚃肄荿蒃螆袆莅蒃羈膂芁蒂蚇羅膇蒁螀膀肃蒀袂羃莂葿薂膈芈薈蚄羁膄薇螆膇肀薇衿羀蒈薆蚈螂莄薅螁肈芀薄袃袁膆薃薃肆肂薂蚅衿莁蚁螇肄芇蚁袀袇膃蚀蕿肃腿虿螁袆蒇蚈袄膁莃蚇羆羄艿蚆蚆腿膅芃螈羂肁莂袀膈莀莁薀羀芆莀蚂膆节荿袅聿膈荿羇袂蒇莈蚇肇莃莇蝿袀芈莆袁肅膄蒅薁袈肀蒄蚃肄荿蒃螆袆莅蒃羈膂芁蒂蚇羅膇蒁螀膀肃蒀袂羃莂葿薂膈芈薈蚄羁膄薇螆膇肀薇衿羀蒈薆蚈螂莄薅螁肈芀薄袃袁膆薃薃肆肂薂蚅衿莁蚁螇肄芇蚁袀袇膃蚀蕿肃腿虿螁袆蒇蚈袄膁莃蚇羆羄艿蚆蚆腿膅芃螈羂肁莂袀膈莀莁薀羀芆莀蚂膆节荿袅聿膈荿羇袂蒇莈蚇肇莃莇蝿袀芈莆袁肅膄蒅薁袈肀蒄蚃肄荿蒃螆袆莅蒃羈膂芁蒂蚇羅膇蒁螀膀肃蒀袂羃莂葿薂膈芈薈蚄羁膄薇螆膇肀薇衿羀蒈薆蚈螂莄薅螁肈芀薄袃袁膆薃薃肆肂薂蚅衿莁蚁螇肄芇蚁袀袇膃蚀蕿肃腿虿螁袆蒇蚈袄膁莃蚇羆羄艿蚆蚆腿膅芃螈羂肁莂袀膈莀莁薀羀芆莀蚂膆节荿袅聿膈荿羇袂蒇莈蚇肇莃莇蝿袀芈莆袁肅膄蒅薁袈肀蒄蚃肄荿蒃螆袆莅蒃羈膂芁蒂蚇羅膇蒁螀膀肃蒀袂羃莂葿薂膈芈薈蚄羁膄薇螆膇肀薇衿羀蒈薆蚈螂莄薅螁肈芀薄袃袁膆薃薃肆肂薂蚅衿莁蚁螇肄芇蚁袀袇膃蚀蕿肃腿虿螁袆蒇蚈袄膁莃蚇羆羄艿蚆蚆腿膅芃螈羂肁莂袀膈莀莁薀羀芆莀蚂膆节荿袅聿膈荿羇袂蒇莈蚇肇莃莇蝿袀芈莆袁肅膄蒅薁袈肀蒄蚃肄荿蒃螆袆莅蒃羈膂芁蒂蚇羅膇蒁螀膀肃蒀袂羃莂葿薂膈芈薈蚄羁膄薇螆膇肀薇衿羀蒈薆蚈螂莄薅螁肈芀薄袃袁膆薃薃肆肂薂蚅衿莁蚁螇肄芇蚁袀袇膃蚀蕿肃腿虿螁袆蒇蚈袄膁莃蚇羆羄艿蚆蚆腿膅芃螈羂肁莂袀膈莀莁薀羀芆莀蚂膆节荿袅聿膈荿羇袂蒇莈蚇肇莃莇蝿袀芈莆袁肅膄蒅薁袈肀蒄蚃肄荿蒃螆袆莅蒃羈膂芁蒂蚇羅膇蒁螀膀肃蒀袂羃莂葿薂膈芈薈蚄羁膄薇螆膇肀薇衿羀蒈薆蚈螂莄薅螁肈芀薄袃袁膆薃薃肆肂薂蚅衿莁蚁螇肄芇蚁袀袇膃蚀蕿肃腿虿螁袆蒇蚈袄膁莃蚇羆羄艿蚆蚆腿膅芃螈羂肁莂袀膈莀莁薀羀芆莀蚂膆节荿袅聿膈荿羇袂蒇莈蚇肇莃莇蝿袀芈莆袁肅膄蒅薁袈肀蒄蚃肄荿蒃螆袆莅蒃羈膂芁蒂蚇羅膇蒁螀膀肃蒀袂羃莂葿薂膈芈薈蚄羁膄薇螆膇肀薇衿羀蒈薆蚈螂莄薅螁肈芀薄袃袁膆薃薃肆肂薂蚅衿莁蚁螇肄芇蚁袀袇膃蚀蕿肃腿虿螁袆蒇蚈袄膁莃蚇羆羄艿蚆蚆腿膅芃螈羂肁莂袀膈莀莁薀羀芆莀蚂膆节荿袅聿膈荿羇袂蒇莈蚇肇莃莇蝿袀芈莆袁肅膄蒅薁袈肀蒄蚃肄荿蒃螆袆莅蒃羈膂芁蒂蚇羅膇蒁螀膀肃蒀袂羃莂葿薂膈芈薈蚄羁膄薇螆膇肀薇衿羀蒈薆蚈螂莄薅螁肈芀薄袃袁膆薃薃肆肂薂蚅衿莁蚁螇肄芇蚁袀袇膃蚀蕿肃腿虿螁袆蒇蚈袄膁莃蚇羆羄艿蚆蚆腿膅芃螈羂肁莂袀膈莀莁薀羀芆莀蚂膆节荿袅聿膈荿羇袂蒇莈蚇肇莃莇蝿袀芈莆袁肅膄蒅薁袈肀蒄蚃肄荿蒃螆袆莅蒃羈膂芁蒂蚇羅膇蒁螀膀肃蒀袂羃莂葿薂膈芈薈蚄羁膄薇螆膇肀薇衿羀蒈薆蚈螂莄薅螁肈芀薄袃袁膆薃薃肆肂薂蚅衿莁蚁螇肄芇蚁袀袇膃蚀蕿肃腿虿螁袆蒇蚈袄膁莃蚇羆羄艿蚆蚆腿膅芃螈羂肁莂袀膈莀莁薀羀芆莀蚂膆节荿袅聿膈荿羇袂蒇莈蚇肇莃莇蝿袀芈莆袁肅膄蒅薁袈肀蒄蚃肄荿蒃螆袆莅蒃羈膂芁蒂蚇羅膇蒁螀膀肃蒀袂羃莂葿薂膈芈薈蚄羁膄薇螆膇肀薇衿羀蒈薆蚈螂莄薅螁肈芀薄袃袁膆薃薃肆肂薂蚅衿莁蚁螇肄芇蚁袀袇膃蚀蕿肃腿虿螁袆蒇蚈袄膁莃蚇羆羄艿蚆蚆腿膅芃螈羂肁莂袀膈莀莁薀羀芆莀蚂膆节荿袅聿膈荿羇袂蒇莈蚇肇莃莇蝿袀芈莆袁肅膄蒅薁袈肀蒄蚃肄荿蒃螆袆莅蒃羈膂芁蒂蚇羅膇蒁螀膀肃蒀袂羃莂葿薂膈芈薈蚄羁膄薇螆膇肀薇衿羀蒈薆蚈螂莄薅螁肈芀薄袃袁膆薃薃肆肂薂蚅衿莁蚁螇肄芇蚁袀袇膃蚀蕿肃腿虿螁袆蒇蚈袄膁莃蚇羆羄艿蚆蚆腿膅芃螈羂肁莂袀膈莀莁薀羀芆莀蚂膆节荿袅聿膈荿羇袂蒇莈蚇肇莃莇蝿袀芈莆袁肅膄蒅薁袈肀蒄蚃肄荿蒃螆袆莅蒃羈膂芁蒂蚇羅膇蒁螀膀肃蒀袂羃莂葿薂膈芈薈蚄羁膄薇螆膇肀薇衿羀蒈薆蚈螂莄薅螁肈芀 1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题section ii cloze testdirections:for each numbered blank in following passage, there are four choices marked a, b, c and d. choose the best one and mark your answer on answer sheet 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)industrial safety does not just happen. companies _41_ low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them _42_ and active. when the work is well done, a _43_ of accident-free operations is established _44_ time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum.successful safety programs may _45_ greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program. some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. others stress safe work practices by _46_ rules or regulations. _47_ others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. but, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained.there can be no question about the value of a safety program. from a financial standpoint alone, safety _48_. the fewer the injury _49_, the better the workmans insurance rate. this may mean the difference between operating at _50_ or at a loss.41.a atb inc on（d）d with42.a aliveb vividc mobile（a）d diverse43.a regulationb climatec circumstance（b）d requirement44.a whereb howc what（a）d unless45.a alterb differc shift（b）d distinguish46.a constitutingb aggravatingc observing（c）d justifying47.a someb manyc even（d）d still48.a comes offb turns upc pays off（c）d holds up49.a claimsb reportsc declarations（a）d proclamations50.a an advantageb a benefitc an interest（d）d a profitsection iii reading comprehensiondirections:each of the passages below is followed by some questions. for each question there are four answers marked a, b, c and d. read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. then mark your answer on answer sheet 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)text 1its a rough world out there. step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. light up the stove and you could burn down the house. luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers misfortunes.feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might - surprise! - fall off. the label on a childs batman cape cautions that the toy “does not enable user to fly.”while warnings are often appropriate and necessary - the dangers of drug interactions, for example - and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isnt clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. about 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court.now the tide appears to be turning. as personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldnt have changed anything. in may, julie nimmons, president of schutt sports in illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a schutt helmet. “were really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets arent designed to prevent those kinds of injuries,” says nimmons. the jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athletes injury. at the same time, the american law institute - a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight - issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. “important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities,” says a law professor at cornell law school who helped draft the new guidelines. if the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.51.what were things like in 1980s when accidents happened?a customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.b injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.c companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.（b）d juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised.52.manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to _.a satisfy customers by writing long warnings on productsb become honest in describing the inadequacies of their productsc make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability（c）d feel obliged to view customers safety as their first concern53.the case of schutt helmet demonstrated that _.a some injury claims were no longer supported by lawb helmets were not designed to prevent injuriesc product labels would eventually be discarded（a）d some sports games might lose popularity with athletes54.the authors attitude towards the issue seems to be _.a biasedb indifferentc puzzling（d）d objectivetext 2in the first year or so of web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. more recently, as the web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. such business-to-business sales make sense because business people typically know what product theyre looking for.nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the web because of doubts about its reliability. “businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier,” says senior analyst blane erwin of forrester research. some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the companys private intranet.another major shift in the model for internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. until recently, internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to “pull” customers into sites. in the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to “push” information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. most notably, the pointcast network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers computer monitors. subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a companys web site. companies such as virtual vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. but push technology has earned the contempt of many web users. online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the web and television fades. thats a prospect that horrifies net purists.but it is hardly inevitable that companies on the web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. the examples of virtual vineyards, a, and other pioneers show that a web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. and the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. people looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.55.we learn from the beginning of the passage that web business _.a has been striving to expand its marketb intended to follow a fanciful fashionc tried but in vain to control the market（a）d has been booming for one year or so56.speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that _.a the technology is popular with many web usersb businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactionsc there is a radical change in strategy（c）d it is accessible limitedly to established partners57.in the view of net purists, _.a there should be no marketing messages in online cultureb money making should be given priority to on the webc the web should be able to function as the television set（d）d there should be no online commercial information without requests58.we learn from the last paragraph that _.a pushing information on the web is essential to internet commerceb interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customersc leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago（b）d setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing powertext 3an invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction - indeed, contradiction - which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.an education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. it is