广播英语与报刊英语的主要差异.doc

广播英语与报刊英语的主要差异 英语广播新闻是新闻英语的一个分支，它与报纸新闻最基本的区别在于，前者诉诸于一耳，而后者则诉诸十目。有鉴于此，英语广播新闻必须通俗易懂，简洁明决，尽可能地使听众捕捉到每一条稍纵即逝、过耳不留的信息。为此，英语广播新闻不能简单地将英文报纸上的消息或通讯社的电讯稿随手拈来播发，而必须先经过加工，使之由适合于看变得适合于听。根据这一原则，英语广播新闻在文体上除了遵循报纸英语的典型特点外，还具有其独特之处，主要表现在以下五大方面，现别论分述如下： 一、措词简短、通俗易懂英文报纸上的新闻语言要求通俗即可，但是不一定要求口语，而英语广播新闻则要求两者兼而有之，或者说，要求通俗到口语化的程度从而保证每句播出之后能立即为听众所接受和理解。因此，英语广播新闻稿在措词上尤其狠下功夫，选词尽可能深人浅出，简短明了，如偏爱使用常用词语或音节少而短的词，忌用深奥怪僻的字眼。试比较纽约时报和“美国之音”有关同一消息的两种不同写法：Both the British and French governments had registered initial objections to German foreign minister Hans-Dietrich Genschers plan to provide alternative scientific work for thousands of skilled people left unemployed and unpaid by the collapse of the Soviet military-industrial complex, which was first floated two weeks ago, but have withdrawn them as the idea has evolved. -The New York TimesBritain and France have now agreed to German foreign minister Genschers plan to give a wide choice of scientific work to thousands of skilled but jobless people left over by the falling down of the Soviet Union. Genschers plan got support two weeks ago except that Britain and France expressed their disagreement. -VOA不难看出，广播新闻稿为了便于听和记，记者往往在文字上下一番功夫，将一些书面词语改为通俗的口语，如register -express; objection- disagreement; alternative - a wide choice of; unemployed - jobless; collapse falling down; floated - got support等等。类似的常用简短词语在英语广播中俯拾即是，如accord - agreement; aid - assist; aim - purpose; arms - arsenal:ban - prohibit; blast - explosion; clash - controversy; crash - collision;cut - reduce; drive - campaign; due - schedule; mark - celebrate;pullout - withdrawal; rally - mass assembly; talk - negotiation -conference; tie - relation等等，不胜枚举。 二、句型简洁、单句为主 如前所述，广播新闻报道一瞬即逝，不能在一句话里堆砌很多概念和词语，因此，它除了措词一定要干净利索外，还必须使用简明扼要的句型，尤以单句为佳，或将长句折成短句，使之更适合人们的听觉习惯，少用或忌用倒装句、分词短语等时常见诸英文报端、有碍于收听的典型书面语结构，以期达到一旦播出，听众即能听懂的目的。 例如，澳大利亚悉尼先驱晨报在报道一位参议员的伤势时，写了这样一句句子：At the hospital, after an examination indicated that Senator Smiths injuries were not serious and that he would be in good shape, his secretary announced that he would continue his campaign tour tomorrow, addressing in Queensland in the afternoon. 这是多达40个字的长句，概念比较多，句型结构复杂，枝权纷出，听了后边忘了前边，是不适宜广播的。当晚，“澳大利亚广播电台”(Radio Australia）播发同一消息时是这样报道的：At the hospital an examination showed that Senator Smiths injuries were not serious. He would be in good shape after a nights rest. His secretary said that the senator would go on with his campaign tour tomorrow. He is due to speak in Queensland in the afternoon.这样写，就将长度可观的疑难长句分解为4个短句，一句一个意思，听起来节奏鲜明，易听易记，适宜于广播。此外，细心留意对照划线部分不难发现，广播稿在措词上比报纸新闻稿更趋简短、口语化，如indicate - show; announce -say; continue - go on with; address - speak等。 三、导语写作突出重点导语（lead)通常指消息的第一段，可谓整条消息的核心部分，突出全篇消息的精华。然而，英语广播新闻由于其报道是为听众服务的，它在导语写作手法上形成了一些有别于书面体报道的特点。请先分析、比较一下卫报和“英国广播公司”在报道联合国拟向南斯拉夫克罗地亚境内派遣维持和平部队这起同一事件时所用的不同导语：Butros Butros Ghali, the United Nations secretary general, yesterday strongly recommended the deployment部署 of the first UN peacekeeping force on the mainland of Europe, a larger than expected contingent分遣队of 11, 500 Blue Berets to police管辖，控制three Serb塞尔维亚的enclaves被包围的领土in Croatia克罗地亚on the advice of Cyrus Vance, his special envoy to Yugoslavia, after heavy pressure from European countries fearful that the current ceasefire in Croatia might soon break down.-The Guardian, The United Nations has considered sending a large UN peacekeeping force with nearly 12 thousand soldiers to Croatia. -The BBC 通过对比，我们不难发现，在导语写作手法上，英语广播新闻与报纸新闻之间的差异主要表现在： 报纸新闻倾向于即尽可能地包罗各种基本事实，全面映衬出“新闻六要素”，即WHO, WHAT, WHEN, WHERE, WHY，HOW, 如在卫报报道的导语中，这些要素无不一俱全，WHO - Butros Butros Ghah; WHAT -recommended the deployment of . ; WHEN - yesterday; WHY - on the advice of . ; HOW- strongly;而广播导语往往不将所有新闻要素雍塞（overcrowding)于一体，而是注重要点，含而不露，如BBC这条消息的导语仅仅突出了WHAT. 即“联合国已考虑派兵”这一事实。这是因为听众收听广播时的心理状态所决定的。人们往往是在注意力不完全集中的状态下收听广播的，如一边听广播一边在做家务、聊天、吃饭，甚至读报等别的琐事，因此，人脑通过听觉所能接收的信息是有限的。只有当人们听到某条特别感兴趣的消息时，才会将注意力集中起来全神贯注地往下听。相反，如在播送新闻时一开始就在导语中把新闻六要素全部介绍出来，听众毫无思想准备，听起来自然会感到非常费劲，往往来不及弄清楚全部信息或甚至感到不知所云。因此，英语广播新闻稿的导语犹如一幅用粗线条勾勒出来的草图，只有含而不露地提及一下新闻内容，先让听众做好专心收听的思想准备，才能接下去把事实一一交代清楚。 广播导语的句子长度大大短于报纸导语。这是因为报纸导语为了囊括新闻六要素，通常出于无奈，只能把句子写得冗长拖沓。如卫报消息的这条导语竟长达68字之多；而广播导语为了突出重点，必须做到言简意赅，其长度往往短得多，如“英国广播公司”的那条导语仅有寥寥19个字。广播导语往往使用现在完成时或一般现在时来表示过去发生的事，旨在增加报道的及时性（timeliness),新鲜感（freshness)和直接性（immediacy)给人以耳目一新、身临其境之感。而报纸导语一般必须始终使用过去时态来表述过去事件。如卫报和“英国广播公司”就分别使用了一般过去式（“strongly recommended;和现在完成时（“has considered)来表示过去发生的事实。四数据处理化整为零。英语广播新闻报道在处理数据时，出于对听众听觉习惯的考虑，不同于报纸新闻稿那样时常将有关确切数据（exact figures)一照实罗列出来，而是对数据往往先化整为零，再加一些约估的字眼，易听好记，如roughly, about, almost,some, average, nearly, just over, just below等。例如： Saudi Arabia and Iran, Opecs two senior members, signed the agreementlate on Saturday but expressed reservations about the output ceiling of 22.98 million bpd，undermining the latest attempt to drive oil prices closer to a target of 21 a barrel -The TimesOpecs two senior members Saudi Arabia and Iran have voiced their reservations about the new agreements daily maximum output of near million barrels. The two countries feared this will endanger the latest effort to push oil prices to a little over 20 dollars per barrel. -The BBC,五、引语处理合乎听觉请先比较今日美国和“美国之音”报道海地难民大量涌入迈阿密州时所援引的一位政府官员的讲活：Last time, everybody pitched in同心协力,做贡献and absorbed them into the economy. But it hurt. It really hurt, according to Dede County Commissioner Mary Collins, We just cant withstand another major refugee influx without assistance from the federal government.-USA Today Miami official says they just cant cope with another major flooding of Haitian refugees with