冰山原则在老人与海中的体现英语论文.doc

冰山原则在老人与海中的体现Iceberg Theory Embodied in The Old Man and the SeaContents摘要.I关键词.IAbstract.IIKey words.IIIntroduction.1 I. Introduction of Ernest Hemingway.2II. Background and the Main Story3III. Three Deep Stratifications of the Iceberg Theory in the Novel.6A. A Paean of Hero from the Perspective of the Theme.6a. Function of the Old Man as Hemmingways Own Character6b. Function of the Boy as the Oedipus Complex of Hemmingway.7B. Hemmingways Unconscious Desire and Writing from the Perspective of the Fishing.8a. Santiagos Dreams and Reveries Above the Water, and the Underneath Unconscious Desire.9b. The Fishing of the Old Man as the One-eighth Part, and the Hard Creativity of the Author as the Seven-eighths.10C. An Ancient Greek Tragedy form the Perspective of the Source and Religion12 Conclusion.15Bibliography.17Acknowledgement.18摘 要海名威以其简洁的文字，鲜明的形象，丰富的感情和深刻的思想构成了著名的“冰山原则”，牢固确立了他在美国历史上的地位，使他成为美国历史上最具影响的作家之一。他指出冰山的威严就在于只有八分之一露出水面。然而，他的这一风格的形成是与他的生活背景及其早期父母对他的影响是分不开的。中篇小说老人与海是海名威一生思想和艺术的总结，他大量的使用象征，比喻等手法，把作品高度抽象化，使其完全隐藏在水下的“八分之七”中，那么文章中哪些隐藏在水下的八分之七呢，“冰山原则”又是怎样在文中得以体现的呢？在老人与海中，老人桑提亚哥作为海名威式的硬汉形象的变体，体现了他在压力下的风度，某种程度上他就是海名威自身的一个化身，而小男孩马洛林以圣母马利亚的形象出现，体现了老年无助的海名威的恋母情结。文章中老人梦见狮子，幻想伟大的老狄马吉奥，鸡眼和斗鸡，是海名威对失去的青春的遗憾和对力量的向往，以及对成为冠军成为王的渴望的写真。这些都是老人的无意识欲望。此外，从老人打鱼的过程和天数来看，不仅在行为上与基督教不断出现巧合，而且他暗指写作过程正如打鱼过程一样是艰辛的，写作技巧也需要长时间的锻炼和摸索，而作品也会和鱼一样不断的遭到攻击。通过分析海名威的老人与海，人们能正确认识他的“冰山原则”并知道怎样在写作中去运用。海名威用冰山理论在老人与海中隐含了他自己的性格特征及原则，同时告诫人们无论在任何情况下都应该保持自己的尊严和压力下的风度，学会思考，善于总结以前的经验并且将其付于应用中去。 关键词 冰山原则；象征主义；无意识欲望；基督教；写作AbstractTerse words, vivid images, copious emotions and profound thoughts make up Hemingways famous “iceberg theory”, which solidly confirmed the renown of him and made him one of the most influential writers in America history. He pointed out that the grace of the iceberg is that only one-eighth above the water. However, the formation of his style cannot be apart from his versatile parents.The medium-length novel The Old Man and the Sea is the fruit of all along life of Hemingways thoughts and arts. He used a lot of rhetoric, such as symbolisms, metaphors. He highly abstracted his works and made them the underneath seven-eighths. So what is the underneath part and how the novel embodied the iceberg theory? And how does his iceberg theory be embodied in the novel?In The Old Man and the Sea, the old man, Santiago, is a transformation of Hemingways code honor, which embodied the grace under pressure. In some degree, the old man is an incarnation of Hemingway himself. Moreover, the little boy, Manolin, appears as the image of Virgin Marie, which embodied the Oedipus complex of old helpless Hemingway. In the novel, the old man dreaming of the lion and revering old DiMaggio and fighting cock several times are the regret of losing youth longing for power and champion. All of those are the old mans unconscious desire.Additionally, from the processes and dates of fishing, it is coincident with Christianity constantly and also he indicates that writing just like fishing is very hard, the skill of writing needs long times practices and thoughts, meanwhile works just like the marlin may also be attracted by others.Through Hemingways The Old Man and the Sea, Readers can understand iceberg theory better and know more about how to use it. Used his famous iceberg theory in The Old Man and the Sea, Hemmingway implied his own character and personality. At the same time, it told us no matter what kind of situation, we should keep our own dignity and the grace under pressure, we should learn to consider and be good at summarize the previous experience and apply it into our life.Key Words Iceberg theory; symbolism; unconscious desire; Christianity; writingIntroductionErnest Hemmingways famous iceberg theory best accounts for this: One eighths of an iceberg is above the water, while seven eighths is underneath the water. Profound levels of meaning and strong emotions will not enchant you until you dive into the water.Terse words, vivid images, copious emotions and profound thoughts are the four ingredients of Hemmingways iceberg theory. To be concrete, words and images are the so-called above water one eighths while emotions and thoughts are the other underneath seven eighths. The former is obvious in the novel while the later is embedded in the former. Words modeled images; meanwhile, images concluded emotions, which contained profound thoughts. Those four ingredients are necessary for Hemingways works. He stressed the implications of emotions and thoughts.The medium-length novel was the fruit of Hemmingway The Old Man and the Sea all along lifes thoughts and arts, and also here where his famous iceberg theory reached the peak perfection. Hemingway used a lot of rhetoric such as symbolisms and metaphors, through which he highly abstracted the theme of the novel and made it hided under the underneath seven-eighths part of the water. According to Ernest Hemingways famous iceberg theory, the fishing of the old man is the only one-eighth part, which is above the water; while the other seven-eighths part needs exploration is underneath. To the old man, the sea was not only a catching field just as for young fishermen, but also was considered as a kind of human dignity which embodied it kindness as well as cruel for it had grown up many fishermen like him whom lives depending on and also for it had taken a lot of disasters to them. At the deep of the unfathomable sea the old man caught a giant marlin which he neither seen nor heard of. The endless sea can make the old man understood and perused the unknown secretive field. So when we want to study the iceberg theory of Hemingway, first of all, we must clear the underneath seven eighths, because it is the foundation of the iceberg.I. Introduction of Ernest HemmingwayOn July21, 1899, Ernest Hemmingway was born in a well-to-do family in Oak Park, Illinois. His father, a successful physician enjoyed hunting and fishing. Going out frequently with his father, Hemmingway developed a way of life and of death, and learned such virtues as courage and endurance, Hemmingways style of living as an adult and the fact that his books abound in sports terms are partly traceable to his early life. As a boy Hemmingway liked boxing and football are wrote them into light verse and humorous stories. He had on a whole a happy boyhood; through he did run away from home twice and observed once that the best training for a writer is an unhappy boyhood. Through he was poor vision from childhood, he was good at sport. In the school he was also an outstanding student. After leaving school at 17 infested with the then prevailing fever among the young “to get into the thick of it” and the sense of the need to experience or observe war at close quarters he tried to enlist in the army, but was rejected because of his poor sight which had injured while learning boxing. He went to the Kansas City Star and served as its eager and energetic reporter. Then he was recruited as an ambulance, driver. Working with the Red Cross and went to Europe. This led to the crucial happening of his life. On July6, 1918 he was severely wounded in the knee in Italy. He recovered in time and remained with the Italian army until the end of the war. His war experience proved so shattering and nightmarish that his life and writing were permanently affected. In a sense, all his life, he lied with it emotionally and continued to write about it in order to relive it and forget about it.（Dong Hengxun，206）All along Hemmingways life, he married four times, even through this; he was not a fickle lover. Once he wrote to one of his friends Lillian Loose and said, “I love my sons, I love seas, and I love my wives.”（Chang Yaoxin，73） Hemingway is essentially a negative writer. It is very difficult for him to say “yes”. He holds a black, naturalistic view of the world and sees it as “all a nothing” and “all nada”. (“A Clean Well-Lighted Place”) A man to him is nothing, too. The title of his first important book, The Sun Also Rises, referring to the biblical “Ecclesiastes” is downright nihilistic in tone when he says “The sun also ariseth, and the son goes down and hasteth to his place where he arose” and “The thing that hath been, it is that which shall be; and that which is done is that which should be done, and there is no new thing under the sun” He is evidently a very negative attitude toward life. Hemmingway sees life in terms of battle and tension. All of his works dramatize this concept of life., that it is dangerous and always ready to defeat and destroy you; but that, if you keep calm and stand on your set of principles (which Edmund Wilson calls “this principle of sportsmanship is his The Wound and the Bow and Philip Young sums up as a code of honor”), you may win on your own terms, through as the winner you get nothing except, perhaps ,the knowledge that you have played well by chaos and brutality and violence (as in A Farewell to Arms, For Whom the Bell Tolls and many sketches In Our Time ), by crime and death (as in To Have and Have Not and “The Killers”),and sport, hard drinking and sexual promiscuity (as in The Sun Also Rise and some of his short stories). And he typical Hemmingway hero is one who wounded but strong, more sensitive and wounded because stronger, enjoys the pleasures of life (sex, alcohol, sport) in face of ruin and death and maintains, through some notion of a code, and ideal of himself.（Chang Yaoxin，296）Hemmingway is a myth in his own time and a myth in American literature. He is a glamorous public hero of sorts whose style of writing and living was probably more imitated than any other writers in human memory. He was so precise because of he acted out the theme of his own books. II. Background and the Main Story“Time will show that this novel (The Old Man and The Sea) would be the most brilliant medium-length novel for our time”（Dong Hengxun， 253） said by Faulkner. And also Hemmingway considered it was the most successful masterpiece of him. The whole novel is only about twenty-six thousand words. It is said, The Old Man and the Sea was rectified more than two hundred times, which used to be a more than one thousand pages novel but now it only left less than one hundred pages medium-length novel. Suppose it still had had more than a thousand pages, I do not think it is Hemmingways style; moreover, his name would be never appeared at the history of Nobel Prize. When writing this article he used the power of the God and found out a creator, which before that the characters of his books were created by himself and in some degree is the duplications of him. He wanted to proved that how strong the code man he had depicted. However, at writing this novel, he adverted to commiseration and some secretive power, which created all. The man who had caught fish and then lost it, the fish which was dominated caught and killed, the sharks which plundered old mans marlin, and so on, all those have some inherent contact. All of those powers created all, loved them and commiserated them for all those are quite good but all contacts and powers need us to exploit. Between 1940 and 1950 when his next novel Across the River and into The Trees appeared, Hemmingway was silent form a literary point of view. Across the river and The Trees was such a poor performance that critics all agree that Hemmingways talent was dead. But not for long time The Old Man and the Sea helped toward restoring his literary image so that he won the Nobel Prize in 1954. It is a short novel, a fable of a kind, about an old Cuban fisherman, Santiago, dose not catch a single fish after 84 days at sea. His companion, Manolin has left him. Aged and solitary, he continues sailing in a skiff in the Gulf Stream. Finally he harpoons his catch, a giant marlin, and after a breath-taking fight, he kills the fish and ties it to his small boat. But, on his weary way home (“Albacore” he said aloud) (Hemmingway, 32), a school of hungry sharks attack his prize. Santiago fights desperately against them with every possible means in the boat. When he finally land ashore, his marlin is but a skeleton. Proud in defeat, Santiago goes home with the help of Manolin and other fishermen. Lying in bed and he dreams of past experience.The Old Man and the Sea, a Pulitzer Prize winner, is in every sense a classic. Hemmingway explores and the old man at last, but not least endurance and courage. Santiago fights in his lonely old age against the loss of his strength, his poverty and the loss of his luck. His physical strength, skill, experience, courage, and endurance make the story a fable or a parable of himself. Hemmingway thus restores his view of life: man is doomed to lose, and Santiagos fishing in the sea, but “man is not made for defeat,” and “a man can be destroyed but not defeated.”(Hemmingway, 99) Man should learn to stand upon his dignity and stay graceful even facing numerous difficulties and inevitable aging wisdom experience and an indestructible spirit make Santiago, the old fisherman a real man. As “an idyll of the sea as sea”, The Old Man and the Sea also exhibits Hemmingways consummate craftsmanship. Simple on the surface it is subtle and complicated underneath. Hemmingway said, “I tried to make a real old man, a real boy, a real sea and a real fish and real sharks. But if I made them good and true enough they would mean many things.”（Dong Hengxun，167） A rhythmic quality is achieved by the poetic narration, and occasioned by the strong under current of emotion, by repetitions of the old man ritual of life, and by the refrains in dialogue, dreams and memories. Special and conversational words in short and simple sentences fit the old man simple and brave heart. III. Three Deep Stratification of the Iceberg Theory in the Novel A. A paean of Hero from the Perspective of the Themea. Function of the Old Man as Hemmingways Own CharacterNow, Hemmingway is widely recognized as one of the most important and influential American novelists of the twentieth century. His negative, naturalistic view of the world and life makes him essentially a negative writer. Life for Hemmingway is full of battle and tension. Destruction and death are human beings fate. In the novel he mentioned that the old man went back of his home dragging an eighteen inches skeleton of fish. As usual, the skeleton means death, to sail with the death actually means his reception of the existence of death. But if you keep calm and stand on your “code of honor”, you may win your grace and dignity. Thus, “grace under pressure” best embodied Hemmingway, the tough guy who survived numerous injuries and two airing crashes. Defiance of death is the only cure to the fear of death. Hemmingways typical heroes know the law of compensations. If you can live along, you may pay well and live well. To enjoy the pleasure of life (sex, alcohol, and sport) is in face of ruin and death.The attraction of Hemmingway is that he purified he current writing style and launched a Literary Revolution at that time. Because of those, he taken as an example of his times and the follow generations writers and attracted a lot of readers. His great effect would be cast long, therefore, aroused the appeal of looking for man. The intrepid, tough and tensile virility of men become much rare. The meaning of life is a kind of spirit, which is brave to ear the anguish and scorn at death. “Although it is unjust”, he thought, “But I will show him what a man can do and what a man endures. I told the boy I was a strong old man. Now is when I must prove it. ” (Hemmingway, 62) “But then he would see the cramped hand. Let him think I am more man then I am and I will be so.” (Hemmingway, 58) Several times he dreamed of the lion, which is the symbol of energy and virility. Form these we can easily know that the old man eager for energy. It is a code of honor. Hemmingways world is a world essentially chaotic and meaningless, in which man fights a solitary struggle against a force he even does not perceive. The awareness of that it must end in defeat no matter how hard he strives against it. Engendering a sense of despair, Hemmingway hero possesses that Bertrand Russell terms “despairing courage”. It is such courage that enables a man to behave like a man to assert his dignity in face of adversity. This is the essence of a code honor in which all of Hemmingways heroes believe. It seems reasonable, but this is the surface of the iceberg, which has been melted. The perfect unique grace of the old man is his real spirit, which complete possesses his mind, his life and surroundings. Only under such kind of situation can the grace be exposed. In the novel, the grace is no longer appearing like traditionally gallant chivalries, but as a kind of practically existent thing with such spirit, it will be beloved by others, the grace of the old man in some degree refers to Hemmingways own old periods. b. Function of the Boy as the Oedipus Complex of HemmingwayIn the novel Hemmingway adds a boy who has been to the sea with the old man when he was five years old. But this time the old man went to the sea alone. Hemmingway once said we paid much attention to the old man and the giant marlin; however the position of the boy in the article we should never ignore. The image of the boy is also deliberately designed by the author. The boy, Manolin, at the be