Unit 6 Nature and Thoughtppt课件.ppt

Unit6NatureandThought 1 Unitobjectives becomefamiliarwithsomeprinciplesandmethodsofdevelopingdefinitioninparagraphwriting Knowhowtoavoidsomepitfalls 圈套 inconstructingparagraphsofdefinition andbeabletowriteparagraphsofdefinitionaccordingtotheinstructionsgiven 2 Whatisdefinition Definitionisamethodweusetodistinguishonethingfromallotherthings sothatweareabletorecognizeitorinsomewaytounderstandit Definitionservesanumberofpurposesinourwriting tointroduceanewterm toexplainajargon 术语 insomeacademicdiscipline tomakeclearsomeabstract controversialorcomplicatedpointinanargument tomakeourselvesbetterunderstoodineverydayaffairs etc needlessdisputes disagreementsandmisunderstandings 3 Analytical formaldefinition Sample11 AtornadomaybeidentifiedasastrongdangerouswindwhichformsitselfintoanUpsidedownspinningcone 圆锥形 andisabletodestroybuildingsasitmovesacrosstheground 2 Arainforestisaforestinatropicalareawhichreceivesalotofrain ThoughthedefinitionsinSample1arequitebrief theycontainthreebasicelements thetermtobedefined thegeneralgrouporclassthetermbelongstoandthedistinguishingcharacteristicsoftheterm Thewayofdefiningbyplacingtheterminaclassandthenidentifyingitwithprincipalcharacteristicsiscalledanalyticalorformaldefinition Itisamajortechniqueforsimpledefinition Asimpledefinitionisshort usuallyasynonymousword aphrase orasentence Thealternativesemployedinsimpledefinitionare basicdictionarymeaning synonyms directexplanation andindirectexplanation 4 Extendeddefinition Sample2ParagraphA Theparagraphmainlyoffersinformation Whatexactlyistornado Atornadoisusuallybrewed when onahot stickydaywithsouthwindsandanominoussky Fromthebaseofathundercloudafunnel shapedcloudextendsaviolentlytwistingspouttowardtheearth Asitsucksinmattersinitspath thetwistermayturn color black brownoroccasionallyevenwhite oversnow Themovingcloudshowsanalmostcontinuousdisplayofsheetlightning Thefunnelisveryslender itswakeofviolencegenerally shape averagesnomorethan400yardswide Asthetornadoapproaches itissignaledbyaroarofhundredsofjetplanesorthousandsofrailroadscars Itspathisapathoftotaldestruction Buildingsliterally result explodeastheyaresuckedinbythetornado spowerfulwhirlingwinds Theamountofdamagedependsmainlyonwhetherthestormhappenstohitpopulatedareas Thetornado slifetimeis duration asbriefasitisviolent Withinafewtensofmilesitspendsitsforceandsuddenlydisappears Inshort itisaparticularkindofwhirling highlydestructivewindstorm 5 Extendeddefinition ParagraphB 1 arainforest asthetermsuggests isakindofwoodedarea subjecttousuallyheavyandfrequentrains topicsentence 2 foundonlyinthetropicalorsubtropicalregionsoftheCaribbean Brazil Africa andAsia rainforestscontainagreatvarietyoftreesincludingbamboo palm cedar ebony calabash andwhitewood 3 manyofthesetreesgrowtoaheightofmorethanahundredfeet withdensecanopiesorcrownscharacteristicallyformingthreedistinguishablestories 4 althoughgroundfloraissparse climbersofallkindsabound andoftenexoticflowersappearinconspicuouslyinthedenseforest 5 thisluxuriantgrowthresultsfromanannualrainfallinexcessofninetyinches withnodryseason 6 arainforestofspectacularbeautyisE1Yunquerainforest averagerainfall80inchesperyear 7 itisfilledwithlush tropicalgreenery millionsoftinywildorchids thirty footferns andhundredsofvarietiesoftreesandplants allgrowinginnativesplendor 1 Theterm rainforest definedinthispara isacompoundoftwofamiliarwords Howaretheideasrepresentedbythetermexpandedinthesecondpartofsentence1 Theideasareexpandedbyintroducingtwoterms woodedarea and heavyandfrequentrains 6 Extendeddefinition 2 Whichpartofthecompoundtermisdevelopedinsentences2 3and4 Howisthedevelopmentaccomplished Woodedarea Thesentencesdiscusstheplaceswherethesewoodedareasexist thekindsoftreesinthem additionalcharacteristicsofthetreesandothergrowthsintheareas 3 Doessentence5dealwiththesamepartofthecompoundtermassentences2 3and4 No Sentence5isnotjustabout woodedarea Thesentencetiesthetwoideasofthecompoundtermtogether 4 Thefirstfivesentencesoftheparagraphdescribesomeofthegeneralcharacteristicsofarainforest Whatdosentences6and7describs Sentences6and7setoutanexampleofaparticularrainforest namely EIYunque 7 Extendeddefinition SummaryUnlikesentencedefinitioninSample1 thedefinitioninSample2isaslongasoneparagraph andthiskindofdefinitionisknownasextendeddefinition InParagraphA inordertomakeclearwhat tornado is thewriterextendsthedefinitionbyanalyzingwhere whenandhowitoccursandbygivingadetaileddescriptionofitsvisualanaudioeffects etc Thus thereaderwillhaveaclearer fullerandmoreconcreteunderstandingofthemanyfacetsofthisphenomenon InParagraphB basedonabriefexplanationofthesubject rainforest atthebeginning thewritertriestoelaborateonthetwowords rain and forest throughextensivedescriptionoftheirdistinctivefeatures andwindsupbycitingaspecificexampleoftheconcept 8 Extendeddefinition Sample3ParagraphALuckreferstomomentsofgoodfortunethathappenineverydaylife topicsentence Example1 Luckisputting 0 75intoavendingmachineandgettingthemoneybackwithyoursnacks Example2 Itisateacher sdecisiontogivearetestonatestwhereyoufirstscoredthirty Example3 Itisnotgoingtothedentistfortwoyearsandthengoingandfindingoutthatyoudonothaveanycavities Example4 Itiscallingupaplumbertofixaleakonadaywhentheplumberhasnootherworktodo Example5 Luckisfindingausedcarforsaleatagoodpriceatexactlythetimewhenyourcarrollsitslastmile Example6 Itisdrivingintoatrafficbottleneckandchoosingthelanethatwindsupmovingmostrapidly Example7 Luckisbeinglateforworkonadaywhenyourbossarriveslaterthanyoudo Example8 Itishavinganewcheckoutaisleatthesupermarketopenupjustasyourcartarrives Example9 ThebestkindofluckiswinninganewcolorTVsetonachanceforwhichyoupaidonlyaquarter Howdoesthisparagraphdevelopitsdefinition Thetermluckisdefinedinthetopicsentence Thentomakeclearinamorecompleteandformalwayhispersonalunderstandingoftheconcept thewriteraddsaseriesofshortexamplestosubstantiateitsreference 9 Extendeddefinition ParagraphBSomepeoplebelievethatitisgoodtobeanextremistinsomeareas butthosepeopleareactuallychangingthemeaningtheword AccordingtotheRandomHouseDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage thewordextremeitselfmeans excessivelybiasedideas intemperateconduct Theextremistgoestoofarinwhateverthepersonisdoing topicsentance Itisgoodtobeenthusiasticallyandsincerelyinlove Good butextremistsloveexcessivelyandintemperately Extreme Peoplewholovewellmaybetenderandsensitiveandattentive Good butextremistsarepossessiveorsmothering Extreme Thesamecanbesaidofpatriotism Goodpatriotslovetheircountry Good butextremepatriotslovetheircountrysomuchthattheythinkcitizensthattheylosetheirsenseofbalance Extreme citizensfromothercountriesareinferiorandsuspect Theymaybeginwithagoodobjective buttheyfocusonitsomuchthattheycan results becomedestructive nasty andoftenpitiful Theworsteffectisthattheseextremistslosetheircompletenessashumanbeings Thendiscusshowtheparagraphdevelopitsdefinition Canyouclassifythemintomajorandminormethods Majormethods exemplificationandcontrast Minormethods dictionarydefinition etymology 10 11 Pitfalls 陷阱 andStrategies Page61 Agooddefinition Todefinetheterm thewriterrelatesittosomethingfamiliaroralreadyknown Notagooddefinition Ittendstogoincircles i e itdefinesthetermwiththetermitselfasifitwerelistingitsdefiningcharacteristics Notagooddefinition Thetermisnotadequatelydifferentiatedfromothersimilarfeelings Agooddefinition Asynonymisused whichismorefamiliar 5 Agooddefinition Itdefinesbygivingabriefexplanation 6 Notagooddefinition Itusesanexampletoserveasadefinition butitdoesnotreallydothejobofdefiningbyputtingtheterminaclassorcategoryandthendifferentiatingitfromothersinthatcategory 12 Conclusion 13 Definition下定义 句型 isa the of which that relateto involve referto 标志词Aisbestcharacterizedby A最明显的特征是 Aconstitutes A构成 Ameans Aconsistsof A由 组成 e g Afinejournalistisbestcharacterizedbydiscipline determinationandkeenobservations 一个好的记者最重要的特点是自律 毅力和敏锐的观察 Animalexperimentation insomecases constitutescallousabuseoftestanimals 14 15 Goodexamples Leadershipisakindofhumanabilitytomakepeoplearoundandbelongapersontoworktogetherpeacefulandachieveforacommongoalhardlywithoutbeenforce Scientificresearchisanapplicationofscientificmethodtotheinvestigationofrelationshipsamongnaturalphenomenon or