高考英语大二轮 （直击考点+把脉高考+突破难点）阅读理解 第5讲 “藏而不露”的推理判断题专题复习课件（含调研、真题）.ppt

第五讲 藏而不露 的推理判断题 推理判断题是阅读理解题中难度较大的一类题 它包括判断和推理的过程 解答推理判断题要以文字信息为依据 既不能作出在原文中找不到依据的推理 也不能根据表面文字信息进行多步推理 考生解题时通常需要透过文字的表层意思 在全文的背景下理解文章的深层含义 2013 湖北卷 agermanstudysuggeststhatpeoplewhoweretoooptimisticabouttheirfutureactuallyfacedgreaterriskofdisabilityordeathwithin10yearsthanthosepessimistswhoexpectedtheirfuturetobeworse thepaper publishedthismarchinpsychologyandaging examinedhealthandwelfaresurveysfromroughly40 000germansbetweenages18and96 thesurveyswereconductedeveryyearfrom1993to2003 surveyrespondents 受访者 wereaskedtoestimatetheirpresentandfuturelifesatisfactiononascaleof0to10 amongotherquestions theresearchersfoundthatyoungadults age18to39 routinelyoverestimatedtheirfuturelifesatisfaction whilemiddle agedadults age40to64 moreaccuratelypredictedhowtheywouldfeelinthefuture adultsof65andolder however werefarmorelikelytounderestimatetheirfuturelifesatisfaction notonlydidtheyfeelmoresatisfiedthantheythoughttheywould theolderpessimistsseemedtosufferalowerratio 比率 ofdisabilityanddeathforthestudyperiod weobservedthatbeingtoooptimisticinpredictingabetterfuturethanactuallyobservedwasassociatedwithagreaterriskofdisabilityandagreaterriskofdeathwithinthefollowingdecade wrotefriederr lang aprofessorattheuniversityoferlangen nuremberg langandhiscolleaguesbelievedthatpeoplewhowerepessimisticabouttheirfuturemaybemorecarefulabouttheiractionsthanpeoplewhoexpectedarosyfuture seeingadarkfuturemayencouragepositiveevaluationsoftheactualselfandmaycontributetotakingimprovedprecautions 预防措施 theauthorswrote surprisingly comparedwiththoseinpoorhealthorwhohadlowincomes respondentswhoenjoyedgoodhealthorincomewereassociatedwithexpectingagreaterdecline also theresearcherssaidthathigherincomewasrelatedtoagreaterriskofdisability theauthorsofthestudynotedthattherewerelimitationstotheirconclusions illness medicaltreatmentandpersonallosscouldalsohavedrivenhealthoutcomes however theresearcherssaidapatternwasclear wefoundthatfromearlytolateadulthood individualsadapttheirexpectationsoffuturelifesatisfactionfromoptimistic toaccurate topessimistic theauthorsconcluded 语篇解读德国的一项研究表明 与悲观者相比 对自己的未来过于乐观的人在未来10年更容易出现残疾或死亡 该研究还发现 年轻人组对自己未来生活的满意度的期望过高 中年人预测相对准确 而老年人往往低估自己未来生活的满意度 1 accordingtothestudy whomadethemostaccuratepredictionoftheirfuturelifesatisfaction a optimisticadults b middle agedadults c adultsinpoorhealth d adultsoflowerincome 解析 细节理解题 第四段说 18 39岁的年轻人组高估自己对未来生活的满意度 65岁及以上年龄组往往低估 而40 64岁的中年人组对自己未来生活的满意度估计更准确一些 答案 b 2 pessimismmaybepositiveinsomewaybecauseitcausespeople a tofullyenjoytheirpresentlifeb toestimatetheircontributionaccuratelyc totakemeasuresagainstpotentialrisksd tovaluehealthmorehighlythanwealth解析 推理判断题 第六段说 lang和他的同事认为 对自己未来悲观的人比乐天派对自己的日常行为更小心 第七段说 这样的人可能会采取预防措施 应对潜在的危险 因此选c项 答案 c 3 howdopeopleofhigherincomeseetheirfuture a theywillearnlessmoney b theywillbecomepessimistic c theywillsuffermentalillness d theywillhavelesstimetoenjoylife 解析 推理判断题 第八段说 与身体不好 收入不高的人相比 身体好或者收入高的受访者往往预料自己这两方面 好身体或高收入 将来会下降得更厉害 研究者说高收入往往与身体出现残疾的风险相联系 因此选a项 b项说他们将来会很悲观 而文章讲的是他们现在对将来的估计 c项说他们将来会出现精神疾病 而本段说的是这样的人群对将来的预计 觉得自己将来的身体和收入状况都会下降 因此b c不对 答案 a 4 whatistheclearconclusionofthestudy a pessimismguaranteeschancesofsurvival b goodfinancialconditionleadstogoodhealth c medicaltreatmentdetermineshealthoutcomes d expectationsoffuturelifesatisfactiondeclinewithage 解析 推理判断题 文章前几段提到不同年龄组对自己未来生活满意度的估计 从叙述看 年轻人太乐观 中年人较实际 老年人更悲观 看来对未来生活满意度的期望是随着年龄而递减的 最后一段也有明确的提示 因此选d项 答案 d 1 细节性推理判断题不同于一般的细节理解题 它要求考生要根据文章的内容去推断言外之意 而细节理解题只需要在原文中去寻找恰当的内容 因此此类命题往往是以文章要体现的观点 作者对某一事件的认识为命题点 往往会出现在文章本身或某个段落的开头 结尾的要点归纳的地方 例如 真题示例第4题为推理判断题 由第四段可知 年轻人对未来太乐观 中年人较实际 老年人太悲观 故推断出对未来生活的满意度是随着年龄递减的 故d项正确 2 综合性推理判断题通常围绕文章的若干个段落或整个文章提出 如果单纯只看文章中的某一个句子或段落都很难得出全面而准确的答案 因此要综合考虑 在所给的选项中 有的是阅读材料中的细节 并非推理 而有的推理 虽然在文章中可以找到依据 但只是从某个细节或段落得出的内容 而不能概括整篇的内容要求 因此解答这类题目时一定要把所有的信息都综合起来考虑 与整篇文章相吻合 而不只是与一个点相吻合 test1 2013 湖北省襄阳市普通高中调研统一测试 cryingbabies buzzingmosquitoes ringingcaralarms they reallannoyingnoises butwhat stheworst arecentsurveyliststhethingswehatetohear however numberoneonthelistwasthesoundofadentist sdrill that sound sends shivers down my spine saidonerespondent afteravisittothedentist isometimeswakeupatnightwiththatsoundinmyhead it shorrible saidanother i veseenpatientsshakingwithfearwhenibringoutthedrill explainedadentist ofcourse anyonewho sactuallybeentothedentistandheardthesoundwillprobablyagreewiththat butthere ssomegoodnews anewdevicedevelopedbyexpertsatking scollegelondon bruneluniversityandlondonsouthbankuniversitycancanceloutthesoundofthefrighteningdrill thetinymachineallowspatientstolistentomusiconanmp3playerwhilethesoundofthedrilliseliminated however patientsarestillabletohearthedentist svoicebecausenotallsoundsarefilteredout 滤除 thetheorybehinditisfairlystraightforward microphonesareplacedclosetothedentaldrill theypickupanysoundsandtransformthemintodigitalsignals then electronicfilterscanceloutanyunwantedsoundwaves thiscanbedoneevenifthewave samplitude 振幅 andfrequencychange however thegreatthingisthatthistechnologyalsoallowsothersounds suchasthedentist svoicetocomethrough it seasytouse too patientssimplyplugthesound filteringmachineintotheirmp3players then viaheadphones theycanlistentomusicandhearthedentist svoicewithoutbeingdisturbedbythenoiseofthedrill fantastic so nexttimeyougotothedentist remembertobringyourmp3player 语篇解读一项调查表明 最烦人的噪音是牙医手中钻头的声音 这让人不寒而栗 然而 最近的一项发明能将这种噪音选择性地滤除 这必将受到牙科病人的喜爱 1 whatisthepurposeofthetext a toannouncearecentsurvey b tointroduceanewproduct c tolistsomeannoyingnoises d toremindpatientstobringtheirmp3player 解析 写作意图题 本文主要介绍了一项新发明 该发明可以将钻头钻牙齿的声音选择性地滤除 以此来消除病人对钻头的恐惧 因此选b 答案 b 2 whatdoestheunderlinedpartinparagraph2mostprobablymean a itmakesmesurprised b itmakesmedelightful c itmakesmewideawaked itmakesmescared 解析 句意猜测题 根据画线部分前面的 被列为头号的噪音是牙医的钻头声 以及画线部分后面的 有时半夜醒来脑子里还有那钻头的声音 它太可怕了 可知 画线部分的含义是 让我感到害怕 答案 d 3 whattechnologyisthetinymachinebasedon a itcangetridofallsounds b itcantransformsoundwavesintodigitalsignals c itcanfilteroutunwantedsounds d itcanchangethesoundwave samplitudeandfrequency 解析 细节理解题 根据第四段的内容可知 在牙医的钻头附近安置麦克风可以把各种声音都转化成数字信号 然后电子过滤器把不需要的声波去掉 然而 重要的是该技术能让其他的比如牙医的声音被病人听见 因此选c 答案 c 4 whichofthefollowingcanbestdescribethetinymachine a heavyanduseless b simpleandpractical c clearbutfrightening d fantasticbutnoisy 解析 推理判断题 从文章对这项发明的描述看 b项 操作简单 实用 符合文意 答案 b test2 2013 湖北省八校高三第二次联考 forbessetouttodeterminewhichmaster sdegreeswouldprovidethebestlong termopportunities basedonthesalaryandemploymentoutlook tofindthemid careeraveragepayforthe35populardegrees weturnedtop whichletsuserscomparetheirsalarieswiththoseofotherpeopleinsimilarjobsbygatheringreal timesalarydatafromits35millionprofiles wethenlookedatthebureauoflaborstatistics employmentestimatedatatoseehowfastemploymentwasexpectedtoincreasebetween2010and2020inpopularjobsheldbypeoplewitheachdegree finallyweaveragedeachdegree spayrankandestimatedgrowthranktofindthebestandworstmaster sdegreesforjobs physicianassistantdegreeisatthetopoftheforbes third annuallookatthebestmaster sdegreesforjobs physicianassistantsaremedicalprofessionalswhoprovidediagnosticandpreventativehealthcareservicesundertheguidanceofdoctors bothanagingpopulationandhealthcarereformarecontributingtoahigherdemandforhealthcareservices sayskatiebardaro payscale sleadeconomist theydon tearnasmuchasdoctors buttheirmid careeraveragepayis 97 000 anotheradvantageofaphysicianassistantdegree employmentopportunitiesareexpectedtogrow30 by2020 fromthe2010employmentnumbers accordingtothebureauoflaborstatistics byourcount computersciencefollowsclosebehindastheno 2bestadvanceddegreeforjobs mid careeraveragepayforthesegradsis 109 000 sixthbestoutofthe35degreesinoursurvey employmentopportunitiesforcomputersciencedegreeholdersareexpectedtoexpandabout22 between2010and2020 electricalengineering physicsandeconomicsdegreesalsomakethetop10 allwithanaveragemid careersalaryofmorethan 110 000ayear notallmaster sdegreeholdersenjoyanywherenearsuchoptimisticjobprospects 前景 orextraordinarypay biology chemistryandhistorydegreesaretowardthebottomofthelist butthatdoesn tmeanthey reuseless ifyou reenthusiasticaboutthesefields thelowerpayandslimmerjobprospectsshouldn tpreventyoufrompursuingamaster sdegree beforeyoumakeadecision youshouldbearonethinginmind master sdegreeholdersdon tnecessarilyearnmorethanotherpeopleinsimilarjobs sodon tbaseyourdecisiontopursueoneontheideathatyou llbringinbiggerpaychecks it salsoimportanttothinkaboutwork lifebalanceandemployeesatisfactionforthecommonjobsassociatedwiththesedegrees youneedtoconsideroverallhappiness bardarosays ifobtainingamaster sdegreecausesanimbalanceduetotimedevotedtoeducationandpotentiallymorestressatwork thenonewillneedtodecideifthesecostsareworthit 语篇解读为了弄清楚哪些硕士学位能提供最好的长期的机会 福布斯从薪水和就业前景两个方面对获得硕士学位的人作了一个调查 调查表明 医师助理最热门 其次是计算机行业 而生物 化学和历史学位垫底 5 forbesturnedtopto a letuserscomparetheirsalarieswiththoseofotherpeopleindifferentjobsb seehowfastemploymentwasexpectedtoincreasebetween2010and2020c sumupthepayofthosegraduateswiththe35populardegreesindifferentfieldsd figureoutthemid careeraveragepayinpopularjobsheldbypeoplewithdifferentdegrees 解析 细节理解题 第一段说 福布斯借助这个网站是为了找到35个热门硕士学位的职业中期的平均薪酬数据 以比较出就业最好和最差的硕士学位 因此选d 答案 d 6 physicianassistantdegreeranksfirstonthelistbecause a physicianassistantsaremedicalprofessionalsb physicianassistantsenjoythehighestpaycomparedwithothergradsc thequalificationsofphysicianassistantsarenotsecondtothoseofdoctorsd thedemandofphysicianassistantsisexpectedtoexpandlargelyandtheyarewellpaid 解析 细节理解题 第三 四段在分析其原因时说 人口老龄化和医疗改革都使人们对医疗保健的需求增加 医师助理的薪水不如医生高 但职业中期的平均薪酬能达到97000美元 由此可判断这一行业的薪水较高 且人们对这一职业的需求在上升 因此选d 答案 d 7 whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage a 100 000isasatisfyingpayformostofthegrads b itisthefirsttimethatforbeshasdoneasurveyofthiskind c biologydegreeswereoncehotforthosemaster sdegreepursuers d doctorsearnmorethanthoseinelectricalengineeringonaverage 解析 推理判断题 第五段最后说排名前十位的平均薪水是一年十一万美元 因此a项 对大多数毕业生来说 年薪十万美元是一个令人满意的薪水标准 正确 答案 a 8 accordingtowhatbardarosaidinthelastparagraph wemayconcludethat a obtainingamaster sdegreeisamustb amaster sdegreeisnotalwaysworthpursuingc obtainingamaster sdegreeleadstoanimbalancebetweenworkandlifed thosewithmaster sdegreesareboundtoearnmorethanotherpeopleinsimilarjobs 解析 推理判断题 在最后一段中bardaro说 你要综合考虑幸福的内涵 如果为了获得硕士学位而引起对教育投入时间的不平衡和更大的工作压力 那么就需要判断一下这样的代价是否值得 故b项正确 答案 b test3 2013 湖北省八校高三第二次联考 hewrotethatthe humanmindiscapableofexcitementwithouttheapplicationofgross 粗俗的 andviolentstimulants 刺激物 anditappearsthatsimplyreadingthosewordsbywilliamwordsworthcanprovehispoint researchersattheuniversityofliverpoolfoundtheworksofshakespeareandwordsworthandthelikehadabeneficialeffectonthemind liftingthereaders spiritsbycatchingtheirattentionandleadingtomomentsofself reflection usingequipment theyexaminedthebrainactivityofvolunteersastheyreadpiecesofclassicalenglishliteraturebothintheiroriginalformandinamoresimplified moderntranslation and accordingtothesundaytelegraph theexperimentshowedthemore challenging workssetofffarmoreelectricalactivityinthebrainthantheordinaryversions theresearchalsofoundpoetry inparticular increasedactivityintherighthemisphereofthebrain anareaconcernedwith autobiographicalmemory whichhelpedthereadertoreflectonandreevaluatetheirownexperiencesinlightofwhattheyhadread theacademicssaidthismeanttheclassicsweremoreusefulthanself helpbooks thebrainresponsesof30volunteersweremonitoredinthefirstpartoftheresearchastheyreadshakespeareinitsoriginaland modern form inoneexample volunteersreadalinefromkinglear afatherandagracious 仁慈的 agedman himhaveyoumadded beforereadingthesimpler afatherandagraciousagedman himyouhaveenraged 使暴怒 shakespeare suseoftheadjective mad asaverbcausedahigherlevelofbrainactivitythanthestraightforwardtranslation readingclassicsisnotjustamatterofstyle itisamatterofdeepversionsofexperiencethatpromotesthecognitive 认知的 ability saidprof davis whowillpresentthefindingsatthenorthofenglandeducationconferenceinsh