2018浙江新高考之概要写作summary writingppt课件.ppt

,SummaryWriting,1,Whatis“summary”?,Asummaryisabriefrestatementoftheessentialthoughtofalongercomposition.概要是一篇较长文章本质思想的简洁重述，它要求用尽量少的语言对原文的主旨进行复述。概要不是简单的换句话说，更不是评论，而是作者思想中最基本部分的准确再现。,2,Howtogetahighmark?,考试说明中评分标准规定概要写作阅卷时按5个档次给分，其中最高档次第五档（21-25points）：理解准确，涵盖全部要点；能准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇；完全使用自己的语言；有效使用了语句间的连接成分，使完成的概要结构紧凑。,contents(内容),languageskills(语言),structure(结构),3,allthekeypoints,grammar,vocabulary,tightandcoherent(连贯),yourownwords,about60-80words,rightspelling,properpunctuation,4,Howtowritingagoodsummary?,定位findouttheessentialinformation改写rewritetheinformationinyourownwords核查checkthesentencesandaddsomeconjunctions,5,A.定位,通过阅读定位语篇的核心信息，包括核心单词，核心短语和核心句子。（句子为主，以单词和短语为辅）,6,1.确定文体thetypesofthepassage,7,2.消减事例,Intheearly16thcentury,peoplethoughtthatdirtontheskinwasameanstoblockoutdisease,asmedicalopinionhaditthatwashingoffdirtwithhotwatercouldopenuptheskinandletillsin.Aparticulardangerwasthoughttolieinpublicbaths.By1538,theFrenchkinghadclosedthebathhousesinhiskingdom.SodidthekingofEnglishin1546.,3.省略细节,（尽量减少实事，大胆省略实事）,essentialinformation,8,B.改写,在核心信息的基础上进行语言表达形式的改写，对原文的语言表达形式尽可能实现大规模的改变。,改写过程中，原则上字数不超过原句，不改变原文的逻辑结构，充分考虑语句压缩。,9,1.使用近义词或反义词,ZhouYangwillrememberhisfirsttaskasareporter.,Toresearchwhethersucha“sixthsense”reallyexists,RobertBakerperformedtwoexperiments.,NeverwillZhouYangforgethisfirstassignmentasajournalist.,study,if,carriedout/did/made,10,Shebroughthomealotofbooksandmagazines.,2.把短语变为单词,Cleaningawaydirtisgoodtohealth.,Cleaningawaydirtbenefitshealth.,3.使用广义词(generalwords)代替具体词(specificwords),ShebroughthomeseveralChineseandEnglishnovels,afewcopiesofTimeandNewsweek,andsometextbooks.,11,Hedidntlikethecity.Hehatedit.,4.消除重复,5.把直接引语的主要信息变为间接引语,Thebosssaidtohim,“Tillyouremoreexperiencedyoucancoverastory.”,Hedislikedthecity.,Thebosssaidthatwithmoreexperiencehecouldcovernews.,12,6.主动句和被动句互换,RobertBaker,apsychologistattheUniversityofKentucky,performedtwoexperiments.,Twoexperimentswerecarriedoutbyapsychologist.,13,7.基本句型间灵活转换,Dirtontheskinwasameanstoblockoutdisease.,S+V+P,S+V+O,Dirtontheskincouldprotectpeoplefromgettingill.,14,Youwillobtainalltheinformationifvariousquestionsareasked.,8.特殊句式（强调句，倒装句，therebe）和正常语序句式的转化,Onlyifyouaskmanydifferentquestionswillyouacquirealltheinformation.,Toresearchwhethersucha“sixthsense”reallyexists,RobertBaker,thereisreallyasixthsense,15,9.把从句变为短语(介词短语，非谓语动词短语),Iftheintervieweeagrees,youcanusearecordertogetthefactsstraight.,Withtheintervieweesagreement,arecordercouldbeused.,_,Theskinisanecessaryorgan,whichcanserveasabarrieragainstoutsidedangers.,16,Bakerconcludesthatpeopledonothavetheabilitytosensewhentheyrebeingstaredat.,10.各种从句的灵活转化,Hisconclusionisthatpeoplearenotequippedwiththeabilitytofeelothersobservation.,17,C.核查,核查连贯性,优先考虑使用最短连接词（but、then、later、finally、besides、thus、therefore、yet、however）,核查字数（60-80words）,核查标点和语法,+,18,Stepsofwritingsummary,19,2016年考试说明概要写作样题,20,thereisnothingfixedaboutattitudestodirt.,have,exist,changing,opinions，viewpoints,Peoplehavechangingopinionstowarddirtovertime.Changingviewpointstowarddirtexist.Peoplesviewpointstowardsdirtarechanging.,S+V+P,21,Intheearly16thcentury,peoplethoughtthatdirtontheskinwasameanstoblockoutdisease.France/EnglandInEurope,Itwasthoughtthat/Peoplebelievedthat,protectfrom;preventfrom;keepfreefrom,S+V+P,illness,gettingill,Intheearly16thcentury,people,especiallythoseinsomeEuropeancountries,thoughtthatdirtontheskincouldprotectthemfromgettingill.Intheearly16thcentury,peopleincludingsomeEuropeansbelievedthatdirtprotectedpeoplefromgettingill.,S+V+O,someEuropeancountries,22,sincethe18thcenturycleaningawaydirtisgoodtohealth.,DoingAisgoodtoB,ItisgoodforBtodoA,Peoplehaverealizedthatitwasgoodforhealthtoremovedirtsincethe18thcentury.,remove,washoff,benefityourhealth,keephealthy,Sincethe18thcentury,peoplehavebeentoldthatwashingdirtoffourbodycankeepushealthy.,23,NowadaysanAmericanimmunologist,encourageschildrentoplayinthedirttobuildupastrongimmunesystem.,now/atpresent,somescientists,advise,suggest,holdtheview,powerful,exposeto,Now,morepeopleholdtheviewthatchildrenshouldbeexposedtothedirttohaveapowerfulimmunesystem.,Moreandmorepeoplebelievethatexposuretosomedirtmayhelpourimmunesystem.,24,Peoplehavechangingopinionstowarddirtovertime.Intheearly16thcentury,itwasthoughtthatdirtontheskincouldprotectpeoplefromgettingill.However,peoplehaverealizedthatitwasgoodforhealthtoremovedirtsincethe18thcentury.Now,anincreasingnumberofpeopleholdtheviewthatchildrenshouldbeexposedtothedirttostrengthenimmunesystem.,Dontforgettomakeyoursummarytight!,25,Example1:,Usingtoomuchwaterorthrowingrubbishintoourriversareclearwaysthathumanscanputourwatersupplyindanger,butwealsoaffectourwatersupplyinlessobviousways.Youmaywonderhowpavingaroadcanleadtolessuseablefreshwater.Amajorpartofthewaterweuseeverydayisgroundwater.Groundwaterdoesnotcomefromlakesorrivers.Itcomesfromunderground.Themoreroadsandparkinglotswepave,thelesswatercanflowintothegroundtobecomegroundwater.Humanactivityisnotresponsibleforallwatershortages.Drierclimatesareofcoursemorelikelytohavedroughtsthanareaswithmorerainfall,butinanycase,goodmanagementcanhelptomakesurethereisenoughwatertomeetourbasicneeds.Thinkingaboutthewayweusewatereverydaycanmakeabigdifference,too.IntheUnitedStates,afamilyoffourcanuse1.5tonsofwateraday!Thisshowshowmuchwedependonwatertolive,buttheresalotwecandotolowerthenumber.Youcantakestepstosavewaterinyourhome.Tostartwith,usethesameglassforyourdrinkingwaterallday.Washitonlyonceaday.Runyourdishwasheronlywhenitisfull.Helpyourparentsfixanyleaksinyourhome.Youcanevenhelptokeepourwatersupplycleanbyrecyclingbatteriesinsteadofthrowingthemaway.,26,关注那些承上启下过渡句,Humanactivityisnotresponsibleforallwatershortages.Drierclimatesareofcoursemorelikelytohavedroughtsthanareaswithmorerainfall,butinanycase,goodmanagementcanhelptomakesurethereisenoughwatertomeetourbasicneeds.,27,关注那些总起句和小词,Thinkingaboutthewayweusewatereverydaycanmakeabigdifference,too.IntheUnitedStates,afamilyoffourcanuse1.5tonsofwateraday!Thisshowshowmuchwedependonwatertolive,buttheresalotwecandotolowerthenumber.Youcantakestepstosavewaterinyourhome.Tostartwith,usethesameglassforyourdrinkingwaterallday.Washitonlyonceaday.Runyourdishwasheronlywhenitisfull.Helpyourparentsfixanyleaksinyourhome.Youcanevenhelptokeepourwatersupplycleanbyrecyclingbatteriesinsteadofthrowingthemaway.,28,如何使用自己的语言概括,Usingtoomuchwaterorthrowingrubbishintoourriversareclearwaysthathumanscanputourwatersupplyindanger,butwealsoaffectourwatersupplyinlessobviousways.Youmaywonderhowpavingaroadcanleadtolessuseablefreshwater.Amajorpartofthewaterweuseeverydayisgroundwater.Groundwaterdoesnotcomefromlakesorrivers.Itcomesfromunderground.Themoreroadsandparkinglotswepave,thelesswatercanflowintothegroundtobecomegroundwater.,29,Sample,参考答案Humanactivities,suchaswastingwater,pollutingriversandconstructingroads,canpartlyleadtowatershortage.Meanwhile,drierclimatesareanothercauseofinsufficientwatersupply.Hopefully,ifyoutakeactiontousewatersmartly/wiselyinyourdailylife,say,usingthesameglassofwater,maximizingtheefficiencyofdishwashers,helpingrepairleaksandrecyclingbatteries,youcanstillmakeasignificantdifference.,30,Example2:,Manycoupleswhoalreadyhaveonehealthy,happychild,arefacingadilemma,thatis,theissueofwhethertohaveasecondchildornot.Theyhavehardjobsandlimitedtimeandmoney,buttheywanttomakesurethattheironlychilddoesnotbecomealonelychild.So,whataretheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofhavingasecondchild?Thatiswhatsomanycouplesareverymuchconcernedaboutandeagertounderstand.Onepopularsayingisthatonechildmeansalonelychild.Thatswhymanysingle-childparentsplantohaveasecondchild.Theyfeelguiltyabouttheirdecisiontohaveonlyonechild,becausetherearenootherchildreninthefamilyfortheironlychildtoplaywith,whichmaymakethechildfeellonelyattimes,especiallyduringvacations.Anothercommonargumentagainsthavingjustonechildisthatanonlychildmaybemorespoiledthanonewithbrothersorsisters.Ifonecouplehadonlyonechild,thechildcouldnotlearntosharethingswithothersandarelesscapableofgettingalongwellwithotherchildrenthanonewhogrowsupwithbrothersorsisters.However,inmanypartsoftheworld,moreandmoreparentsarestillchoosingnottohaveasecondchildbecausetheyarguethatthereareadvantagesforthechildaswellastheparents.Withjustonechild,theysuggest,thereislittlechanceoffamilyargumentsconcernedwithchildren.Besides,asanonlychildinthefamily,thechildcanreceivemorequalitytimeandattention.Thisoftenleadstoincreasedself-respectandindependence,whichcanleadtothechildbeingmoreconfident.Unluckily,thereisnosimpleanswertothequestionofwhetherornottohaveasecondchild.Everyfamilyisdifferent,andwhatisproperforonefamilymaynotbeforanother.Theimportantthing,intheend,istomakeadecisionthatbothyouandyourspouse(配偶)feelconfidentabout.,31,关注那些表示观点的句子,Onepopularsayingisthatonechildmeansalonelychild.Thatswhymanysingle-childparentsplantohaveasecondchild.Theyfeelguiltyabouttheirdecisiontohaveonlyonechild,becausetherearenootherchildreninthefamilyfortheironlychildtoplaywith,whichmaymakethechildfeellonelyattimes,especiallyduringvacations.Anothercommonargumentagainsthavingjustonechildisthatanonlychildmaybemorespoiledthanonewithbrothersorsisters.Ifonecouplehadonlyonechild,thechildcouldnotlearntosharethingswithothersandarelesscapableofgettingalongwellwithotherchildrenthanonewhogrowsupwithbrothersorsisters.,32,关注那些转折词,However,inmanypartsoftheworld,moreandmoreparentsarestillchoosingnottohaveasecondchildbecausetheyarguethatthereareadvantagesforthechildaswellastheparents.Withjustonechild,theysuggest,thereislittlechanceoffamilyargumentsconcernedwithchildren.Besides,asanonlychildinthefamily,thechildcanreceivemorequalitytimeandattention.Thisoftenleadstoincreasedself-respectandindependence,whichcanleadtothechildbeingmoreconfident.,33,如何把握文章整体结构,Manycoupleswhoalreadyhaveonehealthy,happychild,arefacingadilemma,thatis,theissueofwhethertohaveasecondchildornot.Onepopularsayingisthatonechildmeansalonelychild.Anothercommonargumentagainsthavingjustonechildisthatanonlychildmaybemorespoiledthanonewithbrothersorsisters.However,inmanypartsoftheworld,moreandmoreparentsarestillchoosingnottohaveasecondchildUnluckily,thereisnosimpleanswertothequestionofwhetherornottohaveasecondchild.,34,Sample,参考答案Whetherornottohaveasecondchildhasputmanycouplesinadilemma.Somesupportersthinkonechildmeansalonelyandspoiledchild.Withsiblings,childrencanlearntoshareandgetonwellwithothers.However,someopponentsarguethatanonlychildwillgetmorequalitytimeandattentionwhilecausingfewerarguments.Still,thereisnoeasyanswertotheissue.Itsuptothecoupletomakeaproperdecisionaboutit.,35,Example3:,ThiswasanunforgettableandwonderfulexperienceIthappenedaboutthreeyearsagoandithashadastrongeffectonmeIwouldliketoshowrespecthereforthemanIdonotknowpersonallybutwhoseactionsgaveanewmeaningtothewordskindandgenerousIwaswalkingdownabusystreetonacold,windydayinearlywinter.Ahomelessman,probablyabout60andwithoutwearinganyshoes,wasbeggingforchangeonastreetcornerABMWcarpulledupontheothersideofthestreetandanexecutive（主管）whowasperfectlydressedsteppedoutofthecarHewasprobablyabout60yearsold.HewaswearingabluebusinesssuitwithadeepredsilktieHewalkeddirectlyacrossthestreetandovertothehomelessmanWithoutsayinganything,hefirstgavehimalotofmoneyandthenhesatdownandtook