土木工程英语.doc

土木工程英语The civil engineering refers to completes the environment plan, the design, the construction, the management and so on a series of activities. So-called completes the environment including from theirrigation, the drainage system to the rocket launch facility and soon all bases scientific principle construction construction. Civil engineering makes the path, the bridge, the tunnel, the dike,the harbor, the power plant, for the water, dumps pollutants otherpublic facilities which the system, the hospital, the school, the mass transit as well as the modern society and the population high degree of concentration must. They also construct the airport, the railroad,the pipeline, the skyscraper and so on non- public facility. and all that the large-scale building which for the industry, the trade or the housing use design. In addition, civil engineering also plans, the design and the construction perfect metropolis and the cities,recently plans the space station which and the design can beself-sufficient.In a civil engineering civil word originates from citizen (resident orcitizen) Latin. In 1782 English John Seaton used this word todistinguish the non- military project and at that time occupies the dominant position the military project. From then on, a civil engineering word uses for to refer to these constructions publicfacility the project, although this domain is more and more wide spread. The scope because the civil engineering involves the scope is extremely widespread, thus divides it Cheng Hen duo the technology specialty. Is different according to the project type, needs many specialized civil engineering experts technical participation. Whenthe project starts, civil engineering must carry on the scene reconnaissance, the cartography, determines this project through theex periment in the soil layer supporting capacity. The environment expert studies the engineering project to this local influence, theair and the ground water the possibility which pollutes, theengineering project to this local animal and plants influence, how with designs the engineering project to enable its to satisfy the government to the environmental protection request. The transportation expert after determined needs what kind of type the transportation facility to reduce the project to complete to already has the path andthe transportation network constitution pressure. At the same time,the structure expert for this engineering project collection first hand information, carries on the concrete design, the plan, and proposesthis project instruction booklet. From the engineering project startto the end, the construct control expert supervises and coordinates these civil engineerings work. The information provides which byother experts is a foundation; Construct control civil engineering estimated the material and the labor force quantity and the price,arrange the completely work plan, the material and the equipment whichthe order work needs, employs the contractor with to transfer,and carries on other surveillance work to guarantee the engineering project to be able on time to complete according to the stipulation. In any project implementation process, civil engineering all mustwidely use computer this kind of tool. The computer uses in the engineering project each kind of essential factor design(computer-aided design or is called CAD) and the control. Because the computer causes the mass datas which civil engineering can effectively processing and the determination project construction best way needs,therefore the computer is the modern civil engineerings essential item.The structural engineering in this specialized domain, civil engineering plans, the design all types structure, these structure types including bridge, dike, power plant, equipment， foundation,offshore project special structure, American space project, large-scale astronomy and radio telescope as well as very many othertypes project. Structural engineer uses the computer to determine a structure must the resistance the strength. Namely the structure itself weight, thewind power and the hurricane wind power, the temperature change causethe building material inflation or the contraction as well as theearthquake. They also must designate the appropriate material such assteel products, the concrete, the plastic, Shi Cai, the asphalt, thebrick, the aluminum or other structural materials and so on, andcombine it form the structure.Water resources project this domain civil engineering processes all water natural control aspect the question Their engineering projecthelp flood prevention, city water supply and irrigation water used.Manages and controls the rivers and streams and the water diameter current capacity, with main tenance beach and other coast facilities.Moreover, they also design and service the harbor, the drainage ditch,the dam. construction giant water and electricity dike, a younger dikeas well as each kind of type store water the dike, designs to the shore marine structure, as well as the determination to navigates the in fluential building position. The crag earth project civil engineering which has the specialty in this domain analyzes the strut to construct and to affect the structure characteristic crag properties of soil, they estimated and makes every effort to reduce the building and other constructions byits function on the subsidence which the crag soil layer gravity but possibly produces. These engineers also must estimate and determine how strengthens the pitch how the stability as well as doesprotect the construction to resist the earthquake and the ground water function. The environment project in this domain, civil engineering designs, the construction and the surveillance security may the tap water system,prevented and controls from the surface and underground to the water supply system pollution. They also design, the construction and the inspector general can control or the elimination land and the airpollution engineering project. These engineers construct the wate rworks and the sewage treatment plant, the design air scrubber and other equipment reduce or the elimination the air pollution which by the industrial production, cremated or other fresh smoke be haviors causes. They also through the construction special trash field, center and way and so on virulent matter control virulent and danger ous trash. Periphery moreover, these engineers also design and the management health bury the field to prevent the land pollution. Traffic engineering this domain civil engineering constructs can guarantee the person and the cargo safe effective revolution facility.They excel to designing and service each kind of type the transportation facility, like road and street, large-scaletransportation system, railroad, air harbor and harbor wharf.Transportation engineer when designs each engineering project must utilize the technical knowledge, meanwhile must consider the economy,politics and the social factor. Because communitys quality and the transportation system quality has the direct relations, therefore they want and the urban planning close cooperation. The plumbing engineering in this domain, engineer the pipe leak, theconstruction correlation facility, transports the liquid, the gas orthe solid, from the coal tar (coal and water mixture), half liquidity waste to the water, the oil and various side is in flammable and not the in flammable gas. These engineers determined the pipeline designproposal, forecast the economy and the environmental effect which regarding pipeline this project which passed through the areaproduces, designated the use material type, such as the steel products, the concrete, the plastic or the many kinds of materials combination, decided installs the technology, and the determination pipeline intensity method, the maintenance suitablepressure adjusting device as well as is transported material the speed of flow and so on. When transports the dangerous material, is safemain question which also is should consider. Architectural engineering this do main civil engineering is responsibleto supervise a project from to start to completion construction process, sometimes is called project engineer in charge. Their application technology and the management skill including the job practice aspect knowledge, the plan, the organization, raises the fundas well as the management entire items of basic construction. They coordinate nearly each participation work personnels activity, these staff including surveyor. The temporary road and the pitch put theline and constructs the worker, excavates the ground, a template andthe placing concrete worker, as well as binds the steel bar skeleton worker. These engineers also want to make the regular progress reportto the project owner. The community and urban planning this domain civil engineering is responsible to plan and to develop in the city community or the entirecity. These plan far continues on the project surface consideration,at that time the environment, social and the economic agent, the land and the natural resources development also was the main consideration factor. These engineers municipal engineering plan with personal development plan inter coordination. They appraised each kind ofessential facility, these facilities including the street and theroad, the mass transit transportation system, the civil airfield, theport facilities, for the drainage system, the public building, thepark, the entertainment facility and other for guarantee the social welfare as well as the economical, the environment benefit establishespublic facility. The photographic survey, surveys and draws a chart this domain engineer to survey the Earth the surface to obtain favor thelocalization and the design engineering project reliable information.These project practices usually involves to the high tech method suchas satellite and the air survey, photo graphic imagery computer processing and so on. May transmit from the orbiting vehicle the radiosignal which obtains through the laser beam and the sound beams canning to transform into the picture, in order to for opens cutting the tunnel, makes the road and the dike, the insert flood prevention irrigation engineering, the determination influence construction plan sub surface geology structure and all that many constructions use provides the precise measurement result. Other domains have two attachments specialties, incompletely containsin the civil engineering scope, but actually is two basic disciplines,that is the project management and the project teaching. Project management very many civil engineering has chosen some kind of occupation, but these occupations finally started to management level.other some engineers then to choose the management position professional profession. Civil engineering project manager coordinatesthe technical knowledge and the organization the manpower, the material, the machinery and the financial resource ability unifies.They possibly hold public office Yu Shi, the county, the state, thefederal state, either the national project army corps is appointed military or the civil project in (US) manages engineer, either is inoffice to local or the city half autonomous authority organization orthe similar association. They also possibly manage the personal engineering firm, the scale are different from several to several hundred employees.The project teaching chooses the teacher occupation civil engineering usually for the university student or the graduate student which studies assiduously the project technology teaches. Very is engaged inthe civil engineering teaching engineer also starts some basic research work, thus impetus building material and job practice technological innovation. Very many people can take the post ofproject consultant, either takes on consultant in some important engineering projects technical committee or the inspection group. Civil engineering each kind of service The project is one specialty, this meant an engineer must accept the special college education. In the very many governments jurisdiction also includes is employed the permission procedure front, requests thecollege of engineering graduates to be employed must through the testfront, is employed like attorney must the qualifications test be same through attorney. In the university, emphatically emphasizes mathematics, physical and chemistry importance in the entire engineering course curriculum system, in particular in first 23 years. Mathematics divides into separate fields in all projects class to hit all is count for much,therefore extremely receives takes. Now mathematics includes statistics, statistics mainly carries on the data or the information paper collection, classified and use on does. Statistical mathematics important are partial is the theory of probability, the theory of probability research is when affects some event result the different factor or the variable existence, some kind of result appears possibility. For example, in constructs in front of a bridge, must tothis bridge anticipated withstanding traffic flow conduct thestatistical survey. When designs this bridge, must consider such asvariable and so on in foundation hydraulic pressure, impulse,different wind action as well as very many other factors. Because when solves these problems, involves to the massive computations, therefore in the present nearly all engineering courses curriculum all includes the computer programming. Certainly, the computer can be quicker than the humanity, accurately solves the very many computations aspect problem. But, only if the computer entrustswith clear and the accurate instruction or the information, in other words is the procedure, otherwise the computer will be useless. Although the engineering course curriculum emphasis point always inthe technology class subject, the current tendency requests the student to take as an elective the social sciences and the language art discipline curriculum. The engineering and the social sciences relations are more and more close, thus has the full reason to explain once more: Engineers work, is different, the important way which is familiar with by he is affecting the society. Engineer also needs tograsp the rich language, in order to preparation orderliness is clear moreover has the persuasive power in very many situations the report.Is engaged in the scientific research engineer in order to publish itspaper also to need in detail to elaborate its discovery. The engineering course student finally two years wants to study chooses the specialized domain the specialized subject. Regarding must become civil engineering the student to say that, these specialized subjects can involve to such as subject and so on geodesy, soilmechanics or hydraulics.In engineering course student university stage last before year arrival, has been extremely active to the project technology novicesemployment advertise activity. In recent years, very many different enterprises and the government apparatus for attract the engineers and technicians to compete. In now the science and technology for forerunners society, the process skill training talented personcertainly extremely is scarce. For example, young engineer possibly can choose the ascent environment and hygienic engineering, because the people have created the very many employment opport unity to the environment attention, perhaps they choose enter a road building construction enterprise, or they are possibly willing in a research water resources government apparatus work. In brief, may choose theopport unity are truly very many.When a young engineer finally starts the project practice, inevitably uses the theory knowledge which the university stage obtains. He orshe is possibly appointed at the beginning of the work to work together with group of engineers, obtains in office exercise,instructs engineer to be allowed to examine the ability which itstheory and the practice unifies.Civil engineering is possibly engaged in the work has the research,the design, the construct control, the service, even is the marketing or the management. These different types work, to the work responsibility, the emphasis point, the knowledge and the experience application request are various.The scientific research is the science and the project practices amost important aspect. A researcher usually is scientific research groups, he wants with other scientists, engineer to work together. Heeither she frequently holds public office to the laboratory which subsidizes the government or the enterprise. Civil engineering scientific research domain including soil mechanics, stable technical,new structural material development and experimentEach civil engineering project nearly always unique. in other words,each project all has it question and the design characteristic. Thus before, starts in the design work, must conduct the careful research to each project. The research content including to assigns the location in the terrain and the ground the characteristic two aspects reconnaissances, also includes to may supply the choice plan to consider one by one, if a concrete gravity dam compares with an earthfill dike plan, simultaneously to every o