初三英语语法总复习教案.doc

初三英语总复习一、名词：1、名词的概念：名词是指表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词。2、名词的分类：专有名词：China, Mike, English, the Great Wall普通名词：可数名词(有单、复数之分, 在可数名词单数之前要用a/an) table, life, tomato不可数名词（无复数形式）food, duty, news, knowledge3、可数名词复数的构成： 一般情况是在名词后加-s以s, x, sh, ch结尾的加-es以辅音字母+ y结尾的，要变y为i再加-es，如：city - family 以元音字母(Aa ,Ee, Ii, Oo, Uu )+ y结尾的，加-s, 如：boy- 以f /fe 结尾的变f/fe为v再加-es，如：half- self- shelf-leaf- knife- wife- life-以o结尾的，只有tomato和potato是加-es，其余的都加-s，如：photo- radio- kilo- zero- zoo-特殊情况：man- woman- policeman- Englishman- Frenchman- 但：German- child- foot- tooth- 单、复同形：Chinese- Japanese- sheep-形式上是单数，实际上表复数概念：people，police 如：The people / police are working hard.有两种形式的：fish作“鱼”时，可数，其复数是 fish或fishes作“鱼肉”时，不可数。 复合名词的复数形式：man player-men players ， woman doctor-women doctors ， apple tree-apple trees 4、不可数名词：无复数形式，不能与a /an或数词连用，必须用a cup of , a piece of , a pair of , some , much , so much , too much , little , a little , a lot of , lots of等表数量。如：much work, a little money, two bags of rice 注：一条裤子 a pair of trousers is The trousers are 一双袜子/鞋子 a pair of socks / shoes is My new shoes are 一副眼镜 a pair of glasses is 数杯橘子汁 glasses of oranges 数张纸 pieces of paper 如果这些短语中需要用形容词，形容词应该放在冠词后。 a full bottle of milk ten big pieces of paper 如果of 短语后的名词为可数名词时，必须用复数。 a bag of books a basket of apples a box of pens 5、名词的所有格：单数名词的所有格：加 s the students book 以s结尾的单词, 加 James book复数名词的所有格：以s结尾的, 加 the students books a few years time twenty minutes walk不以结尾的,加 s childrens dolls mens shoes以and连接的：共同拥有，共同一个 s Lily and Lucys father is 分别拥有，每个名词后加 s Li Leis and Jims fathers无生命名词的所有格：表时间、距离、重量、世界、国家、城镇等的加s 或 s an hours walk , ten minutes talk , Chinas capital , (in) todays newspaper worlds population 用of短语。（语序与汉语不一致） a picture of my family , the classroom of our school , teachers of Class 1双重所有格：a friend of my brothers a new photo of minean old friend of Kates some flowers of hersthe name of her cat 表“在办公室”“在店/家”的名词所有格后面的名词常省去：at the doctors in Uncle Wangs in the teachers二、代词：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词 第一人称第二人称 第三人称单数复数单、复一样单数复数人称主格Iweyouhe /she / itthey代词宾格meusyouhim / her / itthem物主形容词性物主代词myouryourhis / her / itstheir代词名词性物主代词mineoursyourshis / hers / itstheirs反身myselfourselvesyourselfhimselfthemselves代词yourselvesherself / itself注：1）主格作主语，放在句首。如果主语是几个并列代词时，You最前，I最后（你在前，我在后）。如：You, he and I are 但在表抱歉的句子中，I放在前，如：Sorry, I and Li Lei broke the glasses. 2）宾格作宾语，放在动词、介词后。放在动、副短语的之间。如：These are your things. Please put them away.3）形容词性物主代词后必须加名词。4）名词性物主代词后不能加名词，但相当于形容词性物主代词+名词。如：my book = mine his book = his her book = hers5）反身代词于动词、介词后作宾语。如：She teaches herself English. She learns English by herself. 于句末加强语气，“亲自”。如：Youll see it yourself. 于主语后作同位语。如：He himself did it. 于固定短语中。如：enjoy oneself=have a good time=play happily be alone = all by oneself teach oneself sth. = learn sth. (all) by oneself leave sb. by oneself help oneself to sth. 指示代词：近指 this 复these 远指 that 复those注：1）打电话时用this 代替自己，that 代替对方。如：Hello! This is . Is that speaking?2）that / those可以用来代替前面提到过的人或物。如：This story is more interesting than that one.疑问代词、连接代词、关系代词：指人：who(主语) whom(宾语) whose(谁的) 指物：what whos(谁是) 指人/物：which 注：1）The bag on the desk is Lucys. Whose is the bag on the desk?Lucys bag is on the desk. Whose bag is on the desk?2）What也可对人的职业、身份提问：What do you do? = What are you? What does she do? = What is she? 3）对某人的身高胖瘦提问用What：He is thin and tall. What is he like?不定代词：some 用于肯定句和表请求、征求意见的疑问句，如：Could you give me some? Would you like some? Why dont you give him some?any 用于否定句、疑问句、条件句，如：If you have any question to ask, you will call me. 注：something / somebody / someone anything / anybody / anyone用法类似。 onethe other (一个另一个) 两者中一个，另一个onethe others(一个其余的) 多数中的一个，余下的全部 somethe others (一些其余的) 一些，余下的全部someothers (一些另一些)一些，余下的中的一部分another (另一个，又一个) 一个一个地连接，后+名单或few/数字+名复，如：another cake another two cakes = two more cakes注：1）the other和other后可加名词 2）the others和others后不加名词 3）the other / the others表特定范围内除去一部分后余下的全部。 4）other / others 表除去一部分后的另一些，但不是余下的全部。each强调个体，+名单(谓动：单) 两个或两个以上的每一个。each of +名复(谓动：单) 如：Each woman has a book. = Each of the women has a book,every强调整体，+名单(谓动：单)三个或三个以上的每一个Every boy likes 但Every of 注：1)Each of us has a room. = We have a room each. 2)each other 两者互相，于动词后，如：help each other understand each other each other的所有格each others，如：They filled each others stockings with presents.P.33)当each放在主语后时，谓动（复），如： We each have a book on the desk.4)one each 每人一个 both两者都否：neither两者都不+名单 Neither sentence is right. all 三者以上全都否：none三者以上全都不 both of （谓动：复） Both of the answers are right. neither of （谓动：单）Neither of the answers is wrong. Both A and B（谓动：复） A和B都 Both you and I are teachers.Neither A nor B （就近一致）A和B都不 Neither you nor I am a student.注：1）either两个人或物中的任何一个，如：There are some flowers on either side of the river. = There are some flowers on both sides of the river. 2）either表“也”时，于否定句，:如：He doesnt like it. She doesnt like it, either. 3）Either A or B（就近一致）或者A或者B，不是A就是BEither they or Lily knows the good news. 4）倒装句中：She likes apples, and so does he. If you wont go, neither / nor will I. one 代指单数的人或物 The apple is bigger than that one. ones代指复数的人或物 The apples are bigger than those ones.注：it与one it代指前面提到过的单数的东西，复数用them。 如：I cant find my pen. Have you seen it anywhere? 指同一样东西。 one代指前面提到过的那一类的单数的东西，复数用ones。如：Ive lost my pen. I want to buy a new one. 同类不同物。 a lot of = lots of =plenty of +名复或不可数名词 = many +名复或much +不可数名词用于肯定句 用于否、疑句 如：She picked a lot of oranges. She didnt pick many oranges. too much与 too many so much 与so manysome, any, no, every可与one, body, thing构成合成不定代词，1） 这些词作主语时看作三单。 Nobody is here. Everyone in our class likes2） 放在形容词之前。 something important, nothing delicious, something nice指人somebody someone 指物 somethinganybody anyone anythingeverybody everyone everythingnobody no one nothing注：Is everyone here today? Yes, we are. few little a few a littleExx: 1. These cups are ours. Those are _ _. A. others B. others C. others D. otherss 2. Why dont you get _ _ to read? A. nothing B. something C. anything D. everything 3. Each of the girls _ a handbag. A. has B. have C. does D. is三、数词和冠词：1、 数词：基数词(表数目): 1-12单独记，13-19加teen，整十加ty，几十几之间加-，hundred后加and. 序数词(表顺序)： 基+th序注：1）基数词变序数词口诀：基变序，有规律，词尾加上th，一、二、三，特殊记，词尾字母t和d，(first, second, third)八减t，九去e，f来把ve替，(eighth, ninth, fifth, twelfth) 单词ty作结尾，要把y来变ie，(twenty-twentieth)若是遇到几十几，只变末位就可以。(thirty-first) 2）分数表达法：基/序，分子大于1时分母+s。 1/5-one fifth 2/5-two fifths两种表达法：1/2：a half或one second 1/4：a quarter或one fourth 3/4：three quarters或three fourths3）对东西的数量提问用How many +名复?如：There is only a bird in the tree. How many birds are there in the tree?4）对不可数名词的量提问用How much + 不可数名词?如：There is a little milk in the bottle. How much milk is there 5）对人口的数量提问用What?如：The population of China is 120,000,000. What is the population o f China?6）对星期和节日提问用What day?如：Yesterday was Womens Day / Friday. What day was yesterday?7）对日期提问用What is / was the date ? 如：Last Sunday was March 3rd. What was the date last Sunday?8）hundred, thousand, million, billion在表示具体数时，不用复数，如：three million.在表概数时用复数+of短语，如：thousands of , many thousands of 9）第6课：Lesson Six = the sixth lesson 405房间：Room 40510）A加B是多少：What is four and / plus seven? Its eleven.11）序数词的前面一般必须加the，但以下情况不用：表“又一”时，如：There are three flowers, but she wants a fourth one.序数词前有形容词性物主代词时，如：This is my fifteenth birthday.序数词作表语时，如：Who was first in the high jump? He is always the first one to come to the school. I am the second one to get up in my family.特别记忆：one first two second three third four fourteen forty five fifteen fifty fifth nine nineteen ninety ninth twelve twelfth twenty - twentieth 2、 冠词(a, an, the)冠词放在名词前：an invention, a useful invention 不定冠词a / an：表泛指，用于不限定的可数名词单数前，a用于辅音前，an用于元音前。 There is a “u” and an “s” in the word “bus”. He is an eight-year-old boy. (an eighteen-year-old, an eighty-year-old, an eleven-year-old)定冠词the：表特指，用于特定的单、复数名词前。 the earth定冠词the的用法：1）特指某人或物：The shirt on the table is his? 2）说话双方都知道的人或物：Where is the coat? - Its behind the chair.3）上文提到过的人或物： I have a cat, the cat likes playing with balls4）世上独一无二的东西： The sea is blue.5）用在序数词和形容词最高级前面： the healthiest student6）固定短语中： on the other side of at the bus stop the number of7）由普通名词构成的专有名词前：the Changjiang River8 ) 用在姓的复数形式前表某一家人：The Greens are watching football match.9）用在某些形容词前表某一类人：Wu should help the blind.不用冠词的情况：1） 专有名词和不可数名词前不用：America, Australia, porridge2） 名词前已有this, that, my, our, your, his, her its, some, any, whose, no, each, every 等词时不用： This is our first lesson. Every boy has a workbook.3） 星期、月份、季节、节日前不用：on Sunday morning, in spring, Teachers Day, Childrens Day Womens Day Mid-Autumn Day4） 称呼、学科、三餐、球类运动前不用：after supper play volleyball Mr.Wang (琴类前要用the :play the piano)5） 某些固定短语中不用：at home by bus in bed on time at times注：表类别1) a /an + 名单 A house is a useful animal. A mooncake is a round cake. 2) the +名单 The house is a useful animal. 3)名复 Houses are useful animals.四、形容词和副词：形容词修饰名词，放在名词前。 an important thing修饰不定代词，放在不定代词后。 something interesting to read于系动词后，作表语。 be beautiful look happy feel lonely become angry副词：修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或句子。 Maybe he knows the good news.1、 形容词、副词比较等级的构成： 单音节、双音节词：1） 一般情况+ er, est： quick-quicker-quickest healthy-2） 以结尾的+ r, st： nice- nicer- nicest fine-finer-finest3） 以辅音字母+y的，变y为i + er, est： healthy-healthier- healthiest4） 双写，再+ er, est的： big, red, fat, thin, hot, wet, sad 多音节词和部分双音节词，在单词前+more, most：slowly - more slowly - most slowly quickly - more quickly - most quicklytired - more tired - most tired often oftener/more often oftenest/most often 不规则变化：good / well better best little less leastbad/badly/ill worse worst many / much more mostfar farther farthest old older oldest 年龄大小 - further furthest - elder eldest 家庭成员的长幼2、比较级句型：（两者相比，用than表达）A比B A+比较级than B A比B得多 A+ much +比较级than B ( much +比较级: 得多)如： The cake is bigger than that one.The cake is more delicious than that one. I get up earlier than my father every day. These problems are much easier than those ones.These problems is much more important than those ones.注：1）比较级前可加much, a little, even, still等， 如：She is even slower than before. She felt even/much worse. 2）比较级+ and +比较级（越来越），如：Days get longer and longer in summer.Our city is becoming more and more beautiful.3） the +比较级, the + 比较级（越越），如：The busier he is, the happier he feels. The more he reads the book, the better he understand it.4） the +比较级of the two（两者中较的），如：He is the taller of the two boys. = He is taller than the other one.3、最高级句型：（三者以上，用of短语或in短语表达） A是中最的： A+（the）+最高级+of / in短语注：1)in表场所或范围，如：in our class, in their factoryof与名复、代词或表具体数量的词连用，如：of us, of all, of the three2)形容词最高级前必须加the,而副词最高级前则可不加。如：Ann is the youngest in her family. Tom does everything most carefully of the five.4、 同级比较：（用asas或not as / soas句型） A与B一样 A+ as +形、副原形+ as A与B不一样 / A不如B A+ as +形、副原形+ as 5、 同义句转换： 变成否定句：如：A比B高。= B没有A高。 A is taller than B. = B isnt taller than A. 变成反义词：(A与B交换位置)如：A比B高。= B比A矮。 A is taller than B. = B is shorter than A. 将more + 形、副原形与less + 形、副原形互换：（A与B交换位置） 如：A is more interesting than B. = B is less interesting than A. 比较级与最高级的互换：A是中最。= A比其他任何一个都如：Chinese is the most useful subject. = Chinese is more useful than any other subject. (than any other +名单) = Chinese is more useful than the other subjects. (than the other +名复) =Chinese is more useful than the others. (the others = the other +名复) He jumps highest in our class. = He jumps higher than any other student in our class.= He jumps higher than the other students in our class.= He jumps higher than the others in our class.注：1) Shanghai is bigger than any other city in China.Shanghai is bigger than any city in the USA.2) Tom studies harder than any other student in his class.The father works harder than any worker in the factory. A和B都 = A与B一样如：A and B are both very important. = A is as important as B. 6、 形容词、副词的反义词：7、 形容词、副词的互换： 一般情况在词尾+ ly, 如： quick-quickly slow-slowly careful-carefully 以y结尾的，变y为i + ly, 如：happy-happily easy-easily 以e结尾的：polite-politely safe-safely 但：true-truly possible-possibly 特殊的：good-well形、副同形的：early, fast, straight, hard频度副词always, sometimes, often, usually, never等放在be动词、情态动词、助动词之后，实义动词之前。 程度副词very, so, too, quite, rather后+ 形、副原形，enough用于名前形、副后。副词home, here, there之前不能加the, 如：the way to the hospital, on ones way home get to the factory, get therealso, too与either so与neither / noralready, yet与ever五、介词：1）表时间的介词：in 表某年、月、星期、季节： in 2002, in January, in a week, in autumn 固定短语：in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, in the end on表某一天或某一天的某部分： on Womens Day, on August,3rd, on Monday morning, on the fifth day, on a cold evening on the evening of September, 22nd 固定短语：on time sth. is / are on the bedat表某一时刻： at seven oclock, at that time, 固定短语：at first, at last, at night, at noon, at the end offor 表时间段：for two months, for a moment, for a long timebefore 在之前： before breakfast, before washing, before twelve oclockafter 在之后： after lunch, after running, the day after tomorrow, after eightfromto 从到 from Tuesday to Saturday, from morning to evening, from nine to elevenbetweenand在之间 between nine and elevenpast 表超过某时刻（半小时前）：half past five, twenty-three past tento 表时间到某时刻差多少： twelve to twelve, thirteen to nine2）表方位的介词：in 在内，在大地方： in the gag, in bed, in Beijing, in a townon在上（面上、线上、点上）： on the earth, on the left, on the hill, on a farm, on ones way to schoolin 在范围内 on 两地相邻 to 两地不相邻 Taiwan is _ the southeast of China, and its _ the east of Fujian. Sichuan is _ the north of Yunnan.at在小地方： at the bus stop, at the foot of the hill, at the school gate, at the end of the road, stand at the starting line / at the side of the roadbeside在旁边： beside the housenear 在附近： near the window, near to sb. = next to sb.behind 在后面：behind the chair, behind meunder 在下面：under the tableoutside 在外部：（反：inside） outside the school gate, inside the parkinto 指进入 go / come into the room, send up into the sky, run into the forestup 向上： put up the map, look up the startsdown 向下，顺着下去：do down the streetin front of 在前面：in front me, (a big tree) in front of my housein the front of 在前部：(the bus-driver) in the front of the bus, (the teachers) in the front of the classroomon the tree 在树上（本身长在树上的东西）in the tree 在树上（外来物飞、落到树上）on the wall 在墙上（贴在墙上）in the wall 在墙上（镶嵌在墙上）There are two doors in the wall of our classroom.across 横过，横跨，从点上、面上过，通常指过街、河、桥、马路。 动词 + across = cross go across the street / river / bridge / roadthrough 穿过，从物体内部穿过，通常指穿过森林，光、空气等透过窗、门洞。 Go through the forest. The light / The cold air goes through the door. The sunshine does through the window.between 两者之间，通常构成betweenand：between Chengdu and Chongqing She sits between Jim and me.among 三者以上的之间：We live among the air. He built a house among the trees. Lei Feng always lives among us.on 在上，两物体接触。 Put your eraser on your desk.over在的垂直上方： There is a bridge over the river. above 在上方： The plane was flying above the clouds.3）表方式和其他的介词：by表方式，后直接+交通工具。 by bus, by plane, by spaceship, by satellite= in / on +冠词或代词+交通工具。on a / the bus, on the boat, in his car in He can sing the new song in English.with 表伴随，在一起，拥有等：with his family, with a box under his arm,with these words, a boy with the name of Bill, with ones help 表手段或方法： The picture is drawn with a pen. = in pen I can finish the hard work easily with your help.without 无，没有，with的反义词：without ones help I couldnt finish my homework without your help.= I couldnt finish my homework if you didnt help me. We cant live without air or water. =