小学英语基本语法.doc

小学英语基本语法第一讲 名词知识要点一、名词的数在英语中，名词按其所表示的事物的性质可分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。单数名词表示一个可数事物。复数名词表示两个或两个以上的可数事物。可数名词可分为单数和复数两种形式：表示一个人或事物的名词用单数形式，在使用时，前面一般加不定冠词a或an，表示两个或两个以上的人或事物的名词用复数形式,一般是在词干后附加词尾s 或es,如：bags ,boxes.名词单数变复数具体规则如下：1).规则变化一般在名词后加s.如boyboys, penpens等。以s, x, sh, ch结尾的，在后面加es.如classclasses,但stomach的复数为stomachs. “以辅音字母+y”结尾的，y变为i，然后再加es.如babybabies. 以f或fe结尾的名词把f或fe改为v, 再加es. 如knife, half, leaf, wolf等。以o结尾的名词，除tomato, potato等少数在后面加es外，一般是在后面直接加s.如kilokilos, photophotos, zoozoos, radioradios, pianopianos, videovideos.2).不规则变化 manmen, womanwomen, footfeet, toothteeth,，child-children，mousemice 单复数形式相同如：sheepsheep, deerdeer, JapaneseJapanese, ChineseChinese等。 有些名词形式上是单数，实为复数意义，通常被称为复数名词，如：people, police等。 由-man和-woman构成的合成词如：policemanpolicemen, EnglishmanEnglishmen，Englishwoman-Englishwomen但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans.另外被man 或woman 修饰的名词变复数时，两个名词都要变。例：a man doctor two men doctors a woman teachersome women teachers 但: apple treeapple trees 有些名词只有复数形式，如：clothes, trousers, glasses, chopsticks等。 数词+名词作定语时， 常采用数词+单数名词形式，如a two-week holiday,an 8-year old girl.另一种常见的形式有five minutes walk, two days leave等。 3）不可数名词没有单复数形式，要表示不可数名词的数量，可用以下两种方法。用much, a little, a lot of /lots of some, any等修饰不可数名词。如： The rich man has a lot of money.可用表单位的词修饰不可数名词， 如：a piece of paper, two pieces of paper, a bottle of orange, a glass of milk, three bags of rice。二、名词的格1）表示有生命的东西（人或动物）的名词所有格一般在名词后加s .如：my fathers study以s或es结尾的复数名词的所有格只在名词后加 如： the teachers reading room 教师阅览室;不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格要加s.如：the womens shoes 女式鞋子。如果一样东西为两人共有，则只在后一个名词的后面加s。如果不是共有的，则两个名词之后都要加s .如：Jane and Helens room 珍妮和海伦的房间(共有)Bills and Toms radios 比尔的收音机和汤姆的收音机（不共有）2）表示无生命的东西，一般用 of+名词的结构。如：a map of China练习：I.写出下列名词的复数形式。 1.watch _ 11.strawberry _2.child _ 12.thief _3. photo _ 13.girl student_4.diary _ 14.man doctor_5.day_ 15.woman nurse_6.foot_ 16.pear tree_ 7.book_ 17. peach_8.dress _ 18. box_ 9.tooth_ 19. baby_10. deer_ 20. German_II. 翻译下列词组。 1.一些桃子 _ 10.我的自行车_2.五袋大米_ 11.教师节 _ 3.八只脚 _ 12.三八妇女节_4.二十颗牙齿_ 13. 二张纸 _ 5.三瓶果汁 _ 14.四个男医生_6.四十个女警察_ 15.七颗梨树 _ 7.十二把小刀_ 16.一副世界地图_8.九个德国人_ 17.Helen的朋友 9.许多孩子 _ 18.双胞胎的妈妈_III. 按要求改写下列句子。 1. There is an orange tree in the garden.（改为复数句） _2. She is a good teacher. （改为复数句） _3. I have some interesting story books. （改为单数句）_ 4. There are some women teachers over there. （改为单数句） _5. -What is it? Its a box. （改为复数句） _ IV. 单项选择。( )1.Mr Smith is _father. They are twin sisters. A. Mary s and Johns B. Marys and John C. Mary and Johns( )2.She needs _.A. a glass water B. two glasses of water C. two glasses of waters( )3.There are five_ in our school.A. woman teacher B woman teachers C. women teachers( )4.There are many _ in the fridge.A. food B.bread C. vegetables( )5.Im thirsty. I think Ill buy some_.A. water B. eggs C. cakes( ) 6.John bought _ for himself yesterday.A. two pairs of shoes B. two pair of shoe C. two pair of shoes D. two pairs shoe( )7. -What would you like to have for lunch, sir? -Id like_. !A. chicken B. a chicken C. chickens D. the chicken( )8. There are five _in our factory.A. woman driver B, women driver C. woman drivers D. women drivers ( )9. The post office is a bit far from here. Its about_.A. thirty minutess walk B. thirty minutes walk C. thirty minutes walk D. thirty minutes walk ( ) 10. _ turn yellow in autumn. A. LeafB. LeavesC. LeaveD. Leafs( ) 11. Will you please show me the way to the _ shop?A. shoeB. shoesC. shoesD. shoes( )12. _ hard work it is!A. What aB. HowC. WhatD. How a( )13. His family _ a happy one.A. beB. areC. isD. was( ) 14. I met two _ in the street yesterday morning.A. GermanB. AustralianC. AmericanD. Japanese( ) 15. My grandparents like _ very much, so they grow some in their _ garden every year.A. vegetable, vegetable B. vegetable, vegetables B. C. vegetables, vegetablesD. vegetables, vegetableV.用所给单词的正确形式填空。 1. How many_(sheep) are there on the hill? 2. There is some_(food) in the basket. 3. The baby has only two_(tooth) now. 4. There is a lot of_(water) in the bottle. 5. There are five_(people ) in his family. 6. Lets take_(photo), OK? 7. I have lots of_(tomato) here. 8. The_(leaf) on the tree turn yellow. 9. Their_(dictionary) look new. 11. There are many_(fox) in the picture. 12.Different people may have different _(idea).13.Would you like some _(tomato)?14. Jim has some _(knife).15. The girl under the tree is a friend of _(Lucy). 第二讲 代词知识要点代词是用来代替人、事物等名词的词。（1）人称代词1.人称代词有人称、数和格之分，在句子中作主语用主格，作宾语或表语用宾格。2.在比较句型中的连词后，可以用主格也可用宾格。3.句子中同时有几个人称代词出现时，一般按第二人称、第三人称、第一人称的顺序。（2）物主代词1.形容词性物主代词y与名词性物主代词关系为：名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词。2.双重所有格：名词+of +名称性物主代词. Ann is a friend of my mothers.3.名词性物主代词用在比较句型中表示与前文中的比较对象相呼应。My father is older than yours.(yours 指的是your father)我我们你你们他她它他们主格I we you you he she it they 宾格me us you you him her it them 形容词性物主代词my our your your his her its their名词性物主代词mineoursyoursyourshishersitstheirs 反身代词myselfourselvesyourselfyourselveshimselfherselfitselfthemselves（3）指示代词：指近处：thisthese 指远处：thatthose（4）反身代词：在英语中用来表示“我自己”，、“你自己”、“他自己”、“我们自己”、你们自己“等意义的代词称为反身代词。反身代词常用的固定短语有by myself, enjoy oneself, help oneself to,等(5) 疑问代词：疑问代词是用来构成特殊疑问句的，疑问代词一般位于句子开头。常用的有who, whom, whose, which, what等.练习：I 用相应的人称代词替换下列单词或词组 1.Lucy_ 6.Mikes father and mother_ 2.Mr White_ 7.you and Sue _ 3.the man _ 8. the desk _ 4.Mary and I_ 9. Mrs Green _ 5. Ed and Jim _ 10. many sheep _II. 用适当的人称代词填空。 1.Thats Toms book. Please give _ to _. 2.Theyre new students here. Would you please look after _? 3.His sister is a nurse in the hospital. Do you know_? 4.This is a bedroom, there is a bed in _. 5._ is a tall and pretty girl.III. 用适当的物主代词填空。 1.Look, this is _ new bike. I like it very much. 2.We have two new friends, _ names are Sam and Tim. 3.You must look after _ things. 4.Mary usually goes shopping with_ parents. 5.Look at _ school, its big and beautiful. We love it very much.IV.根据所给汉语完成句子。1.Which story is better, _( 你的 ) or _( 他的 )? 2.Look! That is _( 我的 ) bike. Where is _(你的 )? 3._( 我们的)house is larger than _.( 他们的 ). 4.I have a cat. _( 它的 )name is Mimi. 5.These are _( 她的)books, _( 他的) are over there.6._is a boy. _ name is David. (he)7. _ is a nice girl, _ name is Jenny. (she)8.Is _ English name Francisco? (you)9.What is _ phone number? (he)10.How do _ spell _ name? (you)11. _ sister is a teacher. (she)V. 用适当的指示代词(this, that, these, those)填空。 1. _ pens are mine. Those are yours. 2. Whats _ over there? Its a car. 3.Look, _ ruler is longer than that one. 4.Hello! Whos _ speaking? Hello! _ is Mary speaking.5.Wang Lin, _ is my brother Mike.VI. 用适当的疑问词填空。1. -_ are you doing? Im reading books.2. -_T-shirt is this? Its Toms.3. _ do you like better, this one or that one?4. -_is the man in the car? Hes my uncle.5. -To _ did you talk last night? My classmate , Jim.VII.单项选择。( )1. These are _ oranges. Those are _ oranges. A. my, yours B. his, her C. ours, their( )2. _ are in the same class. _ Chinese teacher is Miss Gao. A. Their, Their B. We, Their C. They, their( ). 3_ is a good teacher. _ all like _. A. He, They, her B. She, They, him C. She, We, her ( )4. Mr Green teaches_ English. He likes_ very much. A. us, them B. them, they C. me , me( )5. _are in the same school. A. I, you and he B. you, he and I C. He, I and you( )6 .I met Kate on way home yesterday .A .myB .meC .hisD .him( )7 .Kate and her sister went on holiday with a classmate of .A .herB .hersC .theirD .theirs( )8 .Which of these two sweaters will you take ?Ill take .They look nearly the same ,and I just need one .A .bothB .eitherC .noneD .all( )9 .He has two basketballs .One is new , is old . A .the otherB .otherC .the othersD .others( )10 .I have bought a new watch because my old doesnt work .A .itB .one C .that D .this( )11 .Can you speak Russian ? Yes ,but only .A .littleB .a littleC .fewD .a few( )12 .What would you like to have ,tea or milk ?-_Id like to have a glass of water .A .EachB .NeitherC .EitherD .Both( )13 .My car was broken and I didnt know to do .A .whatB .whichC .whenD .how( ) 14. There are many trees _of the road! And _ of the trees is growing larger and larger.A. on both side, a numberB. on each sides, a numberC. on both sides, the number D. on every side, the number( )15 .Did she go to school when she was young ? No .She taught at home .A .herB .herselfC .hersD .she第三讲 形容词、副词知识要点1)英语中大多数形容词、副词是可以分等级的，一般有三个等级：原级，比较级和最高级。形容词、副词的本来形式就是形容词的原级。如：John is a tall boy.两者间进行比较用到形容词比较级。如：Jim is taller than John.三者或者三者以上进行比较用形容词的最高级。Mike is the tallest of the three boys.(形容词最高级前面要加定冠词the)2).形容词、副词比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化规则变化单音节或双音节的形容词（或副词）比较级er最高级est smallsmallersmallest等以e结尾的词，比较级r，最高级st即可nicenicernicest以辅音字母y结尾的，变y为ier或est easyeasiereasiest双写最后一个辅音字母er或est hothotterhottest 一些双音节及多音节形容词或副词前要加more和most，如： difficult-moredifficult-mostdifficult 不规则变化：good/wellbetterbest,badworseworst many/muchmoremost littlelessleastfarfurther furthest（表示程度） farfartherfarthest（表示远近） oldolderoldest（表新旧） oldeldereldest（表兄弟姊妹之间的长幼） 3).比较级前的修饰词：a little, a lot, much, even; far; still4)形容词、副词比较级的特殊用法形容词/副词比较级+than+ any other+单数名词(+介词短语)”表示“比同一范围的任何一个人/物都”，含义是“最”。例如，Mike gets to school earlier than any other student in his class.= Mike gets to school earlier than any of the other students in his class. = Mike gets to school earlier than the other students in his class. = Mike gets to school earliest in his class.注意：Mike gets to school earlier than any student in Toms class.“the+形容词比较级+of the two+”表示“.是两者中较的”。如，Look at the two boys. My brother is the taller of the two.“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越”。He is getting taller and taller.“the+比较级，the+比较级”表示“越,越,”。The more careful you are，the fewer mistakes youll make5).最高级常用句型结构“主语+be+ the+形容词最高级+单数名词+in/of短语”表示“是中最的”。如，Tom is the tallest in his class./of all the students. “主语+be+ one of the+形容词最高级+复数名词+in/of短语”表示“是中最之一”。如，Beijing is one of the largest cities in China.序数词+最高级 Hainan Island is the second largest island in China. 练习：I.写出所给词的反义词。1.young_ 6.better_2. white_ 7. longer_3. big_ 8. thinner_4. left_ 9. far_5.fast_ 10. light_II. 用所给词的正确形式填空。1. Maria is _(thin). Lucy is _(thin) than Mary.2. Mike is _(heavy) boy in his class.3. Tom is as_ ( tall) as Jim.4. I am much _( well) than yesterday.5. This skirt is _( expensive) of the three.6. The weather today is _(hot) than it was yesterday.7). Lucy writes _(careful) than her brother.8)Today is _(busy) day this week.9)That is _ (easy ) of all.10). He is _ (clever ) boy in the class.11). John is _ ( short ) than Tom.12). This box is _ ( heavy ) than that one.III、根据所给汉语完成句子1. _ _exercise you take, _ _ (你锻炼越多就会越强壮) you will be.2. Who jumped _ (最远) of all in the long jump?3. Lucy says she will write to you back _ _ _ _（尽可能快地）。4. There are _ _ _ (如此多的人) that we cant see each other.5._ _ _ (何时何地) shall we meet?Lets meet outside the school gate tomorrow afternoon.IV、单项选择( )1.Tom is the _ one I want to work with. He is always complaining. Be more patient. He is still a good boy.A. best B. last C. first D. only( )2. We want to go to Japan to have a _ study.A. farther B. farthest C. further D. furthest( )3. The meeting hall is _ to hold 5000 people.A. large enough B. enough large C. so large D. too large( )4. When spring comes, the trees get _.A. green and green B. green and greenerC. greener and green D. greener and greener( )5. My _ brother is three years _ than I .A. old; older B. elder ; older C. older; elder D. old; elder( )6. Hes _ to hear the bad news.A. sorry B. bad C. happy D. well( )7. The snow is over one meter _ when its winter here.A. long B. high C. thick D. this( )8. This book is _ worth seeing again.A. very B. quite C. well D. much( )9. My sister sat _ to me to listen to the story.A. close B. closely C. nearby D. with( )10. The sports car is running _, It seems to be flying.A. fast and fast B. more and fast C. more and faster D. faster and faster( )11. You run _ for us to catch up with you.A . too fast B. so fast C. too slowly D. so slowly( )12. Dont look _ the window? Were having a class.A. out of B out from C. down of D. out.( )13. This year our school is _ than it was last year.A. much more beautiful B. much beautifulC. the most beautiful D. beautiful( )14. _ the ground is, _ air becomes.A. The high; the thin B. The highest; the thinnestC. The higher; the thiner D. The higher; the thinner( )15. John is _ of the two boys.A. tall B. tallest C. the tallest. D. the taller.( )16. Why does Peter like moon cakes with nuts instead of the ones with eggs?Because he thinks the moon cakes with nuts are _.A. cheap B. dear C. worse D. nicer( )17. She is _ than IA. a head taller B. a taller head C. taller a head D. head taller( )18. Paris is one of _ cities in the world.A. more beautifully B. more beautiful C. the most beautifully D. the most beautiful( )19. Shanghai is the first _ city in China.A. big B. biggest C. the big D. the biggest( )20. Mr Zhou, of all the students in our group, who lives _?I think Li Lei does.A. far B. farther C. farthest D. the farther( )21. Bob never does his homework _ Mary, he makes lots of mistakes.A. so careful as B. as carefully as C. carefully as D. as careful as.( )22. My sister is good at sports, She can jump _ than me.A. highest B. very high C. too high D. much higher( )23.TheYellowRiverisoneof_inChina. A.thelongestriversB.thelongerriverC.thelongestriver D.thelongriver( )24.Idontfeel_togotoworktoday.Imill. A.goodenoughB.wellenoughC.enoughwellD.enoughgood( )25.Bequiet,class!Ihave_totellyou. A.importantanythingB.importantsomething C.anythingimportantD.somethingimportantV、同义句转换1. Math is the most difficult of all the subjects.Math is _ difficult than _ other subject.Math is _ difficult than _ other subjects.2.Joe isnt as tall as Lucy.Joe is _ than Lucy.3.Kate is 10 years old. Tom is 12 years old.Kate is _ _ _ _ Tom.Tom is _ _ _ _ Kate.4.The bag is too expensive for me to buy.The bag is _ _ _for me to buy.第四讲 数词知识要点表示多少和第几的词,叫数词。数词分为基数词和序数词两种。 1)基数词:在十位数词和个位数词中间加上连字符 - 。如: 21 twenty one基数词三位以上的数词, 在百位和十位之间,一般要用连词and 。 如: 132 one hundred and thirty-two.表示万的词英语中没有.如1万可用10千来表示。 ten thousand. 30万可用 three hundred thousand 来表示。 基数词的用法:1.编号的事物用基数词: 如:Lesson Five, Room 1012.表示年,月,日 时用基数词。 3.表示 几点钟, 几点过几分 用基数词。It is two to two. 现在是两点差两分。4.加减乘除用基数词。 One plus two is three.一加二等于三。Eight minus four is four. 八减四等于四。Two times two is four.二乘二等于四.Ten divided by two is five.十除二等于五。5表示百分数用基数词. Thirty percent of them is water. 它们当中有30%的水。6.表示分数时,分子数字用基数词, 但分母要用序数词, 如分子不是1,序数词要用复数形式。 One-fifth of the books are mine. 三分之一的书是我的。Three-tenths of water is