化学常用英语.doc

化学常用词汇汉英对照表作者：不详阅读：4263 次时间：2003-7-10来源：不详氨 ammonia 氨基酸 amino acid 铵盐 ammonium salt 饱和链烃 saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon 苯 benzene 变性 denaturation 不饱和烃 unsaturated hydrocarbon 超导材料 superconductive material 臭氧 ozone 醇 alcohol 次氯酸钾 potassium hypochlorite 醋酸钠 sodium acetate 蛋白质 protein 氮族元素 nitrogen group element 碘化钾 potassium iodide 碘化钠 sodium iodide 电化学腐蚀 electrochemical corrosion 电解质 electrolyte 电离平衡 ionization equilibrium 电子云 electron cloud 淀粉 starch 淀粉碘化钾试纸 starch potassium iodide paper 二氧化氮 nitrogen dioxide 二氧化硅 silicon dioxide 二氧化硫 sulphur dioxide 二氧化锰 manganese dioxide 芳香烃 arene 放热反应 exothermic reaction 非极性分子 non-polar molecule 非极性键 non-polar bond 肥皂 soap 分馏 fractional distillation 酚 phenol 复合材料 composite 干电池 dry cell 干馏 dry distillation 甘油 glycerol 高分子化合物 polymer 共价键 covalent bond 官能团 functional group 光化学烟雾 photochemical fog 过氧化氢 hydrogen peroxide 合成材料 synthetic material 合成纤维 synthetic fiber 合成橡胶 synthetic rubber 核电荷数 nuclear charge number 核素 nuclide 化学电源 chemical power source 化学反应速率 chemical reaction rate 化学键 chemical bond 化学平衡 chemical equilibrium 还原剂 reducing agent 磺化反应 sulfonation reaction 霍尔槽hull cell极性分子 polar molecule 极性键 polar bond 加成反应 addition reaction 加聚反应 addition polymerization 甲烷 methane 碱金属 alkali metal 碱石灰 soda lime 结构式 structural formula 聚合反应 po1ymerization 可逆反应 reversible reaction 空气污染指数 air pollution index 勒夏特列原理 le chateliers principle 离子反应 ionic reaction 离子方程式 ionic equation 离子键 ionic bond 锂电池 lithium cell 两性氢氧化物 amphoteric hydroxide 两性氧化物 amphoteric oxide 裂化 cracking 裂解 pyrolysis 硫氰化钾 potassium thiocyanate 硫酸钠 sodium sulphide 氯化铵 ammonium chloride 氯化钡 barium chloride 氯化钾 potassium chloride 氯化铝 aluminium chloride 氯化镁 magnesium chloride 氯化氢 hydrogen chloride 氯化铁 iron (iii) chloride 氯水 chlorine water 麦芽糖 maltose 煤 coal 酶 enzyme 摩尔 mole 摩尔质量 molar mass 品红 magenta或fuchsine 葡萄糖 glucose 气体摩尔体积 molar volume of gas 铅蓄电池 lead storage battery 强电解质 strong electrolyte 氢氟酸 hydrogen chloride 氢氧化铝 aluminium hydroxide 取代反应 substitution reaction 醛 aldehyde 炔烃 alkyne 燃料电池 fuel cell 弱电解质 weak electrolyte 石油 petroleum 水解反应 hydrolysis reaction 四氯化碳 carbon tetrachloride 塑料 plastic 塑料的降解 plastic degradation 塑料的老化 plastic ageing 酸碱中和滴定 acid-base neutralization titration 酸雨 acid rain 羧酸 carboxylic acid 碳酸钠 sodium carbonate 碳酸氢铵 ammonium bicarbonate 碳酸氢钠 sodium bicarbonate 糖类 carbohydrate 烃 hydrocarbon 烃的衍生物 derivative of hydrocarbon 烃基 hydrocarbonyl 同分异构体 isomer 同素异形体 allotrope 同位素 isotope 同系物 homo1og 涂料 coating 烷烃 alkane 物质的量 amount of substance 物质的量浓度 amount-of-substance concentration of b 烯烃 alkene 洗涤剂 detergent 纤维素 cellulose 相对分子质量 relative molecular mass 相对原子质量 relative atomic mass 消去反应 elimination reaction 硝化反应 nitratlon reaction 硝酸钡 barium nitrate 硝酸银 silver nitrate 溴的四氯化碳溶液 solution of bromine in carbon tetrachloride 溴化钠 sodium bromide 溴水 bromine water 溴水 bromine water 盐类的水解 hydrolysis of salts 盐析 salting-out 焰色反应 flame test 氧化剂 oxidizing agent 氧化铝 aluminium oxide 氧化铁 iron (iii) oxide 乙醇 ethanol 乙醛 ethana1 乙炔 ethyne 乙酸 ethanoic acid 乙酸乙酯 ethyl acetate 乙烯 ethene 银镜反应 silver mirror reaction 硬脂酸 stearic acid 油脂 oils and fats 有机化合物 organic compound 元素周期表 periodic table of elements 元素周期律 periodic law of elements 原电池 primary battery 原子序数 atomic number 皂化反应 saponification 粘合剂 adhesive 蔗糖 sucrose 指示剂 indicator 酯ester 酯化反应esterification 周期 period 族 group（主族：main group） 常用英文化学分子式、方程式及数学式的读法作者：赵乐等阅读：3709 次时间：2003-8-9来源：化学化工天地na2so4 sodium sulphate; c-a-two-s-o-fourmg(oh)2 magnesium hydroxide; m-g-pause-o-h-pause-twice; m-g-in brackets twiceca2(po4)3 2h2o calcium phosphate two hydrate; c-a-two-pause-p-o four-pause- three times-dot-two-h two-ozn(nh3)42+ tetra-ammonium zinc complex cation give; yield; produce, form,become evolved as a gas; give off a gas is precipitated; gives x precipitate= reacts reversibly cu, d in the precence of a copper as a catalyst on heating co32- + ca2+ = caco3 a carbonate anion with a valancy of two plus a calcium cation with a valancy of two produce a calcium carbonate precipitater r primer” r double prime, r second primer1 r sub one100 c one hundred degrees centigrade+ plus; positive- minus; negative multiplied by; times divided by plus or minus= is equal to; equals is identically equal to is approximately equal to( ) round brackets; parentheses square brackets bracesab a is much greater than ba b a is greater than or equal to ba b a varies directly as blognx logx to the base nthe cubic root of xthe nth root of xx2 x square, x squared, the square of xxn x to n factors; the nth power of x; x to the power nx -8 x to the minus eighth power x the absolute value of xthe mean value of xthe sum of the terms indicated; summation ofd x or d x the increment of xdx differential xdy/dx the first derivative of y with respect to x integral infinity1/2 a half; one half2/3 two thirds5/123 five over a hundred and twenty-threeeight and three over fourths; eight and three quarters0.01 o point o one; zero point zero one; nought point nought one6 % 6 percent3 3 per mille2 : 3 the ratio of two to threer=xd r equals x multiplied by d5 2=10 five times two equals tenx3/8=y2 x raised to the third power divided by eight equals y squared(a+b-c d)/e=f a plus b minus c multiplied by d, all divided by e equals fy = (wt-w)/x y equals w sub t minus w over x 上一篇：common chemical prefix and suffix下一篇：ei 数据库文摘要求摘录2 nomenclature of inorganic compoundsnaming elementsthe term element refers to a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. at present 107 chemical elements are known. for most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of the english name consisting of one or two letters, for example:oxygen = o nitrogen = n magnesium = mgsome elements, which have been known for a long time, have symbols based on their latin names, for example:iron = fe (ferrum) copper = cu (cuprum) lead = pb (plumbum)a few elements have symbols based on the latin name of one of their compounds, the elements themselves having been discovered only in relatively recent times1, for example:sodium = na (natrium = sodium carbonate)potassium = k (kalium = potassium carbonate)a listing of some common elements may be found in table 1.table 1 names of some common elementssymbolnamesymbolnamesymbolnameagsilvercocobaltninickelalaluminiumcrchromiumooxygenasarseniccucopperpphosphorusaugoldffluorinepbleadbboronfeironpdpalladiumbabariumhhydrogenptplatinumbibismuthhgmercuryssulfurbrbromineiiiodineseseleniumccarbonkpotassiumsisiliconcacalciummgmagnesiumsntincdcadmiummnmanganesetititaniumceceriumnnitrogenuuraniumclchlorinenasodiumznzincnaming metal oxides, bases and saltsa compound is a combination of positive and negative ions in the proper ratio to give a balanced charge and the name of the compound follows from names of the ions, for example, nacl, is sodium chloride; al(oh)3 is aluminium hydroxide; febr2 is iron (ii) bromide or ferrous bromide; ca(oac)2 is calcium acetate; cr2(so4)3 is chromium (iii) sulphate or chromic sulphate, and so on. table 3 gives some examples of the naming of metal compounds. the name of the negative ion will need to be obtained from table 2.table 2 some common negative ionsnamesymbolnamesymbolnitrateno3-nitriteno2-carbonateco32-sulphiteso32-sulphateso42-phosphitepo33-phosphatepo43-arseniteaso33-hydrogen sulphatehso4-hydrogen sulphitehso3-hydrogen carbonatehco3-hypo-chloriteclo-arsenateaso43-cyanidecn-iodateio3-iodidei-chlorateclo3-fluoridef-chromatecro4-chloridecl-dichromatecr2o72-bromidebr-perchlorateclo4-sulphides2-permanganatemno4-oxideo2-acetateoac-hydrideh-oxalatec2o42-hydroxideoh-table 3 names of some metal oxides, bases and saltsformulanamefeoiron(ii) oxideferrous oxidefe2o3iron(iii) oxideferric oxidesn(oh)2tin(ii) hydroxidestannous hydroxidesn(oh)4tin(iv) hydroxidestannic hydroxidehg2so4mercury(i) sulphatemercurous sulphatehgso4mercury(ii) sulphatemercuric sulphatenaclosodium hypochloritek2cr2o7potassium dichromatecu3(aso4)2copper(ii) arsenatecupric arsenatecr(oac)3chromium(iii) acetatechromic acetate negative ions, anions, may be monatomic or polyatomic. all monatomic anions have names ending with -ide. two polyatomic anions which also have names ending with -ide are the hydroxide ion, oh-, and the cyanide ion, cn-. many polyatomic anions contain oxygen in addition to another element. the number of oxygen atoms in such oxyanions is denoted by the use of the suffixes -ite and -ate, meaning fewer and more oxygen atoms, respectively. in cases where it is necessary to denote more than two oxyanions of the same element, the prefixes hypo- and per-, meaning still fewer and still more oxygen atoms, respectively, may be used, for example, hypochlorite clo-chlorite clo2-chlorate clo3-perchlorate clo4-naming nonmetal oxidesthe older system of naming and one still widely used employs greek prefixes for both the number of oxygen atoms and that of the other element in the compound 2. the prefixes used are (1) mono-, sometimes reduced to mon-, (2) di-, (3) tri-, (4) tetra-, (5) penta-, (6) hexa-, (7) hepta-, (8) octa-, (9) nona- and (10) deca-. generally the letter a is omitted from the prefix (from tetra on ) when naming a nonmetal oxide and often mono- is omitted from the name altogether.the stock system is also used with nonmetal oxides. here the roman numeral refers to the oxidation state of the element other than oxygen.in either system, the element other than oxygen is named first, the full name being used, followed by oxide 3. table 4 shows some examples.table 4 names of some nonmetal oxidesformulanamenamecocarbon(ii) oxidecarbon monoxideco2carbon(iv) oxidecarbon dioxideso3sulphur(vi) oxidesulphur trioxiden2o3nitrogen(iii) oxidedinitrogen trioxidep2o5phosphorus(v) oxidediphosphorus pentoxidecl2o7chlorine(vii) oxidedichlorine heptoxidenaming acidsacid names may be obtained directly from a knowledge of table 2 by changing the name of the acid ion (the negative ion ) in the table 2 as follows:the ion in table 2corresponding acid -ate -ic-ite -ous-ide -icexamples are: acid ion acidacetateacetic acidperchlorateperchloric acidbromidehydrobromic acidcyanidehydrocyanic acid there are a few cases where the name of the acid is changed slightly from that of the acid radical; for example, h2so4 is sulphuric acid rather than sulphic acid. similarly, h3po4 is phosphoric acid rather than phosphic acid.naming acid and basic salt and mixed saltsa salt containing acidic hydrogen is termed an acid salt. a way of naming these salts is to call na2hpo4 disodium hydrogen phosphate and nah2po4 sodium dihydrogen phosphate. historically, the prefix bi- has been used in naming some acid salts; in industry, for example, nahco3 is called sodium bicarbonate and ca(hso3)2 calcium bisulphite. bi(oh)2no3, a basic salt, would be called bismuth dihydroxynitrate. nakso4, a mixed salt, would be called sodium potassium sulphate.2无机化合物命名元素的命名 元素这一术语是指由单一种类的原子所组成的纯物质。现在已经知道有107种元素。对大多数元素而言，其元素符号是其英文名字的简单缩写形式，由一或二个字母组成，例如：氧 = o 氮 = n 镁 = mg 对一些很早就被发现的元素，它们的元素符号源于它们的拉丁名。例如：铁 = fe（ferrum）, 铜 = cu (cuprum)， 铅 = pb (plumbum) 还有少数元素的符号是由它们的某种化合物的拉丁名而得名的，而这些元素本身则是近代才被发现的。例如：钠= na (natrium=碳酸钠) 钾= k (kalium =碳酸钾) 一些常见的元素见表1。表 1 一些常见元素的命名符号名称符号名称符号名称ag银co钴ni镍al铝cr铬o氧as砷cu铜p磷au金f氟pb铅b硼fe铁pd钯ba钡h氢pt铂bi铋hg汞s硫br溴i碘se硒c碳k钾si硅ca钙mg镁sn锡cd镉mn锰ti钛ce铈n氮u铀cl氯na钠zn锌金属氧化物、碱和盐的命名 一个化合物是由适当比例以保持电荷平衡的正负离子所组成，并且化合物的名称是根据其所含离子的名称而命名的。例如，nacl是氯化钠 ；al(oh)3是氢氧化铝；febr2是二溴化铁（ii）或溴化亚铁，ca(oac)2是醋酸钙；cr2(so4)3是硫酸铬（ii）或硫酸高铬。表给出了一些金属化合物命名的例子。所需负离子的名称可从表获得。表2 一些常见的阴离子表3一些金属氧化物、碱和盐的命名分子式名 称feo氧化铁（ii）氧化亚铁fe2o3氧化铁（iii）氧化高铁sn(oh)2氢氧化锡（ii）氢氧化亚锡sn(oh)4氢氧化锡（iv）氢氧化高锡hg2so4硫酸汞（i）硫酸亚汞hgso4硫酸汞（ii）硫酸高汞naclo次氯酸钠k2cr2o7高锰酸钾cu3(aso4)2砷酸铜（ii）砷酸高铜cr(oac)3醋酸铬（iii）醋酸高铬 负离子，即阴离子既可以是单原子的，也可以是多原子的。所有单原子阴离子的名字都是以-ide结尾的。两个以-ide结尾的多原子负离子是氢氧根oh-和氰根cn-。 许多多原子阴离子含有氧和另一种元素。在这些含氧阴离子中，氧原子的数目用后缀-ite 和 ate来表示，意为较少的和较多的氧原子。当需要表达同一元素的两种以上的含氧阴离子时，就要使用前缀hypo-（次）和per-（高）, 意为更少和更多的氧原子，如：次氯酸根（hypochlorite） clo- 亚氯酸根 (chlorite) clo2- 氯酸根 (chlorate)clo3- 高氯酸根 ( perchlorate) clo4-非金属氧化物的命名一种古老并一直被广泛使用的命名法是用希腊前缀来表示化合物中氧原子和其它元素的数目。这些前缀是（1）mono-, 有时可简写为mon-, (2) di-， (3) tri-， (4) tetra-， (5) penta-， (6) hexa-，(7) hepta-，(8) octa-，(9) nona-和（10）deca-。一般来说，当命名非金属氧化物时，这些前缀中的字母a常被省略（从tetra-起），并且mono-也经常被省略掉。stock命名法也被用来命名非金属氧化物。它是使用罗马数字来表示除氧之外的另一元素的氧化态。在二种命名法中，都是先写出除氧之外的另一元素的全名，接着写oxide（氧化物）。表4显示了一些实例。表4 一些非金属氧化物的命名 分子式命 名co氧化碳（）一氧化碳co2氧化碳（）二氧化碳so3氧化硫（）三氧化硫n2o3氧化氮（）三氧化二氮p2o5氧化磷（）五氧化二磷cl2o7氧化氯(vii)七氧化二氯酸的命名酸的名字可以按如下所示的方法，根据表2所介绍的知识，通过直接改换酸根离子（负离子）的名字而得： 表2中的离子 相应的酸 -ate -ic -ite -ous -ide -ic例如： 酸根离子 酸 醋酸根 acetate 醋酸 acetic acid 高氯酸根 perchlorate 高氯酸 perchloric acid 溴离子bromide 氢溴酸 hydrobromic acid 氰酸根 cyanide 氢氰酸hydrocyanic acid 在少数情况下，酸的名字与酸根的名字稍有不同，例如h2so4是sulphuric acid,而不是sulphic acid; 与此相似，h3po4是phosphoric acid,而不是phosphic acid。酸式盐、碱式盐及复盐的命名 含有酸性氢的盐被称为酸式盐。命名这些酸式盐的一种方法是：例如na2hpo4称为磷酸氢二钠，将nah2po4称为磷酸二氢钠。沿袭历史，前缀bi-一直被用来命名某些酸式盐。例如，在工业上，nahco3被称为碳酸氢钠（bicarbonate），ca(hso3)2被称为亚硫酸氢钙 (bisulphite)。bi(oh)2no3是一种碱式盐，它被命名为硝酸二氢氧化铋。复盐nakso4被命名为硫酸钾钠。3 nomenclature of organic compoundsa complete discussion of definitive rules of organic nomenclature would require more space than can be allotted in this text. we will survey some of the more common nomenclature rules, both iupac and trivial.alkanes the names for the first twenty continuous-chain alkanes are listed in table 1. table 1 names of continuous-chain alkanesch4methanec11h24undecanec2h6ethanec12h26dodecanec3h8propanec13h28tridecanec4h10butanec14h30tetradecanec5h12pentanec15h32pentadecanec6h14hexanec16h34hexadecanec7h16heptanec17h36heptadecanec8h18octanec18h38octadecanec9h20nonanec19h40nonadecanec10h22decanec20h42eicosanealkenes and alkynesunbranched hydrocarbons having one double bond are named in the iupac system by replacing the ending -ane of the alkane name with -ene. if there are two or more double bonds, the ending is -adiene, -atriene, etc.unbranched hydrocarbons having one triple bond are named by replacing the ending -ane of the alkane name with -yne. if there are two or more triple bonds, the ending is -adiyne, -atriyne etc. table 2 shows names for some alkyl groups, alkanes, alkenes and alkynes.table 2 some alkanes, alkyl, alkenes, alkynesalkanesalkylsalkenesalkynesiupaccommonmthanemethylethaneethyletheneethyleneacetylenepropanepropylpropenepropylenepropynebutanebutylbutenebutylenebutynepentanepentyl (amyl)pentenepentylenepentynehexanehexylheptaneheptyloctaneoctylnonanenonyldecanedecyl-ane-yl-ene-ene-ynethe prefixesin the iupac system, alkyl and aryl substituents and many functional groups are named as prefixes on the parent (for example, iodomethane). some common functional groups named as prefixes are listed in table 3.table 3 some functional groups named as prefixesstructurename-oralkoxy- *-nh2amino-n=n-azo-brbromo-clchloro-ffluoro-hhydro-iiodo-no2nitro-nonitroso- * methoxy-, ethoxy-, etc., depending upon the r groupin simple compounds, the prefixes di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, etc. are used to indicate the number of times a substituent is found in the structure: e.g., dimethylamine for (ch3)2nh or dichloromethane for ch2cl2.in complex structures, the prefixes bis-, tris-, and tetrakis- are used: bis- means two of a kind; tris-, three of a kind; and tetrakis-, four of a kind. (ch3)2n2 is bis(dimethylamino) and not di(dimethylamino).nomenclature priority of functional groupsin naming a compound, the longest chain containing principal functional group is considered the parent. the paren