常考应用文的写作技巧.doc

常考应用文应用文主要指各种书信 , 如求职信、投诉信、申请信、邀请信、推荐信和感谢信等。按文体,书信可分为私人信件和事务信件 , 考试中涉及到的大都为事务信件。考生应注意书信的格式及重要书信体的写法。一、事务信件的格式英文书信的格式 , 尤其是正式的事务信件的格式与汉语的同类书信格式不同。就形式而言 , 英语的事务信件可分为三种样式 : 现代常用格式 (modified form ) 、齐头式 (blocked form ) 和缩进式 (indented form ) 。1. 现代常用格式 :William Scott ( 写信人姓名 ) College of Education( 写信人地址 ) 5284University of OregonU.S.A.March 20,2003( 写信日期 )Mr.John Smith ( 收信人姓名 ) 235Wall Street ( 收信人地址 )New York 5.N.Y.16432 U.S.A.Dear Mr.John Smith:( 称呼 ) ( 正文 )Yours truly,( 套语 )Signature ( 手写签名 ) William Scott( 打字签名 )Director of Admissions and Student Affairs ( 职务 ) Enclosure:( 附件 )63 / 632. 齐头式 :William Scott( 写信人姓名 ) College of Education( 写信人地址 ) 5284 University of OregonU.S.A.March 20,2003( 写信日期 )Mr.John Smith ( 收信人姓名 ) 235Wall Street ( 收信人地址 )New York 5.N.Y.16432 U.S.A.Dear Mr. John Smith:( 称呼 ) ( 正文 )Yours truly,( 套语 )Signature ( 手写签名 ) Director of Admissions and Student Affairs ( 职务 ) Enclosure:( 附件 )3. 缩进式 :William Sc 。 ( 写信人姓名 ) College of Education( 写信人地址 ) 5284University of OregonU.S.A.March 20,2003( 写信日期 )Mr.John Smith ( 收信人姓名 )235Wall Street ( 收信人地址 )New York 5.N.Y.16432U.S.A.Dear Mr. John Smith:( 称呼 ) ( 正文 )Yours sincerely,( 套语 ) Signature ( 手写签名 ) 事务信件的书写可采用三种格式 : 现代常用格式、齐头式和缩进式。齐头式即每行第 一个字母向左对齐 ; 缩进式指信头和封内地址从第二行起每行向右缩进几个字母 , 正文的 首行向右缩进几个字母 ; 现代常用格式是前两种格式的折中 , 除正文每段首行向右缩进外 , 其余部分的格式与齐头式相同。事务信件一般包括 6 个部分 : 信头、封内地址、称呼、正 文、结束套语和签名。如果随信寄附简历或样品等资料 , 还应包括附件。1. 信头 (Heading ) 信头包括写信人的姓名、地址及写信日期。考生要注意中英文地址、日期的不同顺序 : 中文的地址排列顺序是从大到小 , 而英文的则是由小及大 ; 中文的日期排列顺序是年、月、 日 , 而英文的则是月、日、年。2. 封内地址 (lnside Address )这里指收信人的姓名和地址 , 与信头的写法基本一致。若收信人担任某种行政职务 , 其 头衔应写在姓名的下一行。3. 称呼语 (Salutation 事务信件中 , 若收信人已知 , 则称呼其全名或职务 , 若不知具体人名 , 则称 Dear Sir or Madam, Dear Sirs 或 To whom it may concern4. 正文 (The Body of the Letter )正文是事务信件的核心部分 , 考生要首先弄清题目要求和写信目的 , 内容应简明扼要、 条理清楚、表达正确。5. 结束语 (Complementary Close )事务信件一般都采用 Yours sincerely 或 Yours faithfully 为结束语。6. 签名 (Signiture事务信件中 , 写信人的手写签名应置于打印姓名之上 , 打印姓名的下一行通常是写信人的头衔。例如 :Sincerely yours,Signature 一一 - Wi11iam White General Editor二、求职信函 求职信由三个部分组成 : 第一部分为引言 , 求职者应交待从何处获知空缺 , 如通过广告宣传，资料，或专家教授的指导等。同时明确表明对此工作感兴趣 ; 第二部分为主体部分 , 求职者应针对应聘职位阐明自己的资质 ,概括和强调自己的实力和优势， 重点说明自己的学历、相关工作经历及想得到该工作的原因 以及你能为聘方所做出的特别贡献; 第三部分为结尾部分 , 求职者可重述希望得到该工作的愿望 ,如希望对方提供详细资料，或能对自己的申请予以考虑而得到面试的机会等 同时提供必要的证明人。Sample 1:Dear Sir or Madam:I have heard from Dr. Joseph Thomas, Pittsburg University that your university wants English teachers to teach in English Department. I am interested in being considered for a teaching position in ED for the 2003-2004 school year.I graduated from Harris Teachers College in 1965, and have teaching experience for more than 20 years. I have enclosed a copy of my resume, which will show my background. Dr. Thomas has offered to give you further information about me.Thank you for considering this application.Sincerely yours, (Signature)Betty Jane Marcum申请信函常用参考用语：（一） 求职信1.I am writing to apply for the post of a private secretary advertised in todays Daily Telegragh.2. In reply to your advertisement in Todays paper, I beg to apply for the post of junior clerk in your company.3. Immediately saw your advertisement in the paper for an assistant manager I felt it was just the kind of post for which I have the qualifications and for which I have been looking for some time.4.The kind of work in which your company is engaged particularly interests me.5. I feel I have the necessary qualifications and experience needed for the position of private secretary to your managing director advertised in the paper.6. I shall be happy to furnish you with any particulars that you may require, or to attend for interview at your request.7. Enclosed are three copies of testimonials as required.8. The enclosed resume indicates my broad experience in the area of public relations and management communications.9 I am full of enthusiasm and energy in my work.Sample 2:Dear Mr. N,Please consider me for the position of Assistant Director of Employee Benefits in the Personnel Division of Echo Electronics. I was an administrative intern实习生 with Echo last summer and, now that I have graduated from the University of Louisville, I would like to join your company.As you can see from the attached resume, my major was Business Administration with special emphasis on personnel management. Whenever possible, I have looked for jobs and campus activities that would give me experience in dealing with people. As an assistant in the Admissions Office, I dealt with students, parents, alumn（毕业生）, and faculty. The position required both a knowledge of university regulations and sympathy for other people.As an intern with Echo, I learned about the management of a company at first hand and gained a firmer grasp of the contribution personnel management makes to the overall objectives of the company. Participants in the intern program were required to write a paper analyzing the company where we were placed. If you are interested, I will be happy to send you a copy of my paper.I would very much like to put my interests and my training to work for Echo Electronics, and I am available for an interview at your convenience. Sincerely,( Signature)* 续函 是一种联络感情的礼节性信件，是继附函之后又发给申请单位的信函，其主要作用是致谢对方惠寄的有关资料和提供的进一步信息。同时还要重申自己是符合资格要求的最合适的后选人，并表达对对方能继续关照此事 的谢意等。通过这样的方式可以提醒对方对于申请事项给予重视和关心，以达到加上申请事宜进展的目的。在国际交流中， 这种公关性的交往具有促进作用。Sample 3.Dear Professor Hill:Thank you very much for the relevant materials and documents you sent me last week. I know that there are other candidates for the grants and that making the right choice is of genuine concern to you and the committee.I appreciate the detailed briefing you gave me in the letter of March 3,2002,especially I am closely associated with the present status of the evaluation. I particularly enjoyed our mutual interest in phototaking ; it is good to remember forever the unforgettable things.Again, thank you for your sincere interesting my qualification and for your time to discuss them. My thanks also go to the Committee for theie favorable consideration.I am looking forward to hearing from you . Sincerely yours, X x xResume: -Diane Bellows 1287 Lexington Avenue Louisville, KY 40227EDUCATION University of Louisville, B. A. 1988Major: Business Administration with emphasis in personnel managementMinor: Economics with emphasis in corporate financeEXPERIENCE COLLEGE Orientation leader, University Admissions Office, 1986 88. Met with prospective students and their parents; conducted tours of campus; answered questions; wrote reports for each orientation meeting.Academic Committee, Alpha Phi Sorority 1986-88. Organized study halls and tutoring services for disadvantaged students.Advertising Manager, University Yearbook, 1987. Responsible for securing advertising that made the Yearbook self-supporting; wrote monthly progress report.SUMMERS Intern, Echo Electronics, June, 1987. Spent two weeks learning about pension plans, health care benefits, employee associations, and work regulations as they affect employee relations and personnel management.Volunteer Worker, Arthur Schneiders School Board reelection campaign, 1986. Wrote press releases, campaign brochures, direct mailers; researched information on teacher competence.REFERENCES Placement OfficeUniversity of Louisville40227 (502)745-3219Louisville, KY_How to Write the Resume?（如何写履历） 履历亦称简历， 是个人经历的文字记载。 屡屡在英文中有两方式resume 源于法语，其涵义为summary; 而另一词curriculum vitae 则源于拉丁语，简写为CV，其意义是course of life. Curriculum vitae 比较正式，主要用于学术界，如申请研究机构和大学研究生计划项目，以及教师和医生等专业人员的职位。 现在美国英语中多用resume，而英国英语中多用curriculum vitae.1 履历的功能 履历在各种正式交际中应用很广泛， 是实现双方交际目的的重要文件 。履历并不是提供有关自己的一切情况，而是要写对聘方有意义的事实。其主要目的是建立个人形象，以便推销自己。就谋职而言，履历并不能使申请人直接得到工作，但可以帮助申请人争取到面试的机会，进而通过面试得到这份工作。因此，撰写履历是申请工作的第一步，也是至关重要的一步。2 履历的基本结构履历的内容和结构并没有十分严格的规定，可以因不同的人和目的而采用不同的结构形式来组织安排内容。比较典型的求职英文履历的结构由以下要素构成：个人资料(personal data)，事业目标(career objectives)，教育背景(education)，工作经历(experience/work experience)或资历(qualifications)，其他经历(activities)，专长与业绩(specialization and achievements)，会员资格(memberships)，出版物(publications)和推荐人(references)1, 个人资料 申请人姓名，地址，联系电话以及电子信箱地址。性别，出生日期等。2事业目标在履历中简明扼要地写出自己的工作目标，希望的职位，申请职业等。申请职位包括现在和未来预期的目标。这样可以给人一个好印象，使人感到申请人成熟，自信。* 常见的职务名称（common Titles） assistant professor 助理教授 associate professor 副教授 attending doctor 主治医师 business controller 业务主任 business manager 业务经理 chief accountant 主任会计师 computer system manager 电脑系统经理director of Human resources 人力资源部经理director ,Operations 业务部经理director, Product Development 产品开发部主任executive secretary 执行秘书export sales manager 外销部经理 finacial controller 财务主任 operation/technical management 运作/技术管理 research assistant 助理研究员 senior vice president 高级副总裁systems engineer 系统工程师trust banking executive 银行高级职员3。教育背景即本人接受教育的经历。学历应写明读大学的时间，学校名称，大学毕业时间，所授予学位的名称和时间。若已获博士学位，最注明学位论文题目。写学历的顺序要从最高学位开始，即由现在开始写，由近及远。一般来说，不必列出高中学历。因为自己还是学生或者是刚刚大学毕业，工作经历还不够丰富，还没有许多成功之处，就应该把学历写在前面，并强调自己掌握的知识和技能以及所修过的有关课程，以吸引聘方的注意。对方可以由学历去了解应聘者的知识结构，思考判断能力等。根据需要，有时还要注明自己的外语程度，最好有量的标准。若有第二外语也应说明。community service projects 社区服务项目continuing education 继续教育courses completed 修业课程curriculum and grades 所修课程与成绩extracurricular activites 课外活动foreign language proficiency 外语能力G.P.A.(grade point average) 平均学分 optial course 选修课refresher course进修课程specialized courses 专门课程4 工作经历这一项内容是个人履历的主体部分。主要包括工作时间，工作单位，担任职务或职称头衔及社会效益和业绩等。此想内容根据自己的实际情况还可以写为work experience, research experience, teaching experience, professional experience 等。具体采用的方式和侧重要根据自己的情况和对方的基本要求而定。5 专长与业绩专长是指自己所从事的专业范围内最突出最擅长的强项。作者应根据对方的需要写明自己最有代表性的特长。业绩或奖励要按没个人的具体情况填写，主要有专业方面的或学术方面的，如获奖等级及得到国内外资助等情况。6 会员资格会员资格是申请人在国内外专业性或学术性的学会，研究会等 组织中获得会员资格或担任职务的情况，可以从客观上反映申请者在本专业学术领域的影响和社会交往活动等。7 出版物8 推荐人 在这一项中申请人按聘方的要求提供两或三位推荐人，主要列出有资格核证履历内容的推荐人的姓名，单位，职务，职称，学位，详细地址，联系电话及电子邮件地址。推荐人应该是对被推荐者比较了解的本专业的专家，教授，领导同事等。要先征得推荐人的同意，才能列出以信息，或采用一种比较流行的方式，在该栏目内不具体写出以上信息，注明：Professional references, Available upon request 或 References upon request.履历的格式1 顶格式（Side Heading）亦称左边顶格式Michael Smith159 Day StreetHamilton, New ZealanObjective_ _-Education_ _Experience_ _Activites_2.居中式（ Centered Heading），即把主要栏目的小标题置于页面的中心位置。这种页面的设计格式平衡有序，视觉效果也比较好。 Howard Huang 505 27th Way Apt,108 Boulder, CO80303 Objective Education Experience_ Activites_ References3 混合式（Conbination） 如果经历比较丰富，需填内容繁多，可以把前面两种方式结合起来。 Lina Huang Rome 808 Doctoral Students Dorm of Jilin University 8 Xinjiang Street, Changchun Jilin, 130021 P. R. China Tel: 86-431-566-8088 Objective_- EducationUniversity A_University B_ ExperienceEmployment A_Employment B_Employment C_ ActivitiesInterests_Awards_ References_ *A resume is a short description of your history in work and at school.Many jobs require a resume from any prospective employee. What the resume reveals about you may determine whether or not you are actually interviewed for a job.The resume should be well designed so that both the overall organization and the individual sections are clear to the reader. Spelling and grammar should be correct. If it is typed, it should be neat and error-free. If a word processor is used, be sure to electronically search for misspelled words and to read the document carefully for misplaced words or other such errors. It is also advisable to have someone else read over what you have written before you send it out.The printed document should be produced on white or off-white letter- sized paper using a good quality printer, such as a laser printer, .or a quality copying process, such as offset printing. If photocopies are made of the original, they also should be produced on good quality paper.FormatResumes have a fairly standard format. At the very top is the heading. It should state your name, address, and telephone number including area code. It is not necessary to include information such as your age, marital status, height, weight, or sex. If you choose to volunteer the information, you must judge whether it will assist you in your job search or will work against you.The next item in the resume is a brief paragraph that may be labeled objectives. In this paragraph, you indicate what job you are looking for and your major qualifications for such a job. Or you may simply use this paragraph to state your basic strengths and the nature of your past work.Following this is the record of your work experience. This record is the main part of the resume (except if you are looking for your first full-time job). Your work experience is listed with your most recent job first. The job before that is listed next, and so on with your first job listed last.Usually, you give your title for each job and the name of the company (and division when relevant). If you do not want to reveal the name of your current employer in your resume, then you may write a descriptive phrase, such as independent engineering consultant firm. The descriptions of your previous jobs should be short summaries of your responsibilities, accomplishments, and contributions to the positions. Verbs should be active and sentences should be short.Resume is generally kept to one page. If you have worked for a long time at a variety of different jobs, it may be necessary to prepare a two-page resume.After the record of your work experience, list your schooling, any degrees, relevant noncredit courses, hobbies, honors, and affiliations that you consider worth including. If you belong to professional societies, you should definitely list them. If you belong to social, civic, or volunteer orginazations, list them only if you believe your membership in them is an asset. List any awards or honors you have received whether or not they are job-related. Practical WritingLooking for your first jobIf you are looking for your first full-time job, you must review your work history somewhat differently. If you have held some sort of part-time or summer job or worked at volunteer jobs, these should be included. If you have participated I school extracurricular activities, these are worth mentioning. Your school record is also an indication of your ability and seriousness of purpose.In seeking a first job, you must state your field of knowledge, your reliability, and your ability to work well with others.In any resume that you prepare, you should be sure to account for all time between the end of schooling and the present. You have taken off a year and travel. You have attempted unsuccessfully to start your own business,. It is far better to state what you have been involved in than to allow a prospective employer to wonder what you have been doing with your time.The cover letterA resume that will be mailed to a prospective employer should be accompanied by a cover letter. The cover letter should be straightforward and brief; it should not be a repetition of all the information contained in the resume . You should state the specific position you are interested in, briefly discuss your experience, and refer the reader to the enclosed resume. At the end of the letter you may wish to indicate that you will telephone the prospective employer for an interview.You will, of course, have to write a separate cover letter for each specific position you want to apply for. The cover letter, like the resume, should be neat and should be printed on quality paper. Remember that the cover letter serves as your introduction to a. prospective employer and that first impressions are very imp