英语专业写作——prewriting.ppt

lecture1 discussiononprewriting thislessonwillshowyouhowtoexploreyourtopicandwaystowriteaboutit prewriting prewriting thefirststepinwritingprocessthewordprewriting whichliterallymeansbeforewriting referstoeverythingyoudobeforeyouactuallywriteafirstdraft assessthewritingsituationgenerateideasorganizeyourideas strategiesinprewriting brainstorming letyourideasflowwithoutjudgingthemfreewriting writedownyourthoughtsastheycometoyouaskingquestions makealistofquestionsaboutyourtopicmapping alsocalledclusteringorwebbing makeavisualdiagramofyourideasaboutatopicjournaling writeyourthoughtsinajournallisting makealistofyourideasaboutatopic strategiesinprewriting visualizing alsocalledimagestreaming imagineyourselfinanothersituationanddescribethesituationfromyourpointofviewusingcharts groupyourideasvisuallyinchartsortables howtoassessyourwritingsituation findyoursubjectconsideryouraudiencedefiningyourpurposeconsideringtheresearchclarifyingdeadlineandlengthdesigningdocumentlayout howtogenerateideas freewritingbrainstormingclusteringbranchingaskingquestionskeepingajournal focusedfree writing brainstorming brainstorming lastlistisabbreviatedfromtheoriginal butitservesthepurpose thennextstepistocategorizethelistbyusingnumberingtoindicatethelikethings brainstorming example thisstudentwantedtowriteadescriptiveparagraphaboutherfather afterbrainstorming sheplacedacheckmarkbesidetheitemssheplanstouseinherparagraph tall balding slimwise loud authoritativedetermined usuallywearsasuit warm friendlylaughgoodadviceusuallyconservativestrongbusy drumsfingers practice chooseoneofthefollowingtopics then brainstormeitheraloneorinasmallgroupfor10 15minutesasyoulistideasthatcouldbeincludedinawritingassignment a theinternetb petsc educationd travel clustering freeassociationandrapid uneditedwork butitemphasizestherelationsbetweenideasbycombiningwritingandnonlineardrawing print itisavisualrepresentationofcognitivemoves thewriter learnerstartswithablanksheetofpaper inthemiddleofthatsheet heorsheplacesthesubjectathand practice usemappingtogenerateideasaboutthefollowingtopic eachofushasuniqueabilities aptitudes orpersonalitytraitsthatmakesusspecialinsomeway whatmakesyouspecial branching emphasizestheconnectionsbetweenideas hereisanexampleofbranchingon obesityinkids print howtoorganizeyourideas thispartwillshowyouhowtoorganizeyourideaslogicallysothatyourreadercaneasilyfollow first youhavetolearnhowtowriteathesis then youwilllearndifferentwaysoforganizingyourideasandsketchingoutthedetailsyouwillusetosupportyourthesis identifyyourmainideaandsupportingdetailsconceivingathesisstatementdraftinganoutline identifyyourmainideaandsupportingdetails inorganizingtheideas youcan categorizetheitemsonyourlist putthekeyideasinclimaticorder fromleastimportanttomostimportant orchronologicalorder orspatialorder outlinethem typesofsupportingdetails anecdotes storiesordescriptionsofexperiencesyouhavehadorheardaboutexamples specificinstancesofageneralideafacts statementsthatcanbeverifiedinreferencematerials suchasdatabases dictionaries encyclopedias collegetextbooks orotherspecializedsources throughinterviewswithexperts orbymakingdirectobservationsopinions judgmentsandpredictions especiallythoseofexpertsquotations word for wordstatementsmadebyotherpeople suchasexpertsstatistics factsthatarewrittenaspercentages ratios orinothernumericforms waysoforganizingdetails venndiagrams venndiagramsarecommonlyusedtoshowhowtwoormorethingsarealikeanddifferent thistypeofdiagrammighthelpyouorganizeyoursupportingdetailsforacomparisonandcontrastparagraph waysoforganizingdetails seriesmaps seriesmapsareoftenusedtoorganizeaseriesofeventsorthestepsinaprocess itcanbeputintoahow topaperorusedtoexplainamulti stepprocess practice chooseoneofthethesisstatements then useoneofthegraphicorganizersdescribedheretosketchoutyoursupportingdetails areuniformsagoodideainthepublicschools whyorwhynot whatwouldyoudoifyouwerepresidentforoneday conceivingathesisstatement athesisstatementisastatementthattellsyouandyourreaderwhatyouplantowriteabout itisusuallyonesentenceintheintroductiontoyourpaper ittellsthemainideaofyourpaper itmightalsogivethereaderanideaofthetypeoforganizationandthetonethatyouplantouseinyourpaper itisananswertoaquestion oftenitisastatementthatyousetouttoprove athesisdoesnothavetobeonlyonesentencelong insomepapers itisappropriatetohaveatwo orthree sentencesthesis conceivingathesisstatement beforeyoubeginwriting youshouldhaveanideaofwhatyourthesisis youdon thavetohavetheexactthesisstatementthatyouwillputinyourfinalpaper butyoudoneedtohavethegistwritteninatentativeformbecauseitletsyouorganizeyourthoughtsandtherestoftheinformationinyourpaper conceivingathesisstatement herearesomeexamplesofthesisstatements 1 companiesshouldtakeadvantageofthemarketingpotentialoftheinternetbyadvertisingandofferingcustomerserviceviawebpages 2 theu s governmentshouldsupportearlychildhoodprogramsforbabiesaddictedtocrackbecausemostofthesechildrenareraisedinhomeslackingadequatestimulation conceivingathesisstatement 3 theepilogueoftheseusdemonstratesthequalitiesofaclassicgreekmythologicalhero physicalstrength courage andmorality 4 thescientificstanceontheeffectsofbilingualismoncognitivedevelopmenthavefollowedthetidesofpopularbeliefoverthepastfivedecades 5 throughoutsilasmarner georgeeliotusesvocabulary sentencestructure andphilosophicalcommentarytoteachherreaderamoral conceivingathesisstatement 6 researchshowsthatrepeatedexposuretoairpollutioncancauseorworsenasthmainchildren 7 theroleoftheindiangodsrudra indra andvarunainvedicindiansocietyshowhowmankindseekstoescapetheworriesofthehumancondition practice whatwouldyouexpecttofindinapaperthatbeginswiththisthesisstatement theepilogueoftheseusdemonstratesthequalitiesofaclassicgreekmythologicalhero physicalstrength courage andmorality probablyyouwillfindaparagraphorasectionabouteachofthequalitieslisted physicalstrength courage andmorality thewriterwillprobablytrytoshowhoweventsthataredescribedintheepilogueoftheseusdemonstratethesequalitiesandthenrelatethemtothequalitiesofaclassicgreekmythologicalhero thescientificstanceontheeffectsofbilingualismoncognitivedevelopmenthavefollowedthetidesofpopularbeliefoverthepastfivedecades thewriterwillprobablyshowhowtheconclusionsofscientificstudiesonbilingualismhavechangedwithpopularopinionduringthelast50years practice writeatentativethesisforthefollowingwritingassignments 1 yourstateisconsideringbuildingaprisonclosetoyourhome howdoyoufeelabouthavingaprisonnearyourhome 2 areuniformsagoodideainthepublicschools whyorwhynot 3 describeatimethatyougotlost howdidyoufeel whathappened 4 whatwouldyoudoifyouwerepresidentforoneday draftinganoutline you veprobablybeenaskedtowriteanoutlineforapaperbefore andthisthoughtmightmakeyoucringe ifyou vegottenthisfarintheprewritingprocess however youprobablyalreadyhaveanoutline anformalone ifyouhaveatentativethesisandhavesketchedoutyourmainideasandsupportingdetailsinagraphicorganizerorinanywaythatmakessensetoyou thenyouhaveaninformaloutline aninformaloutline thesis byloweringthebarriersofphysicalappearanceincommunication theinternet suniquelyanonymousformofinteractioncouldbuilddiversityintocommunication nofearofprejudicephysicalattributesunknown age race gender etc noshut outduetoappearanceinabilitytoprejudiceothersassumptionsbasedonappearancemeetingofmindsonlyfindingsharedinterestsandconcerns amoreformaloutlinemightbe thesis anthony sfuneralorationintheplayjuliuscaesarshowsseveralformsofemotionalappeal i hecaptureshisaudience sattentionbyrepeatingniceideasthatar