应用文(书信)写作.doc

私人信件（personal letter）和事务性信件（business letter）。私人信件写给亲朋好友，其余的归类于后者。 信件按写作的目的，分为抱怨信，批评信，建议信，祝贺信，说明解释信，感谢信，道歉信，推荐信，求职信，联络信等等，大多数格式相似。 1称呼（Salutation）(一般不考)称呼是指写信人对收信人的称呼用语。位置在信内地址下方一、二行的地方。从该行的顶格写起，在称呼后面一般用逗号（英国式），也可以用冒号（美国式）。(1) 写给亲人，亲戚和关系密切的朋友时，用Dear 或My dear 再加上表示亲戚关系的称呼或直呼其名（这里指名字，不是姓氏）。例如:My dear father, Dear Tom 等。(2) 在公务信函上用Dear Madam，Dear Sir 或Gentleman（Gentlemen）。注意：Dear纯属公务上往来的客气形式。Gentlemen 总是以复数形式出现，前不加Dear。而Dear Sir 或 Dear Madam 表示单数形式。当不辨收信人性别时，可写成Dear Sir or Madam。(3) 写给熟悉人的信，也可用头衔、职位、职称、学位等再加姓氏或姓氏和名字。例如：Dear Prof. Dear Dr. John Smith 或Dear Visa Officer。2.正文（The Main Body）（必考项）位置在下面称呼语隔一行，是信的核心部分。要求正文层次分明，简单易懂。和中文信不同的是，正文中一般不用Hello！（你好！）正文有缩进式和齐头式两种。每段书信第一行的第一个字母稍微向右缩进些，通常以五个字母为宜，每段第二行从左边顶格写起这就是缩进式。但美国人写信各段落往往不用缩进式，用齐头式，即每一行从顶格写起。每段用一行隔开。商务信件大都采用齐头式的写法。3结束语（Complimentary Close）( 必考项)在正文下面的一，二行处，从信的中间偏右开始，第一个词开头要大写，句末用逗号。如果是齐头式，则结束语也是左面顶格写。不同的对象，结束语的写法也不同。（1） 写给家人，亲戚，用Your loving grandfather, Loving yours 等。（2） 写给熟人，朋友，用Yours cordially, Yours affectionately等；（3） 业务信函中用Truly yours（Yours truly）, Faithfully yours(Yours faithfully)等；（4） 上级、长辈用Yours obediently(Obediently yours), Yours respectfully(Respectfully yours)等。4.签名（signature）低于结束语一行至二行，从信纸中间偏右的地方开始（如果是齐头式，则结束语也从左面顶格写），在结束语的正下方，在签完名字的下面还要用打字机打出自己的名字，以辨识别。职务、职称可打在名字的下面。当然，写给亲朋好友的信，就不必再打了。在雅思考试中只需要你手写上名字即可。如题目中说明不写名字，则不必写上考生姓名。 一 抱怨信（complaint）抱怨信在生活当中会经常遇见，中国人讲究中庸之道，万事只要过得去就行。而西方人对服务行业甚为苛刻和挑剔。甚至是只要他们花了钱的，或是政府本应该做的，他们就要批评。这样一来也好，加强了社会监督。不过还是要请大家注意，抱怨不等于骂人，不等于素质低。君子动口不动手，批评人不带脏字，批评完了还得让你照办。抱怨信的最高境界就是过失方看完了信，接受了批评，改正了错误，心中充满了懊悔，还得念叨着写信人的宽宏大量。 抱怨信在考试中经常出现，大多是房客对房子的不满，住户对邻居的不满，消费者对商品的不满或是对某服务质量、服务态度不满，居民对政府的某项措施不满。考生应该注意抱怨信结构的设置，以期达到最合理的结果。思路第一段：写信的目的。表明信中所要批评、抱怨的问题。第二段：抱怨的正文。（1） 介绍背景。发生的时间，地点，人物，原因。（2） 出现的问题，问题的经过和引起的后果、抱怨的原因。（3） 给自己带来的不便和麻烦。第三段：提出批评及处理意见、解决方案，并祝愿（打一巴掌，给个甜枣）。抱怨产品质量You have bought an mp3 at a shop. On reaching home, you discover a fault with it.Write a letter to the shop authority explaining the situation, and ask that the problem be put right.Dear Sir/Madam,I wish to make a complaint about an mp3 which I bought three days ago in your shop.As is my habit, I made a point of trying it out on the spot. It worked perfectly well, and so I went ahead and purchased it. However, when I got home and tried it again, it seemed that the volume knob had ceased to work. Removing the back of the case, I found that the internal components of the mp3 were all rusted: not only that but some of the wires were broken.I am sure that you will agree that this is a most unsatisfactory situation. Therefore I request you to arrange to replace this mp3 with another one, which must be in perfect working order. Failing that, I will have to visit on a refund in full of the price which I have paid for it. Yours sincerely,Fan Yang二 道歉信常用套句1） am awfully/terribly sorry for what I have done.2） I feel very guilty for what I have done to you.3） I am afraid what I have done has caused many inconveniences to you,4） I regret to inform you that I am unable to do5） Please accept my most cordial and humblest apologies for once more.6） I will try my utmost not to make such a stupid mistake again,7） I am so sorry to have put you to so much trouble.8） Im sorry that I.9） I regret that I .10) Please forgive me for 11) Unfortunately/ Regrettably I Your received a complaint letter that your clients central heating system has not been completed as schedule. You find that its your mistake that caused the problem. Write to your client to explain what happened and promise when the project will be finished.You should write at least 150 words.You do NOT need to write your own address.Begin you letter as follow:Dear sir/madam, Dear Mr./Ms. ,I received your litter yesterday complaining that the central heating system in your new house had not been completed by the date promised. I feel awfully sorry that the problem has been caused by my mistake about the date for completion on referring to our earlier correspondence.I mistook your date of completion for next week due to my inattention, so the working team installed the system according to the wrong date. I realize the inconvenience that our oversight must be causing you and will do everything possible to avoid any further delay. I have already given instructions for the work to have priority and the engineers working on the job to be placed on overtime,I assure you that these arrangements should see the installation completed by next weekend. I hope the settlement of this matter can meet your wishes.The fault is entirely mine and I deeply regret that it happened. Yours faithfully, Johns 道歉与解释信（Apology and Explanation）道歉信与解释信一般是合二为一的，先有道歉再来解释。一般的题目场景有学生对老师或学校的道歉，职员对顾客的道歉，邻居之间，同学之间的道歉。道歉信在考试中经常出现，考生应注意在行文中委婉的表达方法，并在结构上加重解释说明这一部分。思路第一段：道歉并重述自己做错的事情，说明写信目的，为自己做错的事表示歉意，保证不再犯。第二段：解释做错事情的经过及做错的原因，最好说明事情的发生是人力之不可为之因素，并且己方根本没有蓄意的意思。第三段：补救办法。提出补救方案，表达自己想改过/补救的希望：一赔钱，二赔物，三，精神赔偿，四，再赔不是。第四段：再次道歉，首尾呼应，表达不会再犯同样错误的愿望。对受害方以美好的祝愿。有时，第二，三段可合二为一。 对于自己家的宠物破坏邻居家花园的道歉。 Dear Mr. Paul:Although I apologized in person for the damage our dog did to your garden the day before yesterday, I want you to know how badly we feel about it and to assure you that it will not happen again.The chain that had secured Ben for the last two years snapped. I was not aware that he was loose until he had dug that hole in the middle of your yard. If you incur any expenses repairing the damage, let us know, and we will cover them. In order to avoid the same accident happening again, we have purchased a new chain just after we realized the problem. So Ben surely will be confined to our yard.Thank you for being a good neighbor and for being patient with us and our dog.Yours sincerely,Tom三 咨询信（enquiry）在欧美日常生活当中，一些不赶时间，且需要书面详细答复的任务一般都付诸于书信，再加上随着网络的广泛使用和其速度快的原因，用E-mail 来查询信息的现象就更加普及。咨询信请注意委婉的语气和感谢。 思路第一段：写信的目的，开门见山。第二段：要咨询的详细内容：（1） 缘起。介绍背景，从什么地方得知消息，为什么要咨询。（2） 询问详情。有什么？费用？基本要求？等等。第三段：表示感谢，期待回信，询问进一步的信息。你在报纸上看到一个广告，广告说可以给留学生提供奖学金，请你写信去问一下细节，并在信中解释为什么你认为你就是获得奖学金的最佳人选，同时谈谈你学习的计划。Dear Sir/Madam:I am writing to inquire about the scholarship that was advertised in the June 7th New York Times. I would like to know more details about it.I wonder what your requirements are to qualify for this scholarship, and to whom it is usually granted. However, I believe I am the very one that you are looking for. I am from China and I have worked with AT&T Telecommunication Corporation for 2 years and I am applying for entrance to your esteemed institution in pursuit of a Masters degree. I can spare more energy and time on my studying without worrying much about maintenance and tuition fees if I am granted the scholarship. Isnt that the goal you pursue in issuing this scholarship?I am eagerly looking forward to your reply. And your kind help would be greatly appreciated.Best wishes,Sincerely yours,Julie四 邀请信很多考生的问题在于字数达不到题目的要求。因为简单的邀请要用150个单词来表达出来与三言两语的电话沟通相比是相对较难。然而，我们应该明确一点，邀请信的目的是让对方赴约。因此邀请信的重点不仅仅在于简单的发出邀请，更在于如何去描述约会的魅力，从而吸引对方赴约。思路第一段：写信的目的，发出邀请。第二段：对于约会的描述：1.起因 2. 地点 3. 时间 4. 环境 5. 偕同人员第三段：再次发出邀请，并强调缺少对方的遗憾。 Sample Answer1Dear Sir/Madam:I am delighted that you have accepted our invitation to speak at the conference in Beijing on June, 4th.As we agreed, you will be speaking on the topic“how to protect wild animals” from 9 to 10 a.m. There will be an additional few minutes for questions.Would you please tell me what kind of audio-visual equipment you will need. If you could let me know your specific requirements by May 28th, we will have plenty of time to make sure that the hotel provides you with what you need.Thank you again for agreeing to speak. I look forward to hearing from you.Sincerely yours,nametitle五 推荐信在一些好的英联邦大学的录取要求中和在移民过程中明确规定需要一至两份大学教授或系主任或是曾经的工作单位的推荐信。然而，我们真的能指望这些人帮我们写推荐信吗？当然不能，因为他们大多不懂英文，无奈，只好我们自己动手了， 他们只需签个或盖个章即可。 当然，这并不是为什么雅思考试中出现推荐信的原因。实际上，英联邦国家非常注重一个人或是一个公司的诚信。而诚信是通过历史或是周边环境对你的反映体现出来的。在英联邦国家工作，口碑很重要，不仅仅是对你本人，对你身边的人也很重要。因此， 学会如何写好推荐信于人于己都很重要也很必要。思路第一段：介绍与被推荐人的关系表示愿意为他（她）做推荐，同时介绍自己。第二段：介绍自己对被推荐人的良好印象； 介绍被推荐人的能力及优秀表现； 介绍被推荐人的其他素质和特长； 注意典型事迹的回忆。第三段：希望对方能考虑自己的推荐或表明被推荐人将对招聘单位作出的贡献。Write a letter of recommendation for your former employee to another company.Sample AnswerDear Sir/Madam:It is a pleasure for me to answer your request for a letter of recommendation for my good friend and former employee, Mr. Tom Cruise.Tom was a shop assistant with us for half a year while he was working his way through college. He was always punctual, hardworking and ready to take on new responsibilities. While he worked with us, he always went out of his way to help everyone around him. Both his colleagues and customers liked him very much. What is more, one of our old customers wrote a letter to thank him for his kindness and considerate help.We have kept in touch in the five years since his graduation, and he now has a lovely wife and two small children. He has developed into a resourceful, results-oriented store manager who will, I am certain, be a great asset to your company. Sincerely yours,James Bond六 拒绝信（refuse） 舍弃也是一种美丽，正所谓鱼和熊掌不可以兼得。舍弃的同时也是痛苦的，但更痛苦的莫过于舍弃的另一头，因此说舍弃也是一种美丽，如何舍弃则是一种艺术。拒绝信的关键在于你如何自圆其说，如何残酷地拒绝他人，但还得让对方欣然接受一句话概之：找理由，撒大谎。思路第一段：诉说接到邀请十分高兴，特别感激对方的邀请，并告知结果。第二段：自己如何地想去; 客观条件如何的苛刻;自己曾作出了如何的努力; 最终很遗憾地失败告终。第三段：抱歉遗憾，反客为主，提出下一次机会。Dear Mrs Black:Thank you very much for your offer of a new position in you company. Although I would love to work for you, I am unable to accept due to a number of reasons.While waiting for your answer, another company interviewed me. To my surprise, I was the only one who passed out of more than 200 applicants. I cherish this job opportunity very much. The managers here are all very kind and they have spent plenty of time training me to be a professional. Of course I still wanted to wait for your answer, after all, to work for the biggest software company is everyones dream. But the problem is that their deadline is the day before yesterday, one day before I received your offer.I am so sorry to refuse your kind invitation. But thanks for you trust in me.Best regardsEve 七 挂失信挂失信一般分为三大部分。第一部分包括自我介绍以及简单提及写信理由（即财物丢失）等；第二部分为丢失的过程（包括何时、何处、何地）和财物的情况（何物、有何特征）；第三部分请求有关部门和人士提供帮助、建议或希望告知该如何做，希望早日得到答复，留下联络方式等等。开头句1) I am writing to inform you that I lost in your place.2) I am a middle school teacher who got your taxi on I lost myin the taxi.3) I visited your museum last week. Unfortunately, I left behind there.表示感谢1) Your prompt and favorable attention to my request would be highly appreciated.2) Your meticulous and warmhearted help will be greatly appreciated.3) I shall be grateful if you could find my lost bag as soon as possible.4) I shall be much obliged if you could deal with my request and send me a reply.希望答复1) Please notify me soon.2) Looking forward to your prompt reply.3) I shall feel obliged by a reply at your earliest convenience.4) I look forward to your answer in a few days. After visiting the historical museum on your holiday, you found you had lost a shopping bag in the museum. Write a letter to tell them when and where you lost the bag, describe the characteristics of the bag and the contents, and suggest what the museum should do.You should write at least 150 words.You do NOT need to write your own address.Begin you letter as follow:Dear sir/madam,I am writing to inform you that I lost my shopping bag in your museum and I would like to ask for your help.I paid a visit to your museum on May 13, 2004. When I visited the hall of modern art and history, I left my handbag in the hall because of my carelessness. It is a black-leathered bag. There are some important things in it, including my passport, ID card, some checks and US $ 1,000. But the most important thing is my business address book, which records all my clients phone numbers and appointment agenda in the following two weeks.This bag is very important to me. My friends suggested me that I should contact your department to seek help, so I write this letter to you anxiously. I hope you and your staff can help me find my lost bag. Your meticulous and warmhearted help will be greatly appreciated,For information about my lost thing, please contact me in the following ways:Mobile phone: XXXXXXXHome phone: XXXXXOffice phone: XXXXX八 感谢信 感谢信一般分为三大部分。第一部分说明写信目的，表明自己的身份或说明自己现在的情况（以回家或已康复等等），以及对对方表示谢意；第二部分回忆当时接受别人帮助时的情况，并表达自己愉快地感觉；第三部分提出回报对方好意的设想或建议，并再次表达自己的谢意，首尾呼应。常用套句1 I take this opportunity to express my deep appreciation to you for the kind assistance you rendered me.2 I wish there were a better word than thanks to express my appreciation for your generous help.3 My appreciation to you for your generous help is beyond words. I wish I could repay it one day.4 Please accept my most cordial thanks for your timely help, which I will alwa