汽车英语.ppt.ppt

automobileenglish junechen thefirstautomobiles constructedinthelatenineteenthcentury wereessentiallyhorse drawncarriageswiththehorsesremovedandenginesinstalled aftermorethanacenturyofdevelopment themodernautomobileisasophisticatedsystem itcombinesfuelefficiencyandspeedtoofferthemobilityandflexibilityofusedemandedbyanenormousvarietyoflifestylesandindustries automobilesaffecteveryaspectofsociety fromthedesignofourcities topolice ambulance fire andutilityservices tosuchpersonalusesasvacationtravel dining andshopping massproductiontechniques firstdevelopedfortheautomobileintheearlytwentiethcentury havebeenadaptedforuseinnearlyeveryindustry providingfortheefficientandinexpensiveproductionofproducts trucks especially18 wheeltractor trailertrucks havebecomethemajorformoftransportinggoodsacrossthecountry allowing forexample producetobequicklytransportedtomarketswhilestillfresh theuseofautomotivetechnology tractors combines pickers sprayers andotherself propelledmachines inagriculturehasenabledfarmerstoincreasethequantity quality andvarietyofourfoods albeitatthepriceofincreasedsoilerosionrates agriculturaldependenceonpetroleum derivedfuelsandfertilizers andincreasedrunoffpollution meanwhile dozensofindustriesdepend directlyorindirectly ontheautomobile theseindustriesincludeproducersofsteelandothermetals plastics rubber glass fabrics petroleumproducts andelectroniccomponents readingmaterial words fewinventionsinmoderntimeshavehadasmuchimpactonhumanlifeandontheglobalenvironmentastheautomobile automobilesandtruckshavehadastronginfluenceonthehistory economy andsociallifeofmuchoftheworld entiresocieties especiallythoseoftheindustrializedcountries havebeenrestructuredaroundthepowerofrapid long distancemovementthattheautomobileconfersonindividualsandaroundtheflexibledistributionpatternsmadepossiblebytrucks automobileshavegivengreatfreedomofmovementtotheirowners butencouragesprawl i e straggling low densityurbandevelopment sprawldegradeslandscapesandproducestrafficcongestionthattendstoimmobilizetheautomobilesthatmakesprawlitselfpossible furthermore thedependenceonpetroleumfuelofautomobilesandtrucks andthusoftheeconomiesbasedonthesemachines imposesstrongpatternsonglobalpolitics movingindustrialsocietiessuchastheunitedstates whichconsumesapproximately25 oftheworld soilproduction tobedeeplyconcernedwiththepowerstrugglesofthepersiangulf whereapproximately70 oftheworld soilreservesarelocated theautomobileisalsoasignificanthealthhazard bothdirectlyandindirectly accordingtotheunitednations overamillionpeople bothvehicleoccupantsandpedestrians dieeveryyearontheworld sroads theunitedstatesalonelosesover40 000livesannuallytocarcrashes meanwhile automobileexhaustsarethelargestsinglesourceofairpollution intheunitedstates airpollutionfromthemanufactureandoperationofautomobilescontributesimportantlytocropdamage acidrain destructionoftheozonelayer lungdisease andearlydeathbyavarietyofhealthproblems sixteenpercentoftheworld sannualgreenhouse gasproductioncomesfromautomobiles greenhousegassescontributetoglobalclimatechange whichmaydisruptfoodproductionandfloodcoastsandlowislandsworldwide readingmaterial words i automobileparts1automobileclassification2automobilestructure3automobileengine4automobilechassis5automobileelectricalsystem6automobilebodyii automobileperformance7parameter8comfortandconvenientequipment9vehiclemaintainance automobileclassification汽车分类 passengercar limousine豪华轿车drophead活动车篷汽车 美作 convertible racingcar赛车roadster敞蓬车hatchback仓背乘用车stationwagon旅行车mpv multi purposevehicle 多用途汽车suv sportutilityvehicle 越野车compactcar小型乘用车 commercialvehicle accordingtonationalstandard gb t3730 1 2001 commercialcarriagecoachbus长途客车bus客车minibus轻型客车lightbus中型客车mediumbus中型 大 客车taxicar城市出租客车urbanbus大客车intercitybus城间大客车longdistancecoach旅游客车ii truck pickuptruck小货车 cargotruck普通货车 multi purposetruck多用途货车towingvehicle tractor 牵引车 special purposetruck专业货车iii semi trailer semitrailertractor 半挂牵引车 othertypes crv cr v cityrecreationvehicle城市休闲车srv smallrecreationvehicle 小型休闲车 一般两厢 rav recreational 休闲 activity 运动 vehicle 车 源于丰田的一款小型运动型车hrv healthy 健康 recreational 休闲 vigorous 活力 如通用别克凯越hrv轿车mpv mpv的全称是multi purposevehicle 或minipassengervan 即多用途汽车 它集轿车 旅行车和厢式货车的功能于一身 车内每个坐椅都可调整 并有多种组合的方式 车身紧凑 一般为5 7座 cuv car basedutilityvehicle 是以轿车底盘为设计平台 融轿车 mpv和suv特性为一体的多用途车 也被称为crossover ncv newconceptvehicle 新概念轿车 比如瑞虎ncv 比家用轿车的使用范围更广 rv recreationvehicle 即休闲车 是一种适用于娱乐 休闲 旅行的汽车 rv的覆盖范围比较广泛 没有严格的范畴 从广义上讲 除了轿车和跑车外的轻型乘用车 如mpv及suv cuv等都可归属于rv suv是在皮卡底盘技术上开发设计 越野性好 舒适性较差 比如国内的中低端皮卡 特例是长城哈弗cuv 它虽然号称cuv 却并没有采用轿车化底盘 而是改用了梯形工字梁非承载式车身 更倾向于suv cuv是以轿车底盘为设计平台 具备了suv的外观却更多注重舒适性 越野性比suv差 但比一般轿车好 所以应属于轿车市场注重越野的一个细分 欧兰德cuv 本田crv 丰田rav4都算是cuv 而mpv是多用途车 和suv一样 属于国家标准乘用车里的四大类别之一 如上海通用gl8 普力马 奥德赛等都属于mpv 另外 srv可以算是轿车里的一个细分概念 cargotruck载货汽车 主要用于运送货物 有的也可牵引全挂车的汽车 根据最大总质量不同 可分为微型货车 1 8吨以下 轻型货车 1 8 6吨 中型货车 6 14吨 重型货车 14吨以上 dumptruck自卸汽车 以运送货物为主且有可倾卸货箱的汽车 适于坏路或无路地区行驶 多用于国防 林区和矿山 suv 主要用于坏路或无路地区的全轮驱动的具有高通过性的汽车 适于坏路或无路地区行驶 多用于国防 林区和矿山 sedan轿车 用于载送人员及其随身物品且座位布置在两轴之间的四轮车辆 按发动机排量大小可分为微型汽车 1l以下 普通级轿车 1 1 6l 中级轿车 1 6 2 5l 中高级轿车 2 5 4l 高级轿车 4l以上 bus客车 具有长方形车厢 主要用于载送人员及其随身行李物品的汽车 按用途不同可分为长途客车 团体客车 市内公共汽车和旅游客车等 tractor semi trailer牵引汽车及半挂牵引汽车 专门或主要用于牵引挂车或半挂车的汽车 根据牵引挂车的不同可分为半挂牵引汽车和全挂牵引汽车 special purposetruck专用汽车 装置有专用设备 具备专用功能 用于承担专门运输任务或专项作业的汽车 用于完成特殊任务 如消防车 救护车 油罐车 防弹车 工程车等 accordingtoapplicationfields notchback客货两用车four wheeldrive四轮驱动front wheeldrive前轮驱动stationwagon小旅行车wecker beat upcar jalopy老爷车racingcar赛车light van小型货车garbagetruck垃圾车automobilecarrier货运卡车fireengine消防车tractor牵引车ambulance救护车taxi出租车 计程车trailertruck拖车sportscar跑车formulacar方程式赛 汽 车mailcar邮车jeep吉普车bloodmobile血浆车bumpercar碰撞用汽车camper露营车policecar警车wrecker清障车ambulance急救车tanker tanktruck油罐车 accordingtodifferentsteppedtypes 1 轮式汽车wheeledvehiche是用车轮作为行走装置的汽车 2 履带式汽车crawlervehicle是用履带作为行走装置的汽车 3 半履带式汽车semi crawlervehicle指用履带作为驱动装置 用前轮作为转向装置的汽车 1 内燃机汽车internalcombustionengineautomobile指用内燃机作为动力装置的汽车 通常 内燃机汽车的主要形式有 1 1汽油机汽车gasolineautomobile petrolmotorautomobile是用汽油机作为动力装置的汽车 1 2柴油机汽车dieselautomobile compreddionignitionengineautomobile是用柴油机作为动力装置的汽车 1 3气体燃料发动机汽车gaseousfuelautomobile指发动机用天然气 煤气等气体作为燃料的汽车 1 4液化气体燃料发动机汽车liquefiedpetroleumgasvehicle lpg或lpgv 是发动机使用液化气体 液化石油气 作为燃料的汽车 1 5旋转活塞发动机汽车rotorypistonengineautomobile用旋转活塞发动机作为动力装置的汽车 1 6以压缩天然气为燃料的汽车 compressednaturalgasenginesvehicle cng或cngv 2 电动汽车electricautomobile是用电动机作为动力装置的汽车 根据电源形式可将电动车汽车分为 2 1无轨电车trolleybus是从架线上接受电力 以电动机开动的大客车 2 2电瓶车batterycar是用蓄电池作为电源的电动汽车 3 燃气涡轮机汽车gasturbineautomobile是用燃气涡轮机作为动力装置的汽车 通常用於船舰 以军用作战舰艇为主 车辆 少见 发电机组等 与其它涡轮发动机不同之处 在于其涡轮机除了要带动压缩机外 还会另外带动传动轴 传动轴再连上车辆的传动系统 accordingtodifferentpowertypes automobilestructure automobilemechanics 汽车构造 thousandsofindividualpartsmakeupthemodernautomobile muchlikethehumanbody thesepartsarearrangedintoseveralsemi independentsystems eachwithadifferentfunction forexample thehumancirculatorysystemcomprisestheheart blood vessels andblood theautomobilecontainsanalogouscirculatorysystemsforcoolantfluid mostlywater forlubricatingoil andforfuel theengine the heart oftheautomobile iscomprisedofpistons cylinders tubestodeliverfueltothecylinders andothercomponents eachsystemisnecessaryformakingtheautomobilerunandreducingnoiseandpollution themajorsystemsofanautomobilearetheengine fuelsystem transmission electricalsystem coolingandlubricationsystem andthechassis whichincludesthesuspensionsystem brakingsystem wheelsandtires andthebody thesesystemswillbefoundineveryformofmotorvehicleandaredesignedtointeractwithandsupporteachother readingmaterial words beforeexaminingthecomponentsofeachsystem itisusefultounderstandhowthesystemsinteract theinternalcombustionengineistheheartoftheautomobile theengineproducesenergyfromfuelandconvertsthatenergyintothepowertomovethedifferentcomponentsthatwillmovethecar theengineconvertsthechemicalenergyproducedbytheburningofthefuelintomechanicalenergy thisenergyisusedtospinashaft thespinningshaft throughtheinteractionofthetransmissionandothercomponents causesthewheelstoturnandthecartomove asimilartransferofenergytomotioncanbeseenwhenbicycling theupanddownmotionofthefeetandlegsisconvertedtotheturningmotionofthepedals whichinturnpullsthechainthatcausestherearwheeltospin justasitismoredifficulttopedalabicyclefromastandstillthanitiswhilealreadyrolling theenginerequirestheelectricalsystemtogiveitthepushtomoveonitsown theelectricstartermotorofanautomobileprovidesapowerfulforcetogivetheengineitsinitialmovement thebatterysuppliesenergyfortheenginetousewhenburningthefuelneededtomakeitrun thealternatorisdrivenbyabeltattachedtotheengine rechargingthebatterysotherewillbeaconstantsupplyofenergy thesensorsofthecomputercontrolsystem whichgovernsmanyoftheprocessesinanautomobile alsorequireelectricity theburningoffuelisahot noisyprocessthatalsoproducespollutantsintheformofexhaust thisexhaustmustbecarriedawayfromtheengineandawayfromtheautomobile theexhaustsystem withitsmuffler alsoactstoreducethenoiseproducedbythevehicle burningfuelinthecylindersproducestwootherresults frictionandextremelyhightemperatures inordertoprotectthepartsfrombeingworndownfromthefrictionandfrommeltingwiththeheat theymustbeproperlylubricatedandcooled thesesystemsdependontheengineandtheelectricalsystemforthepowertoperformtheirtasks theengine spowerisusedtoturntheautomobile swheels becausethetiresaretheonlypartsoftheautomobilethatareactuallyincontactwiththeroad theymustrestonasystemofsupportsthatwillcarrytheweightofthecarandrespondtoconditionsoftheroadsurface atthesametime thedrivermustbecapableofguidingthedirectionoftheautomobile onceanautomobileismoving itwillcontinuetomoveuntilsomesortoffriction thebrake isappliedtostopit thewheels suspension steering andbrakingsystemsareallattachedtothecar schassis asistherestoftheautomobile thechassisandbody analogoustotheskeletalstructureinthehumanbody providesupportforallthevarioussystemsandcomponents whilealsoprovidingsafety comfort andprotectionfromtheelementsfortheautomobile spassengers readingmaterial words 汽车一般由 四个基本部分组成 anautomobilecanbedividedintofourbasicparts whatarethey 汽车一般由 发动机 底盘 车身和电气设备 四个基本部分组成 fourbasicpartsofanautomobile automobileengine汽车发动机 theengineoperatesoninternalcombustion thatis thefuelusedforitspowerisburnedinsidetheengine thisburningoccursinsidecylinders withinthecylinderisapiston whenthefuelisburned itcreatesanexplosiveforcethatcausesthepistontomoveupanddown thepistonisattached viaaconnectingrod toacrankshaft wheretheupanddownmovementofthepistonconvertstoacircularmotion whenbicycling theupperpartofaperson slegisakintothepiston powerfromthelegispassedthroughthepedalinordertoturnthecrank gasolineisthemostcommonautomobilefuel itispulledintothecylinderbythevacuumcreatedasthepistonmovesdownthroughthecylinder thegasolineisthencompressedupintothecylinderbythenextmovementofthepiston asparkisintroducedthroughasparkplugplacedattheendofthecylinder thesparkcausesthegasolinetoexplode andtheexplosiondrivesthepistondownagainintothecylinder thismovement calledthepowerstroke turnsthecrankshaft afinalmovementofthepistonupwardagainforcestheexhaustgases thebyproductsofthefuel scombustion fromthecylinder thesefourmovements intake compression power andexhaust arecalledstrokes thefour strokeengineisthemostcommontypeofautomobileengine mostautomobileshavefromfourtoeightcylinders althoughtherearealsotwo cylinderand12 cylinderautomobiles thecylindersworktogetherinasequencetoturnthecrankshaft sothatwhileonecylinderisinitsintakestroke anotherisinthecompressionstroke andsoforth generally themorecylinders themoresmoothlytheenginewillrun thesizeoftheautomobilewillaffectthenumberofcylinderstheengineuses smallercarsgenerallyhavethesmallerfour cylinderengine mid sizedcarswillgenerallyrequireasix cylinderengine whilelargercarsneedthepowerofaneight cylinderengine thenumberofcylinders however islessimportanttothelevelofanengine spowerthanisitsdisplacement displacementisameasureofthetotalvolumeoffuelmixturemovedbyallthepistonsworkingtogether themorefuelburnedatonetime themoreexplosivetheforce andthus thepowerwillbe displacementisoftenexpressedascubiccentimeters cc orasliters asmallerenginewilldisplace1 200cc 1 2l for60horsepower whilealargerenginemaydisplaceasmuchas4 000cc 4l generatingmorethan100horsepower horsepoweristhemeasurementoftheengine sabilitytoperformwork thesizeandweightofthecaralsoaffectsitspower ittakeslessworktopropelalightercarthanaheaviercar eveniftheyhavethesameengine justasahorsecarryingasingleridercangofasterwithlesseffortthanahorsedrawingacart readingmaterial words differentenginetypesgasolineengine dieselenginefourstrokeengine twostrokeenginewater cooled air cooledengine differentenginetypessingle cylinderengine multicylinderengine theillustrationisfourcylinderengine naturallyaspiratedengine superchargedenginelineengine in lineengine v typeengine in lineverticalengine in linehorizontalengine engineoverallmechanics发动机总体构造 theengineprovidespowertomovetheautomobile itisformedfrom2mechanismsand5systems cranklinkagemechanism曲柄连杆机构 valvetrainmechanism配气机构 fueldeliverysystem燃油供给系 coolingsystem冷却系 lubricationsystem润滑系 ignitionsystem onlyinpetrolengine 点火系 汽油机 startingsystem起动系 cranklinkagemechanism曲柄连杆机构 consistof cylinderblock cylinderhead piston pistonconnecting rod crankshaft andflywheeletc 由汽缸体 汽缸盖 活塞 连杆曲轴和飞轮等机件组成 功能 曲柄连杆机构是发动机实现工作循环 完成能量转换的主要运动零件 在作功行程中 活塞承受燃气压力在气缸内作直线运动 通过连杆转换成曲轴的旋转运动 并从曲轴对外输出动力 而在进气 压缩和排气行程中 飞轮释放能量又把曲轴的旋转运动转化成活塞的直线运动 valvetrainmechanism配气机构 大多采用顶置气门式配气机构 consistof valves valvestrain valveactuatingmechanism 气门组 气门传动组和气门驱动组组成 功能 根据发动机的工作顺序和工作过程 定时开启和关闭进气门和排气门 使可燃混合气或空气进入气缸 并使废气从气缸内排出 实现换气过程 coolingsystem itgenerallyconsistsofwatertank waterpump radiator fan thermostat temperatureindicatoranddrainagevalve 一般由水箱 水泵 散热器 风扇 节温器 水温表和放水开关组成 therearetwocoolingways aircoolingandwatercooling thelatteriswidelyused 汽车发动机采用两种冷却方式 即空气冷却和水冷却 一般汽车发动机多采用水冷却 theautomobileusesanadditionalsystemtoreducethelevelofheatcreatedbytheengine thecoolingsystemalsomaintainstheengineatatemperaturethatwillallowittorunmostefficiently aliquid cooledsystemismostcommonlyused theexplosionoffuelinthecylinderscanproducetemperaturesashighas4 000 f 2 204 c thetemperatureofexhaustgases whilecooler stillreachto1 500 f 816 c liquid coolingsystemsusewater mixedwithanantifreezethatlowersthefreezingpointandraisestheboilingpointofwater guidedthroughaseriesofjacketsattachedaroundtheengine asthewatersolutioncirculatesthroughthejackets itabsorbstheheatfromtheengine itisthenpumpedtotheradiatoratthefrontofthecar whichisconstructedofmanysmallpipesandthinmetalfins theseallowalargesurfaceareatodrawtheheatfromthewatersolution afanattachedtotheradiatorusesthewindcreatedbythemovementofthecartocoolthewatersolutionfurther temperaturesensorsintheenginecontroltheoperationofthecoolingsystem sothattheengineremainsinitsoptimaltemperaturerange lubricationsystem itconsistsofoilpump fuelfilter oilstrainer oilpassage reliefvalve oilpressuregauge tamponadesensor oildipstickandothercomponents 由机油泵 集滤器 机油滤清器 油道 限压阀 机油表 感压塞及油尺等组成 withoutproperlubrication theheatandfrictioncreatedbytherapidmovementsoftheengine spartswouldquicklycauseittofail thelubricationsystemofanautomobileactstoreduceenginewearcausedbythefrictionofitsmetalparts aswellastocarryoffheat atthebottomoftheengineisthecrankcase whichholdsasupplyofoil apump poweredbytheengine carriesoilfromthecrankcaseandthroughaseriesofpassagesandholestoallthevariouspartsoftheengine astheoilflowsthroughtheengine itformsathinlayerbetweenthemovingparts sothattheydonotactuallytouch theheatedoildrainsbackintothecrankcase whereitcools thefumesgivenoffbythecrankcasearecirculatedbythepcv positivecrankcaseventilation valvebacktothecylinders wheretheyareburnedoff furtherreducingthelevelofpollutiongivenoffbytheautomobile fuelsystem fueldeliverysystem itconsistsoffueltank fuelgauge fuelpipes fuelfilter fuelpump carburetor airfilter intake exhaustpipesandothercomponents 燃料系由油箱 油表 油管 油滤器 油泵 化油器carburetor 空气滤清器 进排气歧管等组成 gasolinemustbeproperlymixedwithairbeforeitcanbeintroducedintothecylinder thecombinationofgasolineandaircreatesamorevolatileexplosion thefuelpumpdrawsthegasolinefromthegastankmountedtowardtherearofthecar thegasolineisdrawnintoacarburetoronsomecars whileitisfuel injectedonothers bothdevicesmixthegasolinewithair approximately14partsofairtoonepartofgasoline andspraythismixtureasafinemistintothecylinders otherpartsofthefuelsystemincludetheaircleaner whichisafiltertoensurethattheairmixedintothefuelisfreeofimpurities andtheintakemanifold whichdistributesthefuelmixturetothecylinders startingsystem itiscomposedbyd celectromotor starter operationmechanismandclutchmechanism 一般由直流电动机 操纵机构和离合机构构成 vocabulary 左侧发动机left handengine右侧发动机right handengine短冲程发动机oversquareengine长冲程发动机undersquareengine等径程发动机squareengine顶置凸轮轴发动机overheadcamshaftengine双顶置凸轮轴发动机dualoverheadcamshaftenginev形发动机v engine顶置气门发动机valvein headengine侧置气门发动机sidevalveengine无气门发动机valvelessengine多气门发动机multi valveengine卧式发动机horizontalengine斜置式发动机inclinedengine立式发动机verticalenginew形发动机w enginei形发动机i enginel形发动机l enginef形发动机f engine性能performance二冲程循环two strokecycle四冲程循环four strokecycle狄塞尔循环dieselcycle 奥托循环ottocycle混合循环mixedcycle定容循环constantvolumecycle工作循环workingcycle等压循环constantpressurecycle理想循环idealcycle热力循环thermodynamiccycle冲程stroke活塞行程pistonstroke长行程longstroke上行程upstroke下行程downstroke进气行程intakestroke充气行程chargingstroke压缩行程compressionstroke爆炸行程explosionstroke膨胀行程expansionstroke动力行程powerstroke排气行程exhauststroke膨胀换气行程expansion exchangestroke换气压缩行程exchange compressionstroke cylinderhead缸盖frequency频率cylinderblock缸体circulation循环piston活塞pressuredrop压力降connectingrod连杆coolingfan散热器风扇water pipe水管sparkplug火花塞hose oil油管reservetank储液罐hose breather通风管hoseclip管卡freshairduct空气导管coil ignition点火线圈resonator谐振器exhaustvalve排气门airflowsensor空气流量传感器crankshaft曲轴draftangle拔模角度cap bearing轴瓦盖mainmuffler主消音器oilpan油底壳pipe inlet exhaustpipe进气管 排气管inletmanifold exhaustmanifold进气歧管 排气歧管reinf hanger吊钩加强板bushing knock衬套evaporation蒸发injector喷嘴emission排放valveguide气门导管pedal accel加速踏板timingbelt正时皮带cable accel加速拉线camshaft凸轮轴pad pedal踏板垫rockerarm摇臂spring return回位弹簧thermostat节温器pin销driveplate驱动盘spindle心轴sprocket链轮torque扭距piston活塞alloy合金pistonring活塞环casting铸件oilring油环copper铜tensioner auto自