英国文学史及选读2 知识总结.doc

以下为英国文学史第二册的知识点总结 个别知识点会有错误或者遗漏 请在复习的时候自主补充 愿大家都能取得好成绩VictoriaJPart V The Romantic Period The romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridges , and end in 1832 with Sir Walter Scotts death. Wordsworth华兹华斯Coleridge 柯尔律治Southey 骚塞The Lake Poets1. William Wordsworth威廉华兹华斯17701850Poet Laureate（桂冠诗人）a leader of the romantic movement in England. Lyrical Ballads 抒情歌谣集(with Samuel Taylor Coleridge) It marked the beginning of the Romantic revival in England(1)This is a joint work of Wordsworth and his friend Coleridge.(2)The publication of Lyrical Ballads in 1798 marks the beginning of the Romantic Movement in England.(3)It begins with Coleridges long poem “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” (“古舟子咏”; “老水手之行”) and ends with Wordsworths “Tintern Abbey”(“丁登寺”).(4)Many of the subjects of these poems deal with elements of nature such as birds, daffodils and simple rural folk.(5)The majority of poems in this collection were written by Wordsworth.The poems in Lyrical Ballads are characterized by a sympathy with the poor, simple peasants, a passionate love of nature and the simplicity and purity of the language.(6) Some of the best poems in the collection are:“Lines Written in Early Spring”(“早春诗行”), “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” (“古舟子咏”; “老水手之行”) “Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey” (“丁登寺”).Lucy Poems 露西组诗“I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud” “独自漫游似浮云”=“The Daffodils”“水仙”Theme: 1.Nature embodies human beings in their diverse circumstance. It is nature that give him “strength and knowledge full of peace”2. It is bliss to recall the beauty of nature in poet mind while he is in solitude.Comment: The poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils(水仙) and poets philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts.“The Solitary Reaper” “孤独的收割者”The Prelude 序曲or Growth of a Poets MindThe Excursion 远足 漫游Wordsworths Principles of Poetry（feelings，commonplace things，the real language of man and deliberate simplicity，inner self, changed the ordinary speech of the language return to nature.）2. George Gordon Byron乔治戈登拜伦178818241) Hours of Idleness 闲暇时刻消闲时光dealing with childish recollections and early friendship, showing the influence of 18th century traditions。2) The English Bards and Scott Reviewers 英国诗人和苏格兰评论家She Walks In Beauty 她走在美的光影里When We Two Parted 昔日依依别Sonnet on Chillon锡隆十四行诗Childe Harolds Pilgrimage 恰尔德哈罗德游记-“I awoke one morning and found myself famous” Spenserian stanza斯宾塞诗体 9-line stanza, ababbcbcc，long poem with 4 cantosDon Juan/dndu:n/唐璜masterpiece杰作It was written in Italy during the years from 1818 to 1823.It has 16,000 lines in 16 cantos It is an epic satire, “a satire on abuses of the present state of society.It is written in ottava rima /t:vrim （八行体）. 八行体：每行10或11个音节，前6行交替押韵，后2行成一组同脚韵。 Each stanza contains 8 iambic pentameter lines. 每个节包含8个抑扬格五音步线 The rhyme scheme is abababcc.The later part of the 18th century，a Spanish youth of aristocratic birth.This long poem describes Don Juans vicissitudes(变迁) of life and adventures in many countries.The poem gives a satirical description of English ruling classes and social conditions.The hero shows his disgust at the vanity（虚荣） and hypocrisy（虚伪）of English high society.Byron did not finish the poem. He meant to make the hero take part in the French Revolution and die a heroic death.Comments on Byron1)Byron is one of the most excellent representatives of English Romanticism and one of the most influential poets of the time. 2) His literary career was closely linked with the struggle and progressive movements of his age. 3) He opposed oppression and slavery, and has an ardent (passionate) love for liberty. 4) He praised the peoples revolutionary struggles in his works. 5) His poems are favorites of the British workers and the laboring people of other countries. 6) Byrons poems show energy and vigor, romantic daring (bold, brave) and powerful passion. Some poems show his individual heroism and pessimism.英雄主义和悲观主义“Byronic heroes”“拜伦式英雄”（在“Oriental Tales“东方叙事诗”大量体现）A theme that pervades much of Byrons work is that of the Byronic hero, an idealized but flawed character whose attributes include:Being a rebel 反叛者Having a distaste for social institutions 厌恶社会体系Being an exile 被流放Expressing a lack of respect for rank and privilege 蔑视权威Having great talent 极具天赋Hiding an unsavory past 隐藏着令人厌恶的过去Being highly passionate 高度的热情Ultimately, being self-destructive 自我毁灭“Byronic hero” is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules 残暴的规则or moral principles.3. Percy Bysshe Shelley波西比希雪莱17921822The finest lyric poets in the English language1) Zastrozzi, 柴斯特罗齐，written when in Eton. 2) The Necessity of Atheism, 无神论的必要性，written when in Oxford University3) Queen Mab, 仙后麦布，written when in London.4) Prometheus Unbound,解放了的普罗米修斯，written when in Italy.5) “The Odes to the West Wind”,“西风颂” written when in Italy.Theme: The author express his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality. Compare the west wind to destroyer of the old who drives the last signs of life from the trees, and preserver of the new who scatter the seads shich sill come to life in the spring. This is a poem about renewal, about the wind blowing life back into dead things, implying not just an arc of life (which would end at death) but a cycle, which only starts again when something dies.Comment: Percy Bysshe Shelleys Ode to the West Wind is written in iambic pentameter. It contains five sonnet length stanzas, each with a closing couplet. The rhyming scheme form is aba bcb cdc ded ee. The tone is poignant. Many will agree that this poem is an invocation for an unseen force to take control and revive life.Artistic features: Using rerza rima(三行诗aba bcb cdc ded efe )6) The Masque of Anarchy, 暴政的假面，a political lyrics, written when in Italy.7) Ozymandias 奥西曼迪亚斯8) A Song: “Men of England” 给英格兰人的歌9) The Cloud云10)To a Sky-Lark 致云雀Comments on Shelleys Poetry1)Shelley has a reputation as a difficult poet: erudite (/rudait/) (learned), complex (difficult), full of classical（古典）and mythological allusions（神话典故）. 2) His style abounds (is rich) in personification 拟人and metaphor比喻 and other figures of speech.Comments on ShelleyHe stood for this social and political ideal all his life.Shelley loved the people and hated their oppressors and exploiters. He called on the people to overthrow the rule of tyranny and injustice and prophesied（预言）a happy and free life for mankind.He stood for this social and political ideal all his life.4. John Keats约翰济慈179518211)“O Solitude”,“孤寂”, a sonnet published in Hunts The Examiner检查官. 2)“On First Looking into Chapmans Homer”,“初读查普曼译荷马史诗”， a sonnet.3)Poems，诗集， his first book. 4)Endymion,恩底弥翁 his first long poem.5)Isabella,伊莎贝拉6)Hyperion,许佩里翁，written in blank verse. The theme is the conflict between the old and the new.7)Lamia，莱米亚8) The Eve of St. Agnes，圣爱格尼斯之夜，unfinished.9) The great odes: (1)On a Grecian Urn，“希腊古瓮颂”.(2)To Psyche，“心灵颂”(3)To a Nightingale，“夜莺颂”.(4)On Melancholy，“忧伤颂”.(5)To Autumn，“秋颂”Comments on John Keats poetry (synesthesia通感)1) In John Keats short writing career of six or seven years, Keats produced a variety of kinds of work, including epic, lyric and narrative poems. 2) Keats poetry, characterized by exact and closely-knit construction, sensual descriptions, and by force of imagination, gives transcendental values to the physical beauty of the world.3) His artistic aim is to create a beautiful world of imagination as opposed to the sordid (miserable) reality of his day. He sought to express beauty in all his poems. His leading principle is “Beauty is truth, truth beauty”.5. Walter Scott沃尔特斯科特177118321. The father of the historical novel2. Scottish Novelist and Poet3. His language is difficult with Scottish dialect. Range: from the Middle Ages to the 18th centurysubjects: history of Scotland, English history, history of European countries.Of the Scottish historyWaverley 威弗利first historical novel.Rob Roy罗布罗伊the best of the groupOf the English historyIvanhoe艾凡赫, Norman Conquest the best of the groupStyle：a. combination of history and romanceb. panoramic scene of the medieval Englandc. third-person point of view (story) combined with first-person point of view (authors intervention);d. the use of disjointed flashbacke. structural clues to move the story alongScotts wish of the reconciliation of two nations and desire for the establishment of a strong centralized nation headed by a wise and just king. e.g. Richard the Lion-hearted is such a king. He is a beautified figure.GENERAL FEATURES of THE HISTORICAL NOVELBlend of fictional and real characters/events 虚实相混Detailed description 细节描写Third-person omniscient narrator 第三人称视角Flashbacks and time shifts 闪回和时间移位Closeness of the past to the present 从古至今Comments on Scotts Historical NovelsScotts historical novels paved the way for the development of the realistic novels of the 19th century and marks the transition from romanticism to realism in English literature of the 19th century.6. Jane Austen简奥斯丁17751817The first important English woman novelist, and now ranking among the truly great British novelists.Pride and Prejudice (1813) 傲慢与偏见Sense and Sensibility (1811) 理智与情感Northanger Abbey (1818) 诺桑觉寺Mansfield Park (1814) 曼斯菲尔德庄园Emma (1816) 爱玛Persuasion (1818) 劝导Features of Janes Writing(1) Her writing is realistic. (2) She drew vivid pictures of everyday life of the country society. (3) The themes are mostly about love and marriage. (4) The language is simple, humorous, and witty and with quiet irony. The dialogue is not only fit for the characteristics but also with satire.7. Charles lamb查尔斯兰姆17751834The best representative of Romantic Prose Writers.British counterpart of Montaigne.蒙田Dream-Children: A Reverie 梦中的儿女：一首幻想曲Poor Relations穷亲戚Features of Lambs Essays1) the most important feature of his essays is his humor. Charles Lamb is a humorist and a master of puns and jokes, which abound in his essays.2) Lamb was especially fond of old writers. His writings are full of archaisms (/a:keiizm/古词).3) His essays are intensely personal. They are an excellent picture of Lamb and humanity. His essays are marked by relaxed style, conversational tone and wide range of subject matter.4)Lamb is a romanticist of the city, (while Wordsworth is a romanticist of nature).Lambs imagination was inspired by the busy life of London, (Wordsworth drew inspirations from the mountains and lakes).Part VI The Victorian Age （Critical Realism in England）A satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling classs greed and hypocrisy Satire/grotesqueProfound sympathy for the common people honesty and good-heartedness HumorDemocratic and humanistic character.1. Charles Dickens 查尔斯狄更斯1812-1870The First Period18361841, Period of youthful optimist: fun, high spirit, naive optimism1) Sketches by Boz (1836) 博兹特写集, the first book 2) The Pickwick Papers (1837) 匹克威克外传3). Oliver Twist (1837-1838) 奥克佛特维斯特，雾都孤儿 4). Nichols Nickleby (1838-1839) 尼古拉斯尼克尔贝5). The Old Curiosity Shop (1840-1841) 老古玩店6). Barnaby Rudge (1841) 巴纳比拉奇The Second Period1842-1850, Period of excitement, irritation and frustration: exposing the corrupting influence of wealth and power, optimism turned into dissatisfaction and irritation1) American Notes (1842) 美国札记 2) Martin Chuzzlewit (1843-1844) 马丁朱述尔维特3) A Christmas Carol (1843) 圣诞颂歌 4) The Chimes 教堂钟声 5) The Cricket on the Hearth 灶上蟋蟀 6) Dombey and Son (1847-1848) 董贝父子7) David Copperfield (1849-1850)大卫科波菲尔, the most autobiographical, one of the greatest English novelsThe Third Perioda Period of steadily intensifying pessimism, showing underlying tone of bitterness, loss of hope for English bourgeois society1) Bleak House(1852-1853) 荒凉山庄2) Hard Times(1854) 艰难时世3) Little Dorrit (1855-1857)小杜丽4) A Tale of Two Cities(1859) 双城记 5) Great Expectations(1860-1861) 远大前程6) Our Mutual Friend (1864-1865) 我们的共同朋友7) Edwin Drood (unfinished)(1869) 艾德温德鲁德之迷.Features of His Works这两个是批判现实主义都有的特点：批判社会现实+妥协1. Dickens novels offer a most complete and realistic picture of the English bourgeois society of his age. They reflect the protest of the people against capitalist exploitation, criticize the vices of capitalist society.2. Dickens is a petty bourgeois intellectual. 小资产阶级知识分子He could not overstep the limits of his class. He believed in the moral self-perfection of the wicked propertied classes. He failed to see the necessity of a bitter struggle of the oppressed against their oppressors. There is a definite tendency for a reconciliation of the contradictions of capitalists society.3. Dickens is a great humorist. His novels are full of humor and satire.（批判现实）4. Almost all his novels have happy endings.（妥协compromise）5. His novels tell much of the experience of his childhood.（创作源泉）2. William Makepeace Thackeray威廉梅克皮斯萨克雷 181118631) The Book of Snobs 势利人脸谱势利者集It gives a satirical description of the different strata of the ruling classes of England and is regarded as a prelude to Thackerays major literary career.2) Vanity Fair: A Novel without a Hero 名利场3) The History of Pendennis 彭登尼斯4) The Newcomes 纽克姆一家5) The History of Henny Esmond亨利埃斯蒙德6) The Virginians 弗吉尼亚人 historical novelsComments on Thackerays Novels1) Thackeray is one of the greatest critical realists of the 19th century Europe. 2) Thackeray is a satirist. His satire is caustic(刻薄的，尖锐的) and his humor subtle(精妙的).3) Thackeray is a moralist. His aim is to produce a moral impression in all his novels.The Features of Vanity Fair(1) Vanity Fair has a sub-title, A Novel Without a Hero, which intends to portray the bourgeois and aristocratic society as a whole.(2) In Vanity Fair, Thackeray gives block characters(人物群体 ).(3) Vanity Fair is work of social criticism, and is noted for the authors realistic depiction, the ironic and sarcastic tone and constant comment and criticism.(4) Thackeray uses symbolism in Vanity Fair.(5) Thackeray employs an omniscient narrator to tell the story.3. George Eliot 乔治艾略特18191880 ( Mary Ann Evans玛丽安伊万斯)She is a female writer, most of her works are on the moral problems and religion; some are on the political problems with ferocious criticism of the bourgeoisie society.She used a male pen name to ensure her works would be taken seriously. she wanted to escape the stereotype of women only writing lighthearted romances. Desire to shield her private life from public scrutiny and to prevent scandals attending her relationship with the married George Henry Lewes, with whom she lived for over 20 years 1. Translation: The Essence of Christianity 基督教的本质2. Editor of The Westminster Review威斯敏斯特评论 Three stories:1)“The Sad Fortunes of the Reverend Amos Barton” “阿莫斯巴顿牧师的不幸遭遇”2) “Mr. Gilfils Lover Story” “吉尔菲尔先生的恋爱史”3) “Janets Repentance” “珍妮特的忏悔” 3. Scenes of Clerical Life 教区生活场景1857 Remarkable Novels:4. Adam Bede 亚当比德 5.The Mill on the Floss弗洛斯河上的磨房6. Silas Marner 织工马南7. Romola 罗慕拉1863 (a historical novel of the Renaissance in Italy problems of religion and morality)8. Felix Holt the Radical， 1866费立可斯霍尔特9. Middlemarch， (18711872) 米德尔马契10. Daniel Deronda， 1876 丹尼尔德龙达(A study of Jewish racial consciousness)4. The Bront sisters Charlotte Bront (18161855)Emily Bront (18181848) Anne Bront (18201849) They were all talented writers and all of them died young. Emily: Wuthering Heights,呼啸山庄Anne: Agnes Grey,安格尼斯格雷 The Tenant of the Wildfell Hall王尔德费尔庄园的佃户Charlottes Representative works1) The Professor,教授 (based on her Brussels experience; not published until her death)2) Jane Eyre,简爱 (masterpiece) (1) The criticism of the bourgeois system of education; the Lowood School;(2) The description of the English country squire;(3) Position of woman in society: equalityJane Eyre is a first-person narrative of the title character. Partly autobiographical, the novel abounds with social criticism, Gothicism and romanticism to create a distinctive Victorian novel.Features of Jane Eyre Jane Eyre, an orphan child with a fiery spirit and a longing to love and be loved，a poor， plain， little governess who dares to love her master， a man superior to her in many ways， and even is brave enough to declare to the man her love for him, cuts a completely new woman image. In this novel Charlotte characterizes Jane Eyre as a naive，kind-hearted， noble-minded woman who pursues a genuine kind of love.Jane Eyre represents those middle-class workingwomen who are struggling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being. The vivid description of her intense feelings and her thought and inner conflicts brings her to the heart of the audience.Themes:Morality 道德God and ReligionSocial classGender relationsLove and PassionIndependenceAtonement and Forgiveness赎罪和宽恕Search for home and family3) Shirley,舍丽 dealing with the life of workers at the time of the Luddites movement (卢德运动, 17 c. machines, deprived, work, destroy)4) Villette,维莱特, a realistic description of her sad experiences at a boarding school in Brussels.Themes of Charlottes works and the image of women protagonists.1. Charlottes works are all about the struggle of an individual consciousness