A BRIEF introduction to english lexicology.ppt

ABRIEFINTRODUCTIONTOENGLISHLEXICOLOGY CHAPTER1 LEXICOLOGYANDWORDS 1 1Introduction1 2WhatIsLexicology 1 3WhatIsaword1 4TheConnectionofLexicologywithOtherBranchesofLinguistics1 5LexicalandGrammaticalWords1 6WordsandSemanticFields1 7AimsandSignificanceoftheCourseofEnglishLexicology1 8ApproachestotheStudyofEnglishLexicology 1 1Introduction WordsarethebuildingblockoftheEnglishlanguage Theyareveryimportantinverbalcommunication Weshallreviewinthischapterthetermlexicology theconceptofword wordclasses thefeaturesofword andtheconceptofsemanticfields Weshallalsodiscussthedifficultiesinthedefinitionoftheword themajorfeaturesofwords andtheplaceofwordsinlinguisticanalysis Language LinguisticsandLexicology Whatislanguage 1 a Theusebyhumanbeingsofvoicesounds andoftenwrittensymbolsrepresentingthesesounds inorganizedcombinationsandpatternsinordertoexpressandcommunicatethoughtsandfeelings b Asystemofwordsformedfromsuchcombinationsandpatterns usedbythepeopleofaparticularcountryorbyagroupofpeoplewithasharedhistoryorsetoftraditions 2 a Anonverbalmethodofcommunicatingideas asbyasystemofsigns symbols gestures orrules thelanguageofalgebra b ComputerScience Asystemofsymbolsandrulesusedforcommunicationwithorbetweencomputers 3 Bodylanguage kinesics 4 Thespecialvocabularyandusagesofascientific professional orothergroup histotalmasteryofscreenlanguage cameraplacement editing andhishandlingofactors JackKroll 5 Acharacteristicstyleofspeechorwriting Shakespeareanlanguage 6 a Abusive violent orprofaneutterance languagethatwouldmakeyourhaircurl W S Gilbert b Aparticularmannerofutterance gentlelanguage 7 Themannerormeansofcommunicationbetweenlivingcreaturesotherthanhumanbeings thelanguageofdolphins 8 Verbalcommunicationasasubjectofstudy 9 Thewordingofalegaldocumentorstatuteasdistinctfromthespirit Languageisasystemunderlyingthespeechofacommunity SaussureLanguageisasysteminthemindofanindividual Itisthesetofsentencescharacterizedortobecharacterizedbyagenerativegrammar ChomskyLanguageisasetofsentencespotentiallyobservableinaspeechcommunity Bloomfield Languageisasystemofsymbolsbasedonphysiology psychologyandphysics Itisaspecialsocialactionandacarrierofinformationusedforhumancommunicationinasociety 赵世开 论语言和语言学习 1980 FunctionsofLanguage 1 Socialfunction2 Psychologicalfunction 1 Socialfunction Languageisusedasameansofcommunicationinasociety Itgrowsanddevelopswiththegrowthanddevelopmentofasociety Nosociety nolanguage Takethemeansoftransportationforexample buggy 1 Asmall light one horsecarriageusuallyhavingfourwheelsintheUnitedStatesandtwowheelsinGreatBritain 2 Ababycarriage gig Alight two wheeledcarriagedrawnbyonehorse troika ARussiancarriagedrawnbyateamofthreehorsesabreast coach Amotorbus b Arailroadpassengercar c Aclosedautomobile usuallywithtwodoors d Alarge closed four wheeledcarriagewithanelevatedexteriorseatforthedriver astagecoach coup Aclosedfour wheelcarriagewithtwoseatsinsideandoneoutside caravan Alargecoveredvehicle avan abuggy acoup car bus motor moped sedan saloon limousine shuttleairplane airbus jetplane spaceship 2 Psychologicalfunction Languageisusedtoexpressman sthought Theprocessofthinkingiscloselyconnectedwithlanguage Nothinking nolanguage DefinitionofLinguistics Theanalyticstudyofhumanlanguage ORThestudyofthenatureandstructureofhumanspeech ORLinguisticsisconcernedwiththelexicalandgrammaticalcategoriesofindividuallanguages withdifferencesbetweenonetypeoflanguageandanother andwithhistoricalrelationswithinfamiliesoflanguages WordsinLinguisticAnalysis 1 Phonology 音韵学 音位学 2 Lexicology 词汇学 3 Morphology 形态学 4 Syntax 句法学 5 Semantics 语义学 6 Functionallinguistics 功能语言学 7 Sociolinguistics 社会语言学 8 pragmatics 语用学 9 Psycholinguistics 心理语言学 10 Corpuslinguistics 语料库语言学 11 Discourseanalysis 语篇分析 12 Phonetics 语音学 13 Stylistics 语体学 14 Descriptivelinguistics 描写语言学 15 Contrastivelinguistics 对比语言学 16 Comparativelinguistics 比较语言学 17 Appliedlinguistics 应用语言学 18 Computationallinguistics 计算语言学 2 WhatIslexicology Wordisacomplexphenomenoninourdailylife Asthenamesuggests lexicologyisthestudyofthevocabularyorlexiconofagivenlanguage Itdealsnotonlywithsimplewords butalsowithcomplexandcompoundwords Ifwewanttostudywords weshallhavetolookatwordsandtheirrelationstootherfieldsfromdifferentperspectives Lexicologyiscloselyrelatedtomorphology semantics etymology andlexicography becausethesefieldsalsodealwithwords DefinitionofLexicology ThetermlexicologycontainstwoGreekmorphemes lexikonandlogie Theformermeans word thelatter learning or thestudyof Sotheliteralmeaningofthetermis thescienceofwords Lexicologyisthebranchoflinguisticsconcernedwiththestudyofthevocabularyofagivenlanguage Itdealswithwords theirorigin development history structure meaningandapplication Inshort itisthestudyofthesignificationandapplicationofwords 1 2 1MorphologyandSemantics 1 Morphologyisthestudyoftheformsofwordsandtheircomponents Inmorphology morphemeisabasicconcept Themajorpurposeofstudyinmorphologyistolookatmorphemesandtheirarrangementsinwordformation 2 Semanticsisoftendefinedasthestudyofmeaning Ittriestoexplainanddescribemeaninginnaturallanguages 1 2 2EtymologyandLexicography Etymology 语源 字源学 isthestudyofthewholehistoryofwords Lexicography 词典编纂 词典学 istheprocessorworkofwritingorcompilingadictionary 1 3WhatIsaWord 1 Asoundoracombinationofsounds oritsrepresentationinwritingorprinting thatsymbolizesandcommunicatesameaningandmayconsistofasinglemorphemeorofacombinationofmorphemes 2 Somethingsaid anutterance aremark oracomment MayIsayawordaboutthat 3 wordsDiscourseortalk speech Actionsspeaklouderthanwords 4 wordsMusic Thetextofavocalcomposition lyrics 5 Anassuranceorapromise swornintention Shehaskeptherword 6 a Acommandordirection anorder gavethewordtoretreat b Averbalsignal apasswordorwatchword 7 a News Anywordonyourpromotion b Rumor Wordhasitthey redivorcing 8 wordsHostileorangryremarksmadebackandforth 9 Word theBible 1 3 1DifficultiesintheDefinitionoftheWord Thewordmaybedefineddifferentlydependingonwhetherwefocusonitsrepresentation thethoughtwhichitexpresses orpurelyformalcriteria Therehavebeenseveraltypesofdefinitions ThefirsttypeofdefinitionreliesmainlyonwritingtraditionsThesecondtypeofdefinitionconsidersthewordasathoughtunitorapsychologicalunit Thethirdtypeofdefinitionreliesonlyonpurelyform alcriteria 1 3 2MajorFeaturesofWords 1 Awordisasoundorcombinationofsoundswhichwemakevoluntarilywithourvocalequipment 2 Awordissymbolicandisusedtostandforsomethingelse 3 Thewordisanuninterruptibleunit 4 Awordhastodowithitssocialfunction 5 Awordmayconsistofoneormoremorphemes 6 Wordsarepartofthelargecommunicationsystemwecalllanguage 7 Awordoccurstypicallyinthestructureofphrases 1 4TheConnectionofLexicologywithOtherBranchesofLinguistics Withphonetics Withgrammar Withstylistics Withhistoricallinguistics Withphonetics Phoneticsisthestudyandsystematicclassificationofthesoundsmadeinspokenutterance thatis thestudyofspeechsounds Itiscloselyrelatedtolexicology Withoutsoundthereisnowordbecauseeverywordisaunityofsoundandmeaning Withgrammar Vocabularyandgrammarareoriginallyrelatedtooneanother Inlearningalanguage attentiontogrammarisasimportantasattentiontovocabulary Withstylistics Stylisticsis thestudyofoptionalvariationsinthesounds forms orvocabularyofalanguageascharacteristicofdifferentusesoflanguage differentsituationsofuse ordifferentliterarytypes Webster s Lexicologystudiesstylisticvariantsonthebasisofmeaningsofwordsandtheirchanges synonyms antonyms figuresofspeech etc Samematterexpressedindifferentstyles Mybelovedparenthasjoinedthemajority literary Mydearfatherhaspassedaway euphemism Myfatherhasdied neutral Mydadhaspoppedoff colloquial Myoldmanhaskickedoff slang Withhistoricallinguistics Historicallinguisticsstudieswordsfromtheview pointofdiachrony whereaslexicologystudieswordsfromtheview pointofbothsynchronyanddiachrony butespeciallyofsynchrony 1 5LexicalandGrammaticalWords lexicalwordsare 1 nouns2 verbs3 adjectives4 adverbs Grammaticalwordsare 1 pronouns2 prepositions3 demonstrative4 determiners5 conjunctions6 auxiliaryverbs7 andsoon 1 6WordsandSemanticFields Thevocabularyissaidtobeorganizedintoanumberofpartiallyoverlappingsemanticfields Insemanticfieldanalysis wordsaregroupedtogetherintofieldsonthebasisofanelementofsharedmeaning Semantics Inprogramming therelationshipbetweenwordsorsymbolsandtheirintendedmeanings Programminglanguagesaresubjecttocertainsemanticrules thus aprogramstatementcanbesyntacticallycorrectbutsemanticallyincorrect thatis astatementcanbewritteninanacceptableformandstillconveythewrongmeaning Semanticorlexicalfield Thevocabularyofalanguageisnotanunstructuredcollectionofwords Thereexistcertainmeaningrelationsamongthem Lexicologistsusemeaningrelationstoproposedescriptionsofvocabularystructure Oneoftheconceptsusedisthesemanticorlexicalfield Asemanticfieldcontainswordsthatbelongtoadefinedareaofmeaning Crystal 1995 definesasemanticfieldasa namedareaofmeaninginwhichlexemesinterrelateanddefineeachotherinspecificways Isitonachair settee stool bench Movethattable bed chairtotheotherside SomeotherexamplesinGRE PIG STY teenager rubbleroommate bathroombird nestswine housebarnacle barn DASHIKI TAILOR A shovel professor B table singer C garment jock D cake baker E book poseurPEANUT SHELL A atom proton B clock dial C corn husk D emollient solid E enamel tooth CHUCKLE MERRIMENT A goosebumps denial B blush glee C scowl perfidy D wince discomfort E shout furyCOW TERRIFY A praise denounce B interest fascinate C invigorate exhaust D soothe agitate E diminish lessen Etymology 1 Theoriginandhistoricaldevelopmentofalinguisticformasshownbydeterminingitsbasicelements earliestknownuse andchangesinformandmeaning tracingitstransmissionfromonelanguagetoanother identifyingitscognatesinotherlanguages andreconstructingitsancestralformwherepossible 2 Thebranchoflinguisticsthatdealswithetymologies 1 7AimsandSignificanceoftheCourseofEnglishLexicology TheaimofthecourseistogiveasystematicdescriptionoftheEnglishvocabulary ThesignificanceofthecourseistohelptoenlargeourvocabularyandimproveourabilitytoanalyzeanduseEnglishwords 1 8ApproachestotheStudyofEnglishLexicology 1 Synchronically 共时 Relatingtoorbeingthestudyofeventsofaparticulartimeorerawithoutreferencetohistoricalcontext 2 Diachronically 历时 Oforconcernedwithphenomena especiallyoflanguage astheychangethroughtime Namesoftheweek Sunday firstdayoftheweek ItsEnglishnameisderivedfromtheLatindiessolis sun sday thenameofapaganRomanholiday IntheearlydaysofChristianity SundaybegantoreplacetheSabbath RomanemperorConstantinetheGreatdesignatedSundayasadayofrest Monday seconddayoftheweek derivedfromtheAnglo Saxonmonandaeg whichmeans themoon sday ItsLatinequivalentisdieslunae dayofthemoon FortheAnglo Saxonstheseconddaywassacredtothegoddessofthemoon Tuesday thirddayoftheweek namedfortheNorse 古 斯堪的纳维亚语的 godofwar Tiu orTyr TheRomanshonoredMars thegodofwar bynamingthethirddayforhim diesMartis Tiu theGermanicgodofwarandthesky Wednesday fourthdayoftheweek namedtohonorOdin orWoden chiefgodinNorsemythology TheRomanshonoredthegodMercurybynamingthefourthdayforhim inLatin diesMercurii Thursday fifthdayoftheweek namedforThor Norsegodofthunder IntheRomancalendar thefifthdaywascalleddiesJovis Latinfor Jove sday forJove orJupiter thegodofthunderandrain themostimportantdeityinRomanmythology Thor inNorsemythology godofthunder eldestsonoftherulerofthegods Odin andtheearthgoddess Jord ThorwasthestrongestoftheAesir thechiefgods whomheprotectedfromtheirenemies thegiants Hefoughtwithamagichammer whichalwaysreturnedtohimwhenthrown Thor schariotmadethesoundofthunder Friday Englishnameofthesixthdayoftheweek ThedaywasheldsacredtoVenus thegoddessoflove bytheRomans GermanicpeoplesheldthedaysacredtotheNorsegoddessoflove Freya TheHebrewnameforFriday yomshishi means sixthday AmongmanySlavicpeoples however Fridayisregardedasthefifthday FridayistheMuslimSabbath IntheChristianreligion thedayisconsecratedtothememoryofthecrucifixion 受难 ofJesusChrist IntheGreekOrthodox 正统的 church itisgenerallyadayofnoteatingmeat Saturday seventhdayoftheweek namedinhonoroftheRomangodSaturn SaturdayistheJewishholyday theSabbath IntheearlydaysofChristianity theholydaygraduallyshiftedtoSunday whichwasthedayoftheresurrection 复活 ofJesusChristandthedayonwhichcreationbegan SeveralChristiansects 宗派 notablytheSeventh DayAdventist 耶稣再临论者 church haverevertedtoOldTestamentpracticeandobserveSaturdayastheirdayofworship January firstmonthoftheyearintheGregoriancalendar Ithas31days ThenameofthemonthisderivedfromJanus theRomangodofgatesanddoors andopeningsandbeginnings Januarywasthe11thmonthintheancientRomancalendar butitcametoberegardedasthefirstmonthinthe2ndcenturyBC February secondmonthoftheyear ThenamewasderivedfromtheLatinwordfebrua signifyingthefestivalsofpurificationcelebratedinancientRomeduringthismonth Februarywasoriginally29dayslong butonedaywaslatertransferredtothemonthofAugust Itisnow28dayslonginordinaryyears 29dayslonginleapyears March month thirdmonthoftheGregorianyear MarchwasthefirstmonthoftheRomanyear namedforMars thegodofwar April fourthmonthoftheGregoriancalendaryear Aprilhas30days TheRomansnamedthemonthAprilis fromaperire toopen probablybecauseitistheseasonwhenbudsbegintoopen May fifthmonthoftheyear Ithas31days ItwasthethirdmonthoftheoldRomancalendar May1hasbeentheoccasionforvariouscelebrationssinceancienttimes June sixthmonthoftheyearintheGregoriancalendar Ithas30days JunewasthefourthmonthintheoldRomancalendar WhenJuliusCaesarinstitutedreformofthecalendar headdedanadditionaldaytotheoriginal29daysofthemonth July seventhmonthoftheyear Ithas31days ItwasthefifthmonthintheearlyRomancalendar ItwasthemonthinwhichRomanstatesmanJuliusCaesarwasborn andin44BC themonthwasnamedJulius inhishonor August eighthmonthoftheyear namedinhonoroftheRomanemperorAugustus September ninthmonthoftheGregoriancalendar ItwastheseventhmonthoftheRomancalendarandtakesitsnamefromtheLatinwordseptemmeaningseven Septemberhas30days SeptangleSeptenarySeptetteSeptilateral October tenthmonthoftheGregoriancalendar Ithas31days OctoberwastheeighthmonthoftheancientRomancalendarasevidencedbythenameOctober Latinocto eight OctagonOctaveOctogenarianOctoroon November 11thmonthoftheGregoriancalendar Ithas30days Novemberconsistedof29daysuntilRomanstatesmanJuliusCaesargaveit31daysinhiscalendar December lastmonthintheGregoriancalendar Decemberhas31daysandwasthetenthmonthintheRomancalendar TheChristmasseason culminatingonDecember25 resemblessomeofthefestivitiesoftheSaturnalia 纵情狂欢 aRomanholidayhonoringthegodSaturn Saturn inRomanmythology ancientgodofagriculture lexicography Theprocessorworkofwritingorcompilingadictionary Morphology m f l d i n 形态学 Linguistics Thestudyofthestructureandformofwordsinlanguageoralanguage includinginflection derivation andtheformationofcompounds dog dogs speak speaks spoke spoken speakingsing singertake undertake Phonology 音韵学 音位学 Thestudyofspeechsoundsinlanguageoralanguagewithreferencetotheirdistributionandpatterningandtotacitrulesgoverningpronunciation 音位学研究人类语言中语音组合的方式 模式及变化 Syntax 句法学 Thestudyoftheruleswherebywordsorotherelementsofsentencestructurearecombinedtoformgrammaticalsentences句法学研究语言的句子结构 该语言学术语来自希腊语 字意是排列 句子是根据一种特定的排列词的方式构成的 排列正确的句子被认为是合乎语法的句子 Semantics 语义学 Inprogramming therelationshipbetweenwordsorsymbolsandtheirintendedmeanings Programminglanguagesaresubjecttocertainsemanticrules thus aprogramstatementcanbesyntacticallycorrectbutsemanticallyincorrect thatis astatementcanbewritteninanacceptableformandstillconveythewrongmeaning 语义学semantics 研究自然语言中词语意义的学科 也可以指对逻辑形式系统中符号解释的研究 Functionallinguistics 功能语言学 Labeladoptedbyvariousschoolsoflinguistswhowishtoemphasizetheattentiongivenintheirtheoriestothefunctionsoflanguageingeneral ortothoseofspecificfeaturesinparticulartextualorothercontexts Sociolinguistics 社会语言学 Thestudyoflanguageandlinguisticbehaviorasinfluencedbysocialandculturalfactors 社会语言学 sociolinguistics 是在20世纪60年代在美国首先兴起的一门边缘性学科 它主要是指运用语言学和社会学等学科的理论和方法 从不同的社会科学的角度去研究语言的社会本质和差异的一门学科 此研究是语言的社会学 研究语言和社会的各种关系 使用语言学的材料来描写和解释社会行为 pragmatics 语用学 Thestudyoflanguageasitisusedinasocialcontextandaffectstheinterlocutorsandtheirbehavior 语用学是语言学各分支中一个以语言意义为研究对象的新兴学科领域 两个概念 1 是意义 2 语境 它研究在特定情景中的特定话语 研究如何通过语境来理解和使用语言 Psycholinguistics 心理语言学 Thestudyoftheinfluenceofpsychologicalfactorsonthedevelopment use andinterpretationoflanguage 心理语言学是研究语言活动中的心理过程的学科 它涉及人类个体如何掌握和运用语言系统 如何在实际交往中使语言系统发挥作用 以及为了掌握和运用这个系统应具有什么知识和能力 Corpuslinguistics 语料库语言学 Aimstobaseaccountsoflanguagesoncorporaderivedfromsystematicrecordingsofrealconversationsandrealdiscourseofotherkinds asopposedtoexamplesobtainedbyintrospection bythejudgmentofgrammarians orbyhaphazardobservation 语料库语言学是一门与语料库直接有关的语言学科 语料库是载有语言信息的大量语言资料的集合 语料库中的语料可以是为了特定目的而收集的语言资料 如对讲母语的发音合作人的采访记录 也可以是某一特定范围的书面材料 如中古英语语料 也可以是为了一般语言研究的目的而收集的语言资料 如自然会话的转写资料和报刊杂志书籍的文字资料 Discourseanalysis 语篇分析 Theattemptbyvariouslinguiststoextendthemethodsofanalysisdevelopedforthedescriptionofwordsandsentencestothestudyoflargestructuresin orinvolvedintheproductionof discourse Phonetics 语音学 Of relatingto orbeingfeaturesofpronunciationthatarenotphonemicallydistinctiveinalanguage asaspirationofconsonantsorvowellengthinEnglish 语音学 Phonetics 是对人类语言发音进行的研究 它包括建立一套描述语音的方法和体系 也包括与之相关的理论建构 还可以包括由此带来的应用前景 Stylistics 语体学 Thestudyoftheuseofelementsoflanguagestyle suchasmetaphor inparticularcontexts 语体学是语言学的一个学科 其任务是分析研究语体的特征 根据这些语体特征 语体方面去分析研究文学作品称为语体学方法 Descriptivelinguistics 描写语言学 Thestudyofalanguageorlanguagesataspecificstageofdevelopment withemphasisonconstructingacompletegrammarratherthanonhistoricaldevelopmentorcomparisonwithotherlanguages 主要特点 注重口语和共时描写 注重形式分析 避开意义这一因素 在结构分析中 主要是研究分布情况和运用替代的方法 采用直接成分分析法 建立 语素音位 Contrastivelinguistics 对比语言学 Anyinvestigationinwhichthestructuresoftwolanguagesarecompared 对比语言学 ContrastiveStudies 又称对比分析 ContrastiveAnalysis 是语言学中的一个分支 其任务是对两种或两种以上的语言进行共时的对比研究 描述它们之间的异同 特别是其中的不同之处 并将这类研究应用于其他有关领域 Comparativelinguistics 比较语言学 Comparativelinguistics originallycomparativephilology isabranchofhistoricallinguisticsthatisconcernedwithcomparinglanguagesinordertoestablishtheirhistoricalrelatedness Languagesmayberelatedbyconvergencethroughborrowingorbygeneticdescent 比较语言学 又称历史比较语言学 把有关各种语言放在一起加以