经典考研英语阅读高难试题模板分析.pdf

1 经典 考研英语阅读考研英语阅读高难试题模板分析高难试题模板分析 modelmodelmodelmodel 1 1 1 1 历史学历史学 题目序号题目序号题型归类题型归类 第 1 题中心主旨题型 第 2 题细节推导题型 第 3 题段落间关系题型 第 4 题审题定位题型 第 5 题段落间关系与指代词题型 between the eighth and eleventh centuries a d the byzantine empire staged an almost unparalleled economic and cultural revival a recovery that is all the more striking because it followed a long period of severe internal decline by the early eighth century the empire had lost roughly two thirds of the territory it had possessed in the year 600 and its remaining area was being raided by arabs and bulgarians who at times threatened to take constantinople and extinguished the empire altogether the wealth of the state and its subjects was greatly diminished and artistic and literary production had virtually ceased by the early eleventh century however the empire had regained almost half of its lost possessions its new frontiers were secure and its influence extended far beyond its borders the economy had recovered the treasury was full and art and scholarship had advanced toconsiderthebyzantinemilitary cultural andeconomicadvancesas differentiated aspects of a single phenomenon is reasonable after all these three forms of progress have gone together in a number of states and civilizations rome under augustus and fifth century athens provide the most obvious examples in antiquity moreover an examination of the apparent sequential connections among military economic and cultural forms of progress might help explain the dynamics of historical change the common explanation of these apparent connections in the case of byzantium would run like this when the empire had turned back enemy raids on its own territory and had begun to raid and conquer enemy territory byzantine resources naturally expanded and more money became available to patronize art and literature therefore byzantine military achievements led to economic advances which in turn led to cultural revival 2 no doubt this hypothetical pattern did apply at times during the course of the recovery yet it is not clear that military advances invariably came first economic advances second and intellectual advances third in the 860 sthe byzantine empire began to recover from arab incursions so that by 872 the military balance with the abbasid caliphate had been permanently altered in the empire sfavor the beginning of the empire seconomic revival however can be placed between 810 and 830 finally the byzantine revival of learning appears to have begun even earlier a number of notable scholars and writers appeared by 788 and by the last decade of the eighth century a cultural revival was in full bloom a revival that lasted until the fall of constantinople in 1453 thus the commonly expected order of military revival followed by economic and then by cultural recovery was reversed in byzantium in fact the revival of byzantine learning may itself have influenced the subsequent economic and military expansion 1 which of the following best states the central idea of the text a the byzantine empire was a unique case in which the usual order of military and economic revival preceding cultural revival was reversed b the economic cultural and military revival in the byzantine empire between the eighth and eleventh centuries was similar in its order to the sequence of revival in augustan rome and fifth centuryathens c after 810 byzantine economic recovery spurred a military and later cultural expansion that lasted until 1453 d the revival of the byzantine empire between the eighth and eleventh centuries shows cultural rebirth preceding economic and military revival the reverse of the generally accepted sequence of progress 2 it can be inferred from the text that the byzantine empire sustained significant territorial losses a in 600 b during the seventh century c a century after the cultural achievements of the byzantine empire had been lost d soon after the revival of byzantine learning 3 in the third paragraph the author most probably provides an explanation of the apparent connections among economic military and cultural development in order to a suggest that the process of revival in byzantium accords with this model b set up an order of events that is then shown to be not generally applicable to 3 the case of byzantium c cast aspersions on traditional historical scholarship about byzantium d suggest that byzantium represents a case for which no historical precedent exists 4 which of the following does the author mention as crucial evidence concerning the manner in which the byzantine revival began a the byzantine military revival of the 860 sled to economic and cultural advances b the byzantine cultural revival lasted until 1453 c the byzantine economic recovery began in the 900 s d the revival of byzantine learning began toward the end of the eighth century 5 according to the author the common explanation line 1 paragraph 3 of connections between economic military and cultural development is a revolutionary and too new to have been applied to the history of the byzantine empire b reasonable but an antiquated theory of the nature of progress c not applicable to the byzantine revival as a whole but does perhaps accurately describe limited periods during the revival d equally applicable to the byzantine case as a whole and to the history of military economic and cultural advances in ancient greece and rome 答案与考点解析答案与考点解析 1 答案 d 考点解析 这是一道中心主旨题 本文的中心主旨句在尾段的倒数第二句 如果考生能够识别出本文的中心主旨句 就会迅速地推导出本题的正确答案 d 考生在解题时应首先寻找出全文的中心主旨句 2 答案 b 考点解析 这是一道细节推导题 从题干中的 territorial losses 可迅速确 定本题答案信息的来源在第一段的第二句 通过仔细阅读本句的内容并且进 行深入的推导就可得出本题的正确选项 b 考生在解题时应该善于依据原文的 内容进行深入地推导 3 答案 b 考点解析 本题是一道段落之间的关系题型 旨在考察学生的语言基本功 尤其是考察学生对段落之间相互关系理解和掌握的能力 这是一道比较难的 4 题 本文第三段主要向我们介绍一种 common explanation 通常的解释 根据一般的行文规律 介绍 common 通常的 是为了文章接下来阐述 不 通常的 内容做一个铺垫 也是为了进行鲜明的对照和对比 这是考生在解 答阅读题时需要掌握的一个规律 如果考生懂得这个规律并且把第三段和第 四联系起来加以阅读和理解就不难得出本文的正确选项 b 考生在解题时一定 要牢记平时所积累的解题技巧和方法 尤其是要注意一些规律性的解题技巧 和方法 4 答案 d 考点解析 这是一道审题定位题 根据题干中的 concerning the manner in which the byzantine revival began 可将本题的答案信息迅速确定在本文的尾 段 本题具体的答案信息在尾段的倒数第三句 因为尾段的倒数第二句是全 文的中心主旨句 所以支持全文中心主旨句的最主要证据本应在该句之前 由于本题的题干涉及 byzantine revival began 故本题的答案应该是强调 拜 占庭帝国文化复兴开始时间 的选项 d 考生在解题时一定要对段落的行文 发展和结构有所把握 这样才能迅速地审题定位 5 答案 c 考点解析 这是一道段落间关系与指代词题型 题干中的 common explanation 将我们带到了本文的第三段 但是本文提到 common explanation 的目的是要讲这种 common explanation 不能完全应用到拜占庭帝国的复兴 第四段的前三句是作者对这种 common explanation 的具体态度和观点 尾 段首句中的指代词 this 和 at times 对我们推导本题的正确选项 c 起了重 要的作用 考生在解题时一定要牢记原文作者的写作意图 要十分重视段落 之间的相互关系 参考译文参考译文 在 8 11 世纪之间 拜占庭帝国出现了一次无与伦比的经济和文化复兴 这 次复兴之所以引人注目是因为它出现在一次严重的内部衰落之后 8 世纪时 帝 国失去了它 600 年时所拥有领土的大约 2 3 仅存的部分也受到阿拉伯人和保加 利亚人的侵袭 这些国家经常威胁说要攻占首都君士坦丁堡 把拜占庭彻底消灭 掉 帝国的财富和臣民大幅减少 文学艺术也实际上陷于停顿 不过 到了 11 世纪初期 帝国重新收回了沦陷领土的几乎一半 新的边界是安定的 其影响远 及疆土之外 经济也恢复了 国库充实 文学艺术也向前发展 把拜占庭军事 文艺以及经济上的复兴理解为同一现象的不同表现是合理的 毕竟 这三者在相当多的同家中是一同出现的 奥古斯都统治下的罗马和公元前 五世纪的雅典就是古代社会最好的例证 而且 对三者之间次第出现的联系做一 番考察也有助于解释历史变化的原因 5 通常 对于拜占庭帝国中三者复兴的联系会这样解释 当帝国已击退敌人的 进攻并反攻到敌国疆土之时 拜占庭的财富自然就会增长 从而有更多的金钱可 用来投资于文化艺术事业 因此 帝国军事成就促进经济昌盛 后者又引起了文 化繁荣 毫无疑问 这种假设能够解释复兴中的一些现象 但是我们不能明确地认为 军事成就一定最先出现 经济其次 文化最后 事实上 860 年左右拜占庭帝国 开始收复阿拉伯人占领的失地 直到 872 年 和哈里发阿拉伯国家的军事对比才 有利于帝国 而经济的复兴在 810 830 年间就已开始 文化的复兴更早 早在 788 年 一批有名的学者 作家就出现了 8 世纪最后十年 文化复兴已达极盛 并一直延续到 1453 年君士坦丁堡的陷落 因此 通常所认为的军事 经济 文 化复兴三者次第出现的顺序在拜占庭是完全颠倒的 实际上 拜占庭文化的复兴 可能反而影响了后来的经济 军事进步 modelmodelmodelmodel 2 2 2 2 生物学类生物学类 题目序号题目序号题型归类题型归类 第 1 题细节推导题型 第 2 题写作手法题型 第 3 题审题定位与中心主旨题型 第 4 题词汇题型 第 5 题审题定位题型 flatfish such as the flounder are among the few vertebrates that lack approximate bilateral symmetry symmetry in which structures to the left and right of the body s midline are mirror images most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement before maturity one eye migrates so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head while in most species with asymmetries virtually all adults share the same asymmetry members of the starry flounder species can be either left eyed both eyes on the left side of head or right eyed in the waters between the united states and japan the starry flounder populations vary from about 50 percent left eyed off the united states west coast through about 70 percent left eyed halfway between the united states and japan to nearly 100 percent left eyed off the japanese coast biologists call this kind of gradual variation over a certain geographic range a cline and interpret clines as strong indications that the variation is adaptive a response to environmental differences for the starry flounder this interpretation 6 implies that a geometric difference between fish that are mirror images of one another is adaptive that left eyedness in the japanese starry flounder has been selected for which provokes a perplexing question what is the selective advantage in having both eyes on one side rather than on the other the ease with which a fish can reverse the effect of the sidedness of its eye asymmetry simply by turning around has caused biologists to study internal anatomy especially the optic nerves for the answer in all flatfish the optic nerves cross so that the right optic nerve is joined to the brain sleft side and vice versa this crossing introduces an asymmetry as one optic nerve must cross above or below the other g h parker reasoned that if for example a flatfish sleft eye migrated when the right optic nerve was on top there would be a twisting of nerves which might be mechanically disadvantageous for starry flounders then the left eyed variety would be selected against since in a starry flounder the left optic nerve is uppermost the problem with the above explanation is that the japanese starry flounder population is almost exclusively left eyed and natural selection never promotes a purely less advantageous variation asother explanations proved equally untenable biologistsconcludedthatthereisnoimportantadaptivedifferencebetween left eyedness and right eyedness and that the two characteristics are genetically associated with some other adaptively significant characteristic this situation is one commonly encountered by evolutionary biologists who must often decide whether a characteristic is adaptive or selectively neutral asfor the left eyed and right eyed flatfish their difference however striking appears to be an evolutionary red herring 1 according to the text starry flounder differ form most other species of flatfish in that starry flounder a are not basically bilaterally symmetric b do not become asymmetric until adulthood c do not all share the same asymmetry d have both eyes on the same side of the head 2 which of the following best describes the organization of the text as a whole a a phenomenon is described and an interpretation presented and rejected b ageneralization is made and supporting evidence is supplied and weighed c acontradiction is noted and a resolution is suggested and then modified d a series of observations is presented and explained in terms of the dominant theory 3 the text supplies information for answering which of the following questions a why are japanese starry flounder mostly left eyed 7 b why should the eye sidedness in starry flounder be considered selectively neutral c why have biologists recently become interested in whether a characteristic is adaptive or selectively neutral d how do the eyes in flatfish migrate 4 which of the following is most clearly similar to a cline as it is described in the second paragraph of the text a a vegetable market in which the various items are grouped according to place of origin b awheat field in which different varieties of wheat are planted to yield a crop that will bring the maximum profit c aflower stall in which the various species of flowers are arranged according to their price d a housing development in which the length of the front struts supporting the porch of each house increases as houses are built up the hill 5 which of the following phrases from the text best expresses the author s conclusion about the meaning of the difference between left eyed and right eyed flatfish a most striking line 3 paragraph 1 b variation is adaptive line 2 paragraph 2 c mechanically disadvantageous line 7 paragraph 3 d evolutionary red herring line 9 paragraph 4 答案与考点解析答案与考点解析 1 答案 c 考点解析 这是一道细节推导题 根据本题题干中的 most other species 可以把本题的答案信息来源确定在第一段的第三句 从第三句的主从句中可 以归纳推导出本题的正确答案 c 本句中的 while 一词的含义是 虽然 尽管 用来表达事物之间的对照对比 考生在解题时一定要首先学会审题定 位的基本功 2 答案 a 考点解析 这是一道文章具体写作手法题 这是一道比较难的题型 需要 考生对文章的叙述结构有深刻的理解 本文第一段介绍了一种现象 第二段 和第三段是生物学家对这种现象的解释 第四段是本文作者对生物学家的解 释提出否定 可见本题的正确选项是 a 考生在解题时一定要注意文章的发 8 展脉络 3 答案 b 考点解析 本题是一道审题定位题型 本题的题干没有具体给出寻找答案 信息的任何线索 在这种情况下考生一定要牢记原文作者的主要意图 具体 来说 本文作者的主要意图是要否定一些生物学家对某种生物现象的解释 相关的内容出现在原文第四段的首句 如果考生能够认识到原文第四段首句 在全文中的重要性 就找到了破解本题的方法 再把第三段的尾句和第四段 的第二 三句通读并且仔细理解就会找出本题的正确答案 b 当然这是一道比 较难的题目 需要考生良好的答题素质 希望考生在迷失答题思路的时候 一定要多想一想从原文的中心主旨句和每段的段首句设法破解难题 4 答案 d 考点解析 这是一道词汇理解题 根据原文中的 cline 一词可迅速把本题 的答案信息确定在第二段第一句 第二段第一句中的 gradual geographic adaptive 和 environmental differences 等词提供了本题的正确答案 d 考 生在阅读原文回答问题时 一定要学会识读原文中的相关重要词语 5 答案 d 考点解析 这是一道审题定位题 根据题干中的 the author sconclusion 可将本题的答案信息迅速确定在尾段 确切地说就是尾段的最后一句 考生 一定要清楚原文作者的结论一般会出现在全文的尾段 本题的正确答案应该 是涉及到尾段的选项 d 参考译文参考译文 鲆鱼 例如比目鱼 是少数左右两侧不太对称的脊椎动物之一 左右两侧对 称指的是身体中线左右两边的结构为镜象反射 在成年的比目鱼所具有的众多 明显的不对称现象中 最令人震惊的是它的眼睛的位置 在成熟以前 一只眼睛 会移动 结果是成年比目鱼的两只眼睛都移动到头部的同一侧 在大多数非对称 的物种中 成年个体的非对称性看起来都是相同的 但星形比目鱼种的成员则既 可以是眼在左侧的 两只眼都在头部的左侧 也可以是眼在右侧的 在美国和 日本之间的水域中 星形比目鱼的群体组成不断变化 在美国西海岸附近 50 是眼在左侧的 在美国和日本之间的中间位置 70 是眼在左侧的 而到了靠近 日本海岸的地方 则几乎百分之百都是眼在左侧的了 生物学家将这种在特定地理区域范围内的逐渐变化称为 渐变群 并针对渐 变群解释说 它强烈地表明这种变化是适应性的 是对环境差异所作出的反应 对于星形比目鱼来说 这种说法暗示形状上的差异 同左右两侧对称的鱼相比 是适应性的 日本的星形比目鱼之所以眼在左侧 是选择的结果 但这又引起了 9 一个令人困惑的问题 两只眼睛都在一侧比两只眼睛分在两侧具有什么选择性的 优势呢 鱼只要简单地转个身 就可以使它的眼睛在一侧的不对称性所带来的影响逆 转 这是非常容易的 所以生物学家只好去研究内部解剖学 特别是研究视觉神 经 以寻求答案 在所有的比目鱼中 视觉神经都是交叉的 右边的视觉神经连 接到大脑的左半部 左边的视觉神经连接到大脑的右半部 这种交叉会引起不对 称性 因为一条视觉神经必须会在另一条视觉神经的上面 要不就在下面 g h 帕克对此解释说 举例来说 如果一条比目鱼的右视觉神经在上面而左眼发生了 移动 那么两条视觉神经就会扭曲纠缠在一起 这在结构上可能是不利的 于是 对于星形比目鱼来说 就不应该选择眼在左侧 因为在星形比目鱼中 左侧的视 觉神经是在上面的 上面这种解释的问题是日本的星形比目鱼种群几乎全是眼在左侧的 而大自 然的选择则从不推动完全没有有利条件的种属发展 由于其它的解释被证明同样 也是站不住脚的 所以生物学家得出了结论 认为眼是在左侧还是在右侧并没有 什么重要的适应性差异 这两种特征在遗传上与别的一些有意义的适应性特征相 关 研究进化的生物学家经常会遇到这样的情况 他们经常必须判断一个特征究 竟是适应性的 还是在选择上中性的 对于眼在左侧的比目鱼和眼在右侧的比目 鱼来说 它们的差异虽然很惊人 但这似乎是进化过程中的一个分散人们注意力 的不相干的现象 modelmodelmodelmodel 3 3 3 3 历史学历史学 题目序号题目序号题型归类题型归类 第 1 题标点符号题型 第 2 题细节推导题型 第 3 题归纳推导题型 第 4 题审题定位题型 第 5 题反推题型 students of united states history seeking to identify the circumstances that encouraged the emergence of feminist movements have thoroughly investigated the mid nineteenth century american economic and social condition that affected the status of women these historians however have analyzed less fully the development of specifically feminist ideas and activities during the same period furthermore the ideological origins of feminism in the united state have been obscured because even when historians did take into account those feminist ideas and activities occurring 10 within the united states they failed to recognize that feminism was then a truly international movement actually centered in europe american feminist activists who have been described as solitary and individual theorists were in reality connected to a movement utopian socialism which was already popularizing feminist ideas in europe during the two decades that culminated in the first women srights conference held at seneca falls new york in 1848 thus a complete understanding of the origins and development of nineteenth century feminism in the united states requires that the geographical focus be widened to include europe and that the detailed study already made of social conditions be expanded to include the ideological development of feminism the earliest and most popular of the utopian socialists were the saint simonians the specifically feminist part of saint simonianism has however been less studied than the group scontribution to early socialism this is regrettable on two counts by 1832 feminism was the central concern of saint simonianism and entirely absorbed its adherents energy hence by ignoring its feminism european historians have misunderstood saint simonianism moreover since many feminist ideas can be traced to saint simonianism european historians appreciation of later feminism in france and the united states remained limited saint simon sfollowers many of whom were women based their feminism on an interpretation of his project to reorganize the globe by replacing brute force with the rule of spiritual powers the new world order would be ruled together by a male to represent reflection and a female to represent sentiment this complementarity reflects the fact that while the saint simonians did not reject the belief that there were innate differences between men and women they nevertheless foresaw an equally important social and political role for both sexes in their utopia only a few saint simonians opposed a definition of sexual equality based on gender distinction this minority believe that individuals of both sexes were born similar in capacity and character and they ascribed male female differences to socialization and education the envisioned result of both currents of thought however was that women would enter public life in the new age and that sexual equality would reward men as well as women with an improved way of life 1 it can be inferred that the author consider those historians who describe early feminists in the united states as solitary to be a insufficiently familiar with the international origins of nineteenth century american feminist thought b overly concerned with the regional diversity of feminist ideas in the period before 1848 c not focused narrowly enough in their geographical scope 11 d insufficiently aware of the ideological consequences of the seneca falls conference 2 theauthor sattitudetowardeuropeanhistorianswhohavestudiedthe saint simonians is primarily one of a approval of the specific focus of their research b disapproval of their lack of attention to the issue that absorbed most of the saint simonians energy after 1832 c approval of their general focus on social conditions d disappro