Lesson 10 The Sad Young Men.ppt

lessontenthesadyoungmenrodw hortonandherbertwedwards backgroundinformation 1 abouttheauthorsrodandedwardsarejointauthorsofthebook backgroundsofamericanliterarythoughts 1967 fromwhichthispieceoftextistaken 2 thesadyoungmenandthelostgenerationthetwotermsrefertothesamegroupofpeople thefirstnamewascreatedbyf scottfitzgeraldinhisbookallthesadyoungmenandsecondbygertrudestein thesenameswereappliedtothedisillusionedintellectualsandaesthetesoftheyearsfollowingtheworldwar whentheworldwar brokeout someofthemtookpartin thewartoendwars onlytofindthatmodernwarfarewasnotasgloriousorheroicastheythoughtittobe disillusionedanddisgustedbythefrivolous greedy andheedlesswayoflifeinamericatheybegantowriteabouttheirownexperienceinthewar theywerebasicallyexpatriateswholeftamericaandformedcommunityofwritersandartistsinparis involvedwithothereuropeannovelistsandpoetsintheirexperimentationonnewmodesofthoughtandexpression thesewriterswerenamedbygertrudestein alsoanexpatriate thelostgeneration hemingway therepresentative thelostgeneration 3 海明威与 迷惘的一代 hemingwayandthe lostgeneration 作为 迷惘的一代 的代言人 海明威在他的两部早期成名作 太阳照常升起 和 永别了 武器 中描写了当时青年一代的幻灭感以及对传统道德观念的反叛精神和强烈的反战情绪 迷惘 是他创作个性的显著特点 他一生都在迷惘中追求 海明威与 迷惘的一代 结下了不解之缘 他创作的整个思想基础都是在 迷惘的一代 时期奠定的 ernestmillerhemingway july21 1899 july2 1961 wasanamericanwriterandjournalist hewaspartofthe1920sexpatriatecommunityinparis andoneoftheveteransofworldwarilaterknownas thelostgeneration hereceivedthepulitzerprizein1953fortheoldmanandthesea andthenobelprizeinliteraturein1954 hemingway sdistinctivewritingstyleischaracterizedbyeconomyandunderstatement andhadasignificantinfluenceonthedevelopmentoftwentieth centuryfictionwriting hisprotagonistsaretypicallystoicalmenwhoexhibitanidealdescribedas graceunderpressure manyofhisworksarenowconsideredclassicsofamericanliterature hemingwayinmilan1918athome 4 thebeatgenerationitreferstoagroupofamericanpoetsandwritersandnovelistsofthe1950sand1960sonromanticrebellionagainstthecultureandvaluesystemsofamerica theyusedliteraryworksofloosestructureandslangdictiontoexpresstheirrevolt theyopposedtheprevailing establishment valueswithananti intellectualfreedom oftenassociatedwithreligiousecstasy visionarystates ortheeffectofdrugs thegroup sideologyincludessomemeasureofprimitivism orientalism experimentationandeccentricity 垮掉的一代 thebeatgeneration 第二次世界大战后在美国出现的一个文学流派 有人根据英文 beats 和 beatniks 垮掉青年 的俗称 译成 避世青年 或 疲塌派 也有人取其诗歌的部分特征 称为 节拍运动 或 敲打诗派 垮掉青年 对战后美国社会现实不满 又迫于麦卡锡主义的反动政治高压 便以 脱俗 方式来表示抗议 他们奇装异服 蔑视传统观念 厌弃学业和工作 长期浪迹于底层社会 形成了独特的社会圈子和处世哲学 50年代初 他们的反叛情绪表现为一股 地下文学 潮流 向保守文化的统治发动冲击 多数垮掉派文人来自东部 著名的有杰克 凯鲁亚克 艾伦 金斯堡 威廉 巴罗斯 格雷戈里 柯尔索 约翰 克莱伦 霍尔姆斯 塞缪尔 克雷姆和加里 斯奈德等 1950年 凯鲁亚克与巴罗斯合写侦探故事未成 却各自完成了一部垮 掉派小说 小镇与城市 1951 和 吸毒者 1953 霍尔姆斯从中受到启发 在小说 走吧 1952 中更明确地反映纽约 垮掉青年 的生活感受 又在 纽约时报 上鼓吹垮掉派文学 但这种尝试受到东部学院派势力的压抑 他们就往西部寻求同道和发展基地 当时洛杉矶近郊的西威尼斯有个以劳伦斯 李普顿为首的垮掉派组织 他于1955年发表小说 神圣的野蛮人 在旧金山 以劳伦斯 弗林盖梯的 城市之光 书店为中心 聚合了一群立志从事 文艺复兴 的反学院派诗人 他们的首领即是后来成为 垮掉的一代 理论家的肯尼斯 雷克思罗斯 thebeatgeneration 5 f scottfitzgeraldhe september24 1896 december21 1940 wasanamericanwriterofnovelsandshortstories whoseworksareevocativeofthejazzage atermhecoinedhimself heiswidelyregardedasoneofthetwentiethcentury sgreatestwriters fitzgeraldisconsideredamemberofthe lostgeneration ofthetwenties hefinishedfournovels includingthegreatgatsby withanotherpublishedposthumously andwrotedozensofshortstoriesthattreatthemesofyouthandpromisealongwithdespairandage heisamostrepresentativefigureofthe1920sandaliteraryspokesmanofthejazzage hisfictionsbestembodythespiritofthejazzage inwhichheshowsaparticularinterestintheupper classsociety especiallytheupper classpeople youngmenandwomeninthe1920shadasenseofrecklessconfidencenotonlyaboutmoneybutaboutlifeingeneral plungingintotheirpersonaladventures engagingthemselvesincasualsexandheavydrinking theytookrisksandspentmoneyextravagantlyandenjoyedthemselvestotheirhearts content butbeneaththeirmasksofrelaxationandjovialitytherewasonlysterility meaninglessnessandfutilityandsspiritualwasteland f scottfitzgeraldandhiswife thegreatgatsby 盖茨比是美国中西部的一个穷孩子 他爱上了一位 大家闺秀 黛西 战争爆发了 盖茨比去海外参战 当他戴着军功勋章回来时 戴西已经嫁给了芝加哥的富家子弟汤姆 盖茨比悟到 因为他没有钱 所以他失去了黛西 如果他有钱 有比汤姆更多的钱 他就能夺回黛西 于是他怀着对黛西的痴情 怀着献身爱情的理想 开始了顽强的奋斗 他想方设法甚至不择手段赚钱 终于成为一个有钱人 他在黛西住所的海湾对面买下了一幢豪华的别墅 举行盛大的宴会 想以次来吸引黛西 他通过黛西表哥卡罗威的帮忙 终于在跟心爱的姑娘分手五年后再次同她见面 并向她表白了他不变的爱情 黛西虽然为他的忠诚和执着感动 对他现有的财富不免动心 也对粗野不忠的tom深感失望 但她最终没有勇气离开她的丈夫离开她的家 在一次摊牌和争吵之后 心情不宁的黛西在驾车回家途中恰好撞死了tom的情人威尔逊太太 盖茨比决定为黛西承担责任 但嫉妒的tom嫁祸于人 指使威尔逊太太的丈夫枪杀了盖茨比 当他冰凉的尸体浸泡在游泳池水中时 tom和黛西重归于好 出门旅行去了 6 gertrudestein 1874 1946 sheisanamericanwriter majoringinpsychologyandmedicine settledinparis shewasabsorbedintotheworldofexperimentalliterarycreation asacritic shewasheldinhighesteeminparis herhomewassomethingofaculturalsaloonforartistsandtheexpatriatewritersbetweenthetwoworldwars gertrudestein asanamericanwriter shespentmostofherlifeinfrance andbecameacatalystinthedevelopmentofmodernartandliterature herlifewasmarkedbytwoprimaryrelationships thefirstwithherbrotherleostein from1874 1914 gertrudeandleo andthesecondwithaliceb toklas from1907untilstein sdeathin1946 gertrudeandalice steinsharedhersalonat27ruedefleurus paris firstwithleoandthenwithalice throughoutherlifetime steincultivatedsignificanttertiaryrelationshipswithwell knownmembersoftheavantgardeartisticandliteraryworld 7 johndospassosjohndospassos january14 1896 september28 1970 theillegitimatesonofaprominentamericanattorney wasborninchicagoin1896 broughtupbyhismotherinvirginia andforatimelivedinfrance dospassosreturnedtotheunitedstatestoattendharvarduniversity dospassosleftuniversitytojointhealliedwareffortineurope heservedasanambulancedriverinfranceanditalyduringthefirstworldwarandafterwardsdrewupontheseexperiencesinhisnovels oneman sinitiation 1920 andthreesoldiers 1921 in1922dospassospublishedacollectionofessays rosinantetotheroadagain andavolumeofpoems apushcartatthecurb however hisliteraryreputationwasestablishedwithhiswell receivednovelmanhattantransfer 1925 aswellaswritingplayssuchasthegarbageman 1926 airways 1928 andfortuneheights 1934 dospassoscontributedarticlesforleft wingjournalssuchasthenewmasses in1927hejoinedwithotherartistssuchasuptonsinclair dorothyparker ednast vincentmillay benshahn floyddellinthecampaignagainsttheproposedexecutionofnicolasaccoandbartolomeovanzetti thisincludedthewritingoffacingthechair saccoandvanzetti 1927 the1930ssawthepublicationofhisusatrilogy the42ndparallel 1930 1919 1932 andthebigmoney 1936 dospassosdevelopedtheexperimentalliterary devicewherethenarrativesintersectandcontinuefromonenoveltothenext theusatrilogyalsoincludedwhatbecameknownasnewsreels impressionisticcollectionsofslogans popularsonglyrics newspaperheadlinesandextractsfrompoliticalspeeches dospassoswasactiveinthecampaignagainstthegrowthoffascismineurope hejoinedotherliteraryfiguressuchasdashiellhammett cliffordodets lillianhellmanandernesthemingwayinsupportingtherepublicansduringthespanishcivilwar howeverdospassosgraduallybecamedisillusionedwithleft wingpoliticsandthisisreflectedinhisnovels theadventuresofayoungman 1939 andnumberone 1943 otherbooksbydospassosincludethenovels thegranddesign 1949 chosencountry 1951 andmidcentury 1961 abiography theheadandheartofthomasjefferson 1954 andanautobiography thebestoftimes aninformalmemoir 1966 johndospassosdiedin1970 小说家 生于芝加哥一个富裕的律师家庭 1916年毕业于哈佛大学 去西班牙学习建筑 不久参加第一次世界大战 先后在法国战地医疗队和美军医疗队服役 根据亲身经历写成的 三个士兵 1921 是他第一部有影响的小说 也是最早反映美国青年一代厌战和迷惘情绪的作品 1925年发表的 曼哈顿中转站 以大战前后的纽约社会为背景 报写了记者 律师 演员 水手 工会干部等人物形象 他们都是资本主义社会的失意者 生活苦闷 精神空虚 多斯 帕索斯虽然在作品中反映了战后一代的迷惘情绪 但他的思想并不消极 他当时对资本主义社会十分不满 自称 放弃了对它的希望 向往革命 1926年参加 新群众 杂志编委 他作为美国共产党的支持者 采访罢工斗争 为共产党的刊物写稿 1927年因参加营救萨柯和樊塞蒂的活动被捕入狱 1932年曾支持共产党的总统候选人 但没有加入过共产党 多斯 帕索斯的代表作是 美国 三部曲 包括 北纬四十二度 1930 一九一九年 1932 和 赚大钱 1936 这部作品规模宏大 时间从本世纪初直至1929年经济危机爆发 描写了12个人物形象 他们的故事独立成章 情节上偶尔有所联系 30年代中期以后 多斯 帕索斯在政治见解上开始与美国共产党和进步阵营发生分歧 西班牙内战爆发后 这种分歧加深 他后来的作品大多宣扬资产阶级的民主自由 对美共和苏共多所指责 abriefoverviewofthetext 1 thetypeofwritingoftheessayitisapieceofexposition 2 ageneralintroductiontothetextthisessaydescribesaspecialgroupofpeople thesadyoungmaninamericanliteraryhistory whowereshockedanduprootedforatimebutnever lost therevoltoftheyoungergenerationisthemostinterestingaspectinthe20thcentury itwasalogicaloutcomeofconditionsatthattime theaftermathofthewwiandtherisingofamerica itstartedwithwwi whichwhippeduptheenergiesoftheyouthandcreatedanenlistmentcraze butwhentheyoungpeoplehadagoodtasteofthewarandreturnedhomeonlytofindthattheycouldadjustthemselvesnomoretotheirhometown theyrebelledintheformofcompletelyoverthrowingthevictoriangentility whichinitselfwasobsolescentinasocietyhighlyindustrialized theyoungintellectualsflockedtoliveunconventionallyingreenwichvillage placewellknownforbohemianismandeccentricity soonnon intellectualsbegantoimitatetheirmanners whichwasalsoawayfortheyouthtoescapetheirsocialresponsibilities theirimitationandespeciallyamerica smaterialismdissatisfiedtheyoungintellectualsgreatly somanywenttoliveineuropeas expatriates butalmostallofthemreturnedwithafewyearsoutofhomesickness temperedbytheirlifeofexpatriation theyproducedtheliveliest freshestandmoststimulatingworksinamerica sliteraryhistory thisisapieceofexpositorywritingexplainingacertainareaandsspecialwriters groupinamericaliteraryhistory unlikemostofthiskindofwriting itdoesnotstateitsthesisuntilitcomestothelastsentenceofthelastparagraph however eachparagraphorparagraphunitdevelopsanewbutclosedrelatedaspectofthethoughtstatedinthethesissothattheyformacoherentwhole detailedstudyofthetext para 1 1 whatofthetwentieshasbeenmostcommenteduponandromanticized therevoltoftheyoungergeneration 2 howisitso theslightestmentionofthedecadebringsnostalgicrecollectionstothemiddle agedandcuriousquestioningsbytheyoung 3 whatwillberecalledbythemiddle aged thedeliciouslyillicitthrill thebravedenunciation andthefashionableexperimentation 4 whatquestionswillbeaskedbytheyoung questionsaboutthenaughty 5 whatarethespecificquestionsaskedbythepresent daystudents 6 whatarethenecessaryanswerstothetheseinquiries yes and no 7 whyareboth yes and no right 8 importantpoints nostalgicrecollectionsandcuriousquestionings bothadjectivesaretransferredepithet reallymodify themiddle age and theyoung respectively deliciouslyillicitthrill animproperactionbutveryenjoyableandexciting avisittoaspeakeasywasimproperorprohibitedbecausetheseplacessoldalcoholicdrinksillegally thisexplainsthe illicitthrill fashionableexperimentationsinamour tryingoutnewwaysoflovemakingaseveryonewaydoingatthattime moralandstylisticvagaries oddandeccentricdressandconductseeinperspective tovieworjudgethingsoreventsinawaythatshowtheirtruerelationstooneanother9 themainideaofthepara introductiontothetopic oneaspectoflifeinthetwenties revoltoftheyoungergenerationandpeople sreactiontoit para 2 1 whatwasthenatureoftherevoltoftheyoungpeople itwasthelogicaloutcomeofconditionsintheage 2 whatwerethehistoricalconditionsoftheage firstofall thefirstworldwarledtherebellionthathadaffectedintheentirewesternworld second thepoliticalandculturaldevelopmenthelpedamericareachaninternationalstaturethatbroketheartificialwallsof 3 importantpoints thefirstseriouswarinacentury thewriter perhaps isreferringtothenapoleonicwarsthatendedinnapoleon sdefeatatwaterloo 1815 asthelastseriouswarthattookplacealmostahundredyears toreachinternationalstature todevelopandgrowintoanationrespectedandesteemedbyallothernationsintheworld metaphor comparing provincialmorality to artificialwalls provincialmoralityandthegeographicalprotection inthepast morally theamericansinactionjustfollowthenarrowandlimitedprinciplesofrightandwrongasacceptedintheirowncountry geographically theyremainisolatedandprotectedbytheatlanticandpacificoceans inotherwords bothaspectsindicatethattheunitedstatescannolongerpursueapolicyofisolationism 4 themainideaofthepara 2 therevoltoftheyoungpeoplewasalogicaloutcomeofconditionsintheage para 3 1 themainidea therejectionofvictoriangentilitywas inanycase inevitable 2 thecausetotherejectionofvictoriangentility americanindustrialization afterworldwari americabecameahighlyindustrializedcountry therewerebigsuccessfulfactoriesoperatingeverywhere businessbecamehugecorporationsdevoidofanyhumanfeelingsandtheruthlessdesiretodominatewasexercisedonalargescale inthisnewatmosphere theprinciplesofpolite courteousandconsideratebehaviorandconductthatwereformedinaquieterandlesscompetitiveage beforeworldwari couldnolongerexist 3 howwasvictoriangentilitytreatedinthebustlingageevenwithoutwar itwasdifficulttoacceptedsinceitborenorelationshiptothebustlingbusinessmedium 4 whatwasthefunctionofthewar itactedmerelyascatalyticagentinthisbreakdownofthevictoriansocialstructure anditreleasedtheyoungpeople sinhibitedviolentenergies 5 afterthewar whatweretheirreleasedenergiesturnedto theywereturnedtothedestructionoftheobsolescentnineteenth centurysociety 6 importantpoints victoriangentility thequalityofbeinggenteel orspecificallyexcessiveoraffectedrefinementandelegancethatshowthemiddle classrespectability prudery bigotry etc generallyattributedtovictorianenglandtobattleforsuccess metaphor theyhadtofightasinabattleinordertobecomesuccessful metaphor thewarbeingcomparedtoacatalyticagent thewaronlyhelpedtospeedupthebreakdownofthevictoriansocialstructure para 4 1 themainidea inamuchchangingworld theyouthwasfacedwiththechallengeofbringingthemoresuptodate butatthesametimeitwastemptedtoescapeitsresponsibilitiesandretreatbehind 2 howdidtheyescapetheirresponsibilities theyretreatedbehindanairofnaughtyalcoholicsophisticationandaposeofbohemianimmorality 3 whatwasthepatternoftheirescape thefaddishness thewildspendingofmoneyon 4 whatmadetheescapepossible ageneralprosperityandapostwarfatiguewithpolitics economicrestrictions 5 whatwereotherfactorsthatofferedthemmoreopportunitiesoffollowingthispattern prohibition themuch publicizedorgiesanddefiantmanifestoesoftheintellectuals6 howlongdidtheescapelast thisescapelasteduntilthemoneyranout untilthecrashoftheworldeconomicstructureattheendofthedecadecalled andforced 7 importantpoints bringingourmoresuptodate takeupthedemandingtaskofreformingourtraditionalsocialcustomsinordertokeepupwiththischangingworld bohemian aperson esp anartist poet etc wholivesinanunconventional nonconformingwayprohibition theforbiddingbylawofthemanufacture transportation andsaleofaalcoholicliquorsforbeveragepurposes specificallyintheu s theperiod 1920 1933 ofprohibitionbyfederallaw greenwichvillage sectionofnewyorkcity onthelowerwestsideofmanhattan notedascenterforartists writers etc formerlyavillage metaphor comparingthewild riotouslivingoftheescapiststoapartyandtheescapiststodrunkenrevelers thecrashoftheworldeconomicstructure itreferstothegreateconomicdepressionwhichstartedintheamericain1929 soberup thegreateconomicdepressionbroughttheyoungescapistsbacktothesensesandstoppedthewild riotouslivestheywereliving para 5 1 themainidea howtherevolt rebelliongotstartedwithworldwar 2 whatweretheintolerablepoliticalandhistoricalfactorstotheidealisticcitizens theprolongedstalemateof1916 1916 thestalemateonthewestfrontineurope gruelingtrenchwarfaretookplace butthebattlelinesremainedvirtuallystationaryforthreeyears theincreasinginsolenceofgermany thisreferstothesinkingofthelusitania alinerunderbritishregistration byagermansubmarineonmay7 1915 inthesinking 1 195personslosttheirlives ofwhom128wereu s citizens theconsiderablesympathyforgermanythathadpreviouslyexistedintheunitedstatestoalargeextentdisappeared andthereweredemandsfrommanyforanimmediatedeclarationofwar italsoreferstothegermanannouncement attheendof1916 thatgermanywouldbeginunrestrictedsubmarinewarfaretobreakbritishcontroloftheseas inprotesttheunitedstatesbrokeoffrelationswithgermany feb 1917 ourofficialreluctancetodeclareourstatusasbelligerent 3 whatdidtheydo theybegantoenlistunderforeignflags metonymy 4 whatwastheirpurposeofdoingso theywantedtogetintothefunbeforethewholethingturnedbellyup metaphor theyoungpeoplewantedtotakepartinthegloriousadventurebeforethewarended 5 whatmadetheinnocentyoungmenthinkofwarasromantic themotionpictureorstory thecivilwarof1861 1865wasalwaysportrayedinthemoviesandinstoriesasahighlysentimentaldrama nostalgictopeoplefromthesouthernstates andthewarwithspainin1898alwaysendedinasceneinamovieshowingtheone sidedvictoryatmanilaortheamericanschargingupsanjuanhill 6 whatdidhighschoolassemblyoratorsadvocate theyadvocatedthatthestrenuouslifeasintheeuropeanconflictwouldbeofgreatvaluetotheircharacter forming 7 whatwastheresult theirenthusiasmandthenumberwerebeyondcontrol 8 importantpoints johndospassos u s a inhisfinestachievement thetrilogyu s a 1937 composedofthe42ndparalled 1930 1919 1932 andthebigmoney 1936 hedevelopedthekaleidoscopictechniqueofmanhattantransfer 1925 byskillfullyweavingtogethernarration streamofconsciousness biographiesofrepresentativefigures andquotationsfromnewspapersandmagazines dospassospresentedthefirstthreedecadesofthe20thcenturyinamerica greenwichvillage sectionofnewyorkcity onthelowerwestsideofmanhattan notedascenterforartists writers etc formerlyavillage forover100years thissmallareabelow14thstreetandwestofbroadwayhasbeenameccatothecreative rebelliousandbohemian althoughtodaynostarvingartistscouldaffordtolivehere thevibestilllingersandthebeatgoeson prohibition theforbiddingbylawofthemanufacture transportation andsaleofaalcoholicliquorsforbeveragepurposes specificallyintheu s theperiod 1920 1933 ofprohibitionbyfederallaw magnolia scented themeaningofthephraseisnotclear itmayhavetheliteralmeaningofhavingthescentofthemagnolia thesoapoperawasputupbycompaniessellingmagnolia scentedsoap itmayalsomean verysweetandcloying becausethemagnoliaflowerhadaverysweetscent finally itmayalsomean of relatingto orresemblingthesouthofpre civilwardays soapopera americanism adaytimeradioortelevisionserialdramaofahighlymelodramatic sentimentalnature socalledsincemanyoriginalsponsorsweresoapcompaniesdissolve inmotionpicturesandtv tofadeormakefadeintooroutofview para 6 1 whatabouttheirspiritandenthusiasmaftertheyhadtastedthewar dissipated 2 howdidtheyfight withdistinction 3 whathappenedtothemreturningfromthewar theyweremuchaltered 4 whatweretheirhometownconditions hometowncitizensstilltalkedwith theirjobshadbeentak