中考英语书面表达命题特点与.doc

中考英语书面表达命题特点与解题策略宝鸡市教育局教研室 任军利（原载考试与评价（英语通）双效期刊2008年第3期，刊号：CN22-1315/H）书面表达是通过文字传递信息和表达思想的一种交际活动。书面表达试题比较注重考查学生在特定情境里综合运用语言进行表达的能力。书面表达的命题趋势是：题材贴近生活，内容要点清楚，交际情景合理，表达形式多样。学生有感而发，答案开放多元。经典题型如日记、书信、邮件、图表、通知、看图写话等老题材还继续沿用。可能在沿用这些题型的同时，为学生提供更自由的发挥空间和想象余地。一 、书面表达考查的要点能否根据提示要求运用所学词组、句型写出易懂的短文。短文结构是否有层次、有条理、能否清楚表达自己的意思。是否能较为准确地运用语法、词汇, 拼写、标点基本正确。是否能使用简单语句间的连接成分,使全文内容连贯。二、书面表达题材的特点题材内容丰富，意义具有一定的教育性。例如：07年江苏扬州卷今天，你校举办了“行动感恩日活动”，请你根据以下活动安排，用英语写一篇短文，介绍你参加的活动及你的感想，并将短文投到校报发表。时间活动内容上午为老师做一件事：制作感恩卡送给老师下午3：004：00演讲比赛：读一封写给父母的感恩信晚上为父母做一件事：帮助父母做家务素材是学生经历过或可能经历到的，便于学生写出真情实感。例如：07年青海省卷2008年北京奥运会组委会正在招募志愿者，请以Being a volunteer forthe2008 Olympic Games为题，写一篇80100词左右的文章。开头已给出。文章必须包括以下要点：Build your confidenceHave an opportunity to develop social knowledge and skillsImprove EnglishMeeting many famous athletes命题贴近学生生活，体现人文关怀。例如：07年江西卷中学生学习时间长、压力大，专家建议学生每天课后应采取适当的方式放松自己。某英文报“学生习作”专栏正在就“学生适当的放松方式”这一话题进行征文。假设你是二十二中初三（3）班的班长，最近你对班上同学课后放松方式进行了调查。请根据表格提供的调查信息和要求写一篇短文向该报投稿。对 象二十二中初三（3）班人 数60人（男：31人；女：29人）常用放松方式1.看电视（30人）2.玩电脑游戏（12人）3.听音乐（8人）4.进行体育锻炼（5人）5.没有时间放松（5人）你的观点哪一种（些）放松方式是适当的？为什么？注意：1.短文包括对调查相关信息的介绍和你自己的观点； 2.词数：80-100。题目和开头已为你写好，不记入总词数。The Proper Way(s) for Students to Relax I am the monitor of Class3,Grade 3,No.22 Middle School. Recently I have made a survey of the students in my class on ways to relax after class._ _ 三、书面表达中的过度用语 表示时间顺序：first, then, later 表示空间顺序：near, next to, far from, in front of, on the left, on one side 表示转折关系:but, yet, however 表示因果关系：so, because, for, therefore, thus 表示目的: in order to(that), so as to, so that 表示列举:for example, such as 表示总结性：in all, in a word, in short四、书面表达中的常用句式记 事I visited Xian Zoo with my classmates.He rode his bike to school very fast.On the way we sawcrossing the street. Suddenly a car passed by very fast.After we finished our work, we were very happy. When we wanted to go home, it started raining.例如：陕西省2006年中考书面表达你是一名中学生，你家隔壁住着一位老人，你打算为他做一些力所能及的事情。请就此写一篇短文。短文的开头已给出，但不计入总词数。 要求： 1. 文中不得出现你的真实姓名和学校名称。 2. 语句通顺。 3. 可用提示词语，也可适当发挥。 4. 词数：60-80 提示词语：wash clothes, clean the window, sweep the floor, read newspapers, play chess, write letters, go shopping 参考答案：My neighbour is an old man. He lives alone. I am going to do something for him when I am free. I will wash clothes, clean the window and sweep the floor. I will also read the newspapers and write letters for him. Sometimes I can play chess with him. After supper, we will have a walk outside. On Sundays, we may go shopping together. I am glad can help him. I hope he 11 be happy every day.写 人Im glad to introduce myself to you.Im interested in drawing.I want to be a biologist when I grow up.She is a girl of twelve years old. She is tall and slim with big eyes and curly hair. 描写人物时，要生动具体，例如：1）外表特征：tall, short, fat, thin, strong, weak, ordinary-looking 等。2）服饰颜色：red, yellow, blue, white, green, brown, black 等。3）内心境界：glad, happy, sad, excited, anxious, interested 等。4）感情描写：love, like, hate, feel, laugh, cry, smile, shout 等。5）动作描写：come, go, get, have, take, bring, fetch 等。例如：陕西省2005年中考书面表达请你参考图中的信息，写一篇关于你的同学获朋友的小短文。要求：1短文中不得出现你的真实姓名和学校。2可用所给信息，也可适当发挥。3词数：60-80词。所给信息：Zhou Yi: 14;tall/short; thin/strong; kind; favorite sport; listen to music; read books参考答案：Today I want to tell you something about my classmate/ one of my best friends, Zhou Yi. He/She is a boy/girl of 14 years old. He/She is tall/short and thin/strong. He/She likes reading books very much. He/She likes sports, such as swimming and playing basketball. Sometimes when he/she is free, he/she enjoys listening to music. He/She is kind. Im not good at English and he/she often helps me with my English. Im happy that I have such a good friend.介绍某地Mountain Huashan lies in the east of Shaanxi. It takes you aboutto get there by bus.The winter here is long and it sometimes snows.One of the most famous food here is “Yangroupao”.Its really a nice place to visit.通知用语 Attention, please!/ May I have your attention, please! A meeting is to be held in Room 203 at two oclock tomorrow afternoon. Please take a pen and notebook with you and be there on time. Thats all, thank you!例如：湖北省2005年中考书面表达明天（星期五）全班同学将去参观科学博物馆（the Science Museum），由你（班长）通知全体同学。（通知的开头和结尾已给出）内容如下： 1. 早上8点钟在校门口集合，步行前往。2. 下星期一交一份有关参观的报告。3. 参观时要认真听，仔细看并记下有趣的东西。4. 不可在博物馆内大声喧哗及拍照。5. 带笔和笔记本。要求：不要逐句翻译。 字数6080。Attention, please!We are going to visit the Science Museum tomorrow. We will meet at the school gate at eight in the morning and we will go there on foot. Take your pens and notebooks with you. We should listen and watch carefully and write down something interesting when you visit the museum. Please dont make any noise in the museum and dont take any pictures. Youll have to hand in a report about the visit next Monday.Thank you.写 信 Dear Tom, Im very happy to hear from you. How are you doing in England, Jim? Please write to me and tell me something about your life. Please write to me soon. Yours truly, Li Ming例1：陕西省2007年中考书面表达你的美国笔友Tonny想学汉语来到了北京，请给他写一封信，告诉他如何学习汉语。（10分） 要求：1. 语句通顺，书写工整。 2. 可用所给提示词语，也可适当发挥。 3. 词数：6080。 （提示词语：go to the Chinese classes, make friends, listen to the radio, dictionary, useful, read Chinese stories, talk with, difficult, ask a Chinese teacher for help ）参考答案：Dear Tonny,How is it going? Let me tell you how to learn Chinese. I think you may to Chinese classes. Make Chinese friends and talk with them. You can listen to the radio or watch TV. Youd better read more Chinese stories. You should have a dictionary. Its very useful. When you have difficulties in learning, you can ask Chinese teachers or friends for help.Chinese is not very difficult. I believe you can learn it well.Good luck! Yours, Lin Tao例2：陕西省2004年中考书面表达VII. 书面表达（共1题，计10分） 假如你叫张强。请根据下面美国朋友Bob的来信内容，结合你自己的情况写一篇语言连惯、符合逻辑的英文回信。要求：1. 认真阅读来信的内容，从中获得你需要的信息。2. 词数：80左右。回信的开头、结尾已给出，但不计入总词数。注意：回信中不得出现你的真实地址和所在学校的名称。Dear friend, Hello！Im your new friend. My name is Bob. Im fifteen. Im American. I live in New York. I am a middle school student. Im good at maths. It is very interesting. My favourite sport is basketball. And I am not only a basketball fan but also a good player. I like pop music. My friends and I often sing pop songs together. After school, I am interested in getting on-line. I have known a lot about China from the Internet. Now Im learning Chinese. I hope I will visit your country one day.Please write to me and tell me something about your life. Im looking forward to hearing from you.Yours, Bob参考答案：Dear Bob, I got your letter yesterday. Im very glad to be your pen friend. My name is Zhang Qiang. Im fifteen years old, too. I live in Shaanxi. Im a middle school student, too. I like English and physics very much. I also like sports, but Im good at drawing. I know a little about America. Could you tell me something more about your country in your next letter?I hope well meet in China some day. Im sure well have a good time together. Please write (to) me soon. Yours, Zhang Qiang五、书面表达解题指导仔细审题，弄清题目要求。以此确定所写文章的文体、格式、内容和篇幅。如果是记叙文，一般用过去时，如果是说明文，主要用现在时。谨慎动笔，看全内容要点。在正式写作之前先花几分钟拟提纲，紧扣主题，按正确的逻辑排列构思，然后考虑选用哪些词汇，采用何种句型，主要内容缺一不可；用自己见过的句型来写，不要生造中国式的英文，要写好首句和尾句，注意关联词语的使用。可适当使用较复杂结构和新颖词汇，但应以准确达意为原则。认真检查，书写规范。检查首先从大处开始：文章是否切题，格式是否正确，语言是否达意，要点是否包含；确定无误后，再从小处过关：时态语态、主谓一致、名词单复数形式、大小写、单词拼写和标点符号。六、书面表达的具体写作步骤示例点评、把握好命题，从容去面对 体裁：一般包括记叙文、说明文、和应用文 形式：（1）提供内容和情景的提示、提纲短文 （2）图表和汉语提示想结合的图表作文 （3）图画和汉语提示想结合的图画作文对考生的要求 （1）言之有物，切中题意，不漏要点； （2）语言准确多样、繁简得当； （3）格式正确，运用得体； （4）逻辑清楚，体现整体性。2、成竹已在胸，动笔方是时 认真审清题目，切实把握要点例如，请你根据表格所给内容，以Advantages and disadvantages of owning a car 为题，用英语写一篇100字左右的短文。利弊你的观点 1）提供方便的交通2）舒适3）表示事业上的成功1）所占空间大2）容易发生交通事故3）污染环境虽存在问题但利大于弊问题终会解决 审题：人称：第一人称题目：advantages and disadvantages of owning a car文体：说明问题并阐明观点 字数：100字左右要点：利、弊各三点，自己的观点审清时态和人称，组织要点和语言 审题：时态：一般现在时主题：advantages and disadvantages of owning a car结构：三段式（利、弊、个人观点）要点： advantages：1）the most convenient form of transportation 2）comfortable 3）success in career disadvantages：1）takes up too much space 2）traffic accidents 3）pollute the environment opinion：the advantages are greater than the disadvantages美化语言，提高文章质量第一遍: 言之有物，切中题意。不漏要点写的作文：Advantages and disadvantages of owning a carThere are some advantages of owning a car. Cars provide people with the most convenient form of transportation. It is comfortable for people to travel in . Owning a car can show a persons success in his career. There are some disadvantages of owning a car. Cars take up too much space. A driver should be careful while driving, or traffic accidents are likely to happen. Cars give off poisonous gases which pollute the environment seriously. I think the advantages are greater than the disadvantages. Im sure the problems will be settled in the future.第二遍: 语言准确多样, 运用得体。增加表示顺序的过度用语（First, Second , Third和 On one hand, On the other hand , Whats more,）后的作文：Advantages and disadvantages of owning a carThere are some advantages of owning a car. First, cars provide people with the most convenient form of transportation. Second ,it is comfortable for people to travel in . Third, owning a car can show a persons success in his career. However,there are some disadvantages of owning a car. On one hand, cars take up too much space. On the other hand ,a driver should be careful while driving, or traffic accidents are likely to happen. Whats more, cars give off poisonous gases which pollute the environment seriously. I think the advantages are greater than the disadvantages. Im sure the problems will be settled in the future.第三遍: 逻辑清楚，体现整体性。增加作文第一段的主题句（With the development of modern society，more and more people can afford a car.）、第二段增加表示转折关系的过度用语（However,）、第三段增加表示让步关系的过度用语（Despite all the disadvantages,）和在I think之间增加加强语气的副词still后的作文：Advantages and disadvantages of owning a carWith the development of modern society，more and more people can afford a car. There are some advantages of owning a car. First, cars provide people with the most convenient form of transportation. Second ,it is comfortable for people to travel in . Third, owning a car can show a persons success in his career. However, there are some disadvantages of owning a car. On one hand, cars take up too much space. On the other hand ,a driver should be careful while driving, or traffic accidents are likely to happen. Whats more, cars give off poisonous gases which pollute the environment seriously. Despite all the disadvantages, I still think the advantages are greater than the disadvantages. Im sure the problems will be settled in the future.上面详细分解了如何写出一篇高水平的作文，从各个方面对我们的启发和帮助很大。上下文要连贯。上下文的连贯性也是评分的一条原则，因此同学们应把写好的句子，根据故事情节，事情发生的先后次序（时间或空间），使用一些表示并列、递进等过渡词进行加工整理，使文章连贯、自然、流畅。同学们应注意下面过渡的用法：1）表示并列关系的：and, as well as, or 2）表示转折关系的：but, yet, however 3）表示时间关系的：when, while, after, before, then, after that 4）表示因果关系的：so, therefore ,as a result 5）表示目的的：in order to, in order that , so as to, so that 6）表示列举的：for example , such as 7）表示总结性的：in general, in all, in a word, generally speaking为了强化记忆，下面再举例谈谈如何美化语言，提高文章的质量。又如：以Sams first time to a zoo为题目写的作文： 第一遍: 言之有物，切中题意。不漏要点写的作文： Sams first time to a zooI went to the zoo in Beijing with my class when I was ten. We traveled to Beijing by bus. I can remember seeing an elephant. We ate our lunch. We visited the snakes and crocodiles. We got on the bus and we drove home. 第二遍: 语言准确多样, 运用得体。增加时间状语（Early in the morning, for the first time. At middy, after that, At five oclock）后的作文：Sams first time to a zooI went to the zoo in Beijing with my class when I was ten. Early in the morning, we traveled to Beijing by bus. I can remember seeing an elephant for the first time. At middy, we ate our lunch in a park near the zoo. After that, we visited the snakes and crocodiles. At five oclock, we got on the bus and we drove home. 第三遍: 逻辑清楚，体现整体性。增加表达感情的句子(It was so exciting. We really had fun. It was amazing. I really had a good time and it was a nice thing to remember. )后的作文：Sams first time to a zooI went to the zoo in Beijing with my class when I was ten. Early in the morning, we traveled to Beijing by bus. I can remember seeing an elephant for the first time. It was so exc