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thebuncefieldinvestigation,buncefieldpetroleumstoragefire,date/time11december2005at0601hourslocationbuncefieldoilstoragedepot,hertfordshire,england-alargestrategicallyimportantfuelstoragesiteoperatedbyanumberofcompanies,includinghertfordshireoilstorageltd,britishpipelinesagency&bpoilukltd.(approx.20kmfromgreaterlondoncityboundary).,depotandsurroundingspriortotheincident,buncefieldpetroleumstoragefire,thesceneduringstillandcoldweatherconditions,largequantitiesofvapourwereseenemanatingfromabundonthenwcornerofthesiteconsistentwithlossofcontainmentfromtanksorpipeworkwithinorclosetothatbund.thiswasfollowedbyamassiveexplosionandseveralotherlesserexplosions.alargefireensuedthatengulfed21ofthetanksonsite.,buncefieldpetroleumstoragefire,thesiteon11decemberthesiteheldover35millionlitresofpetrol,dieselandaviationfuel.itprovided8%ofthepetroleumsupplytotheuk.therewasalossofaroundathirdofthesiteinventory,mostlyofmotorspiritandaviationkerosene,mostofwhichwasconsumedinthefire.thesitewasestablishedin1968atthetimetheclosestbuildingwas4kmaway.(atthetimeoftheincidentcommercialbuildingswerewithin200m).,buncefieldpetroleumstoragefire,theoutcometheexplosioncausedwidespreaddamageupto2kmfromthesite.(theblastregistered2.4ontherichterscale).severalhomeswereseverelydamagedandhundredsreceivedminor,nonstructuraldamage.20businessesemploying500peopleweredestroyedandthepremisesof60businessesemploying3500peoplewerebadlydamaged.60peoplereceivedminorinjuries,typicallyfromflyingdebris.therewerenofatalities.5000-6000jobsinitiallylost.still2000jobslostnow,buncefieldpetroleumstoragefire,atthetimelargequantitiesofblacksmokewereemittedfromtheresultantfirewhichdispersedatahighleveloversouthernenglandandbeyondtoeurope.thefireburnedfor3daysandlargequantitiesofwaterandfoamwereusedtoextinguishtheflames.ukslargestfiresincewwiiinitiallydidntknowhowmanypeoplewereonsiteactuallyonly6peopleon-sitetherewerehowever40privatevehiclesparkedonsite.,buncefieldpetroleumstoragefire,thepoliceandfireserviceledtheemergencyresponseandatthepeakoftheincidenttherewere180firefighterstacklingtheblazeusing26firepumpsandover700,000litresoffoamwereused.about2000peoplewereevacuated.sectionsofthem1motorwaywereclosedfor12hours.(evenafteropeningofm1,sightseerscontinuedtocausetrafficchaos)theincidentdisruptedfuelsupplytolondonandseenglandinparticularheathrow.,buncefieldpetroleumstoragefire,theinvestigationukanalysisofthebuncefielddisasterhasproduced30recommendations.italsoraisesquestionsaboutthevalidityofvapourcloudmodellingandraisestheimportanceofengineeringdesignfortankfarms.lessonsforauthorities,industryandthecommunitywillchallengecurrentassumptionsaboutlanduseplanning,environmentalprotectionandemergencyservicecapability.theeffectsofbuncefieldwillbefeltinaustraliabyindustryandregulators.,buncefieldpetroleumstoragefire,whathappenedataround06.00onsunday11december2005,anumberofexplosionsoccurredatthebuncefieldoilstoragedepot.atleastoneoftheinitialexplosionswasofmassiveproportions,followedbyalargefire,whichengulfedover20largefuelstoragetanksoverahighproportionofthesite.therewere43peopleinjuredintheincident,noneseriously.therewerenofatalities.significantdamageoccurredtobothcommercialandresidentialpropertiesinthevicinity.alargeareawasevacuated.(2000people).sectionsofthem1motorwaywereclosed.,sequenceofevents,around19.00onsat10thdec,tank912inbundastartedreceivingunleadedmotorfuelfromthet/kpipeline,pumpingatabout550m3/hr.fromapproximately03.00onsun11thdec,thelevelgaugeforthetankrecordedanunchangedreading,howeverfillingcontinued.calculationsshowthatataround05.20,tank912wouldhavebeencompletelyfullandstartingtooverflow.evidencesuggeststhattheprotectionsystemwhichshouldhaveshutoffthesupplyofpetroltothetanktopreventoverfillingdidnotoperate.pumpingcontinued,resultinginfuelcascadingdownthesideofthetankandthroughtheair,leadingtotherapidformationofarichfuel/airmixture.,whathappened?,at05.38,vapourfromtheescapingfuelisfirstvisibleincctvfootagefromacameralookingdownthewesternedgeofbunda.at05.46,thevapourcloudhadthickenedtoadepthofabout2mandwasflowingoutofbundainalldirections.by05.50,thevapourcloudhadstartedflowingoffsite,spreadingwestintonorthgatehouseandfujibuildingcarparksandtowardscatherinehouse.thethickfogwasaboveheadheightorbetween15and20feethighbetween05:50and06:00gmt.,whathappened?,between05.50and06.00,thepumpingrategraduallyrosetoaround890m3/hour.at06.01thefirstexplosionoccurred,followedbyfurtherexplosionsandthesubsequentlargefire.themainexplosioneventappearstohavecentredonthecarparksbetweenthehertfordshireoilstoragesiteandthefujiandnorthgatebuildings.firealloutwasdeclaredbythefireservice4dayslater.786000litresoffoamconcentrateand68millionlitresofwaterwereusedtocontaintheincident.,whathappened?,itisbelievedthatthevapourcloudbuiltupoveraperiodof30-40minutesbeforefindinganignitionsourceinapumphouse.twokeylearningstocomeoutoftheinvestigation(apartfromthelossofcontainmentfailures)were(a)theoverpressuresexperiencedweremuchhigherthanpredictedand(b)theencroachmentofotherfacilities/businessesuptotheboundaryfenceofthetankfarm.,whathappened?,previousoverpressurecalculationsforthetypeofreleasewouldpredictoverpressuresof20-50mbarintheopenareasofthenorthgateandfujicarparks.thecurrentbestestimatesoftheoverpressuresthatactuallyoccurredintheseareasareof700-1000mbar,leadingtoextensivedamagetoadjacen
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