从中西文化差异的角度浅析旅游翻译常见错误原因.doc

四川外语学院成都学院Chengdu Institute Sichuan International Studies University本科毕业论文题目（中文）从中西文化差异的角度浅析旅游翻译常见错误原因（外文）A Brief Analysis of Mistakes in Tourism Translation From Culture Differences Between Western and Chinese系 别英语翻译系专 业英语年 级2008级学生姓名王苘熔指导教师彭敏结稿日期四川外语学院成都学院教务处制年月日填A Brief Analysis of Mistakes in Tourism Translation From Culture Differences Between Western and ChineseAbstractThe development of a nations tourism depends on the countrys natural resources and history. As one of the four ancient civilizations country, China has a long history, of course, which has its unique advantages in the development of tourism. At the same time, Chinas reform and opening policy has also brought an increasing number of foreign tourists. Estimated according to the authority of experts, in the next decade China will become the worlds largest tourist destination. Then we should how to make the world know more about China. How should we eliminate the differences between Chinese and foreign cultures? Seen in this light, as a cultural ambassador, tourism soul of course, as a cultural ambassador”, “tourism soul of course, played an important role in the growing tourism industry.This paper will show us the mistakes and strategies of tourism translation form four aspects. Fist, it is the introduction part, which mainly tell us the current situation of our tourism industry and the tourism translation; secondly, obstacles that will hinder translation will be introduced and the reasons cause those problems; thirdly, it is necessary for translators to overcome and cope with those obstacles. We can use the methods of additions, deletion, explanations, borrowing and rewriting; last, its the conclusion part. The purpose of this paper is to improve the skills of translators in the process of translation the materials. Only in this way can the translation is understood and accepted by foreign visitors. At last, we can improve our tourism industry.Key words: tourism mistakes; techniques; tourism industry; culture3A Brief Analysis of Mistakes in Tourism Translation From Culture Differences Between Western and ChineseOutlineThesis statement: This paper attempts to show that the elements of culture influence tourism translation and techniques for tackling problems, which aims to help translators raise sense of cross-cultural translation in the process of tourism translation. . Introduction. Obstacles in tourism translation caused by culture factors A. The factors of history, belief and customer1. the cultural conflict 2. the loss of vocabulary in Chinese and western B. the different level of discourse and rhetoric use1. different thinking mode causing different ways to lay out the whole discourse . Skills for tourism translationA. techniques for the translation of scenic spots1. using pinyin in some places translation 2. pinyin and paraphrasingB. adding some information to explain historical heritageC. explanationD. borrowingE. deletionF. rewriting. ConclusionA Brief Analysis of Mistakes in Tourism Translation From Culture Differences Between Western and ChineseIntroductionChina is an ancient civilization country leaving us with countless cultural relics; China is a vast a country embracing natural beautiful scenery and has a breathtaking scenic spots. These places of interest every year attract a large number of foreign tourists to visit China. With the deepening of globalization and the Chinas opening policy to the outside world is constantly increasing, the number of foreign tourists to China is also exploding. According to the World Tourism Organization predicts that by 2020, China will be more than other countries, to become the worlds largest tourist destination country, the fourth largest source exporter, then, will have 137 million people come to China for traveling and visiting. So, in 2000, China was first proposed to build a world tourism power, the grand strategic objectives - to 2020 to achieve a historic leap from the tourist destination in Asia to a world tourism power. Thus, tourism is indeed a sunrise industry in the 21st century.The Translation of travel material is a method to propagandize our countrys grand landscape to overseas, which has a direct impact on the tourism industry according to its quality, especially inbound tourism development, because the multitude of foreign friends often know accurate and vivid scenic spots through reading, watching or listening travel materials before they experience it in person, which led to the occurrence of the travel behavior. Appropriate translation contribute to build Chinas external image in the world, to explore the international tourism market, while inappropriate translation may puzzle reader or listener, and let travelers misunderstand the real meaning of our heritage, even feeling resentment, which not only fail to attract foreign visitors but also affect Chinas tourism industry. Therefore, the study of tourism translation of materials has a great necessity and urgency. This paper is to explore the principles and methods of the Translation of Tourism from the perspective of cultural difference. . Obstacles in tourism translation caused by culture factorsTourism is an edge science that includes a variety of disciplines, involving broad and complex, from natural science to social science, from astronomy and geography to the customs, and even culture and entertainment, food and clothing and living. It turns out to be all-inclusive. As a result, the translation of travel material also involves a variety of knowledge, a variety of genres. There are plenty of genres for tourism translation, including tourism-related correspondence, advertising, travel schedule, and the books about travel conditions, the introduction of scenic spots, the notice, telecommunications, contracts, speeches, etc Tourism materials always contain rich cultural sense Regardless of what types of them. Because tourism and culture are inextricably linked, when it comes, it is bound to be involved in the tourism culture and cultural tourism. The book named 中国大百科全书人文地理学,published in 1984, make a definition for tourism culture: Tourism and culture are closely connected, and tourism itself is a large-scale cultural exchange. It is a factor to attract tourists both from primitive culture to modern culture. Visitors not only absorb the culture of places of interest but also bring their native culture to our country as they take part in a trip, in which process the gap between different cultures will be narrow down greatly. Painting, sculpture, craft works are the projects visitors willing to enjoy. Theater, dance, music, film and program cater to the tourists in the night. Poems, essays, travel notes, myths, legends, stories depict tourism scene as it is true to life.1 In fact, tourism forged a deep bond with culture from ancient times. The Tang Dynasty was the most brilliant period of history of the ancient Chinese culture. Tang poems are treasures of Chinese culture, many of which are written down by the poet who traveled the mountains and rivers. Most of the monuments are closely linked with five thousand years of civilization and cultural traditions of China, such as the Great Wall, Terracotta Warriors, the Silk Road, and the Forbidden City and so on. As an introduction to the natural landscape and cultural landscape, tourism promotional materials are inevitably permeated with a strong ethnic flavor, and contain rich cultural heritage. There are two books published by China Tourism Press, 中国旅游文化和旅游文化纵览 ,whose author broadly divided Tourism and Culture into the following categories: cultural landscapes including mountains and rivers, settlement culture, gardens culture, architecture culture, religious culture, national culture , folk culture, food culture, poetry culture, calligraphy and sculpture culture, drama and dance culture, arts and crafts culture and culture of flowers, birds and fish.2 Mountains, rivers, plants and trees are closely linked with culture; tourism is not only eco-tourism but also cultural tourism, the more the things of the nation, the more of the world. When foreign tourists wander in the scenic spots, they not only get satisfaction and enjoyment of the senses, but relax their body and mind extremely .More importantly, they learn about the implication of the unique culture in this process, feeling the history of a foreign country, enriching knowledge of and promoting spirit.Therefore, the purpose of the translation of tourism materials is to attract tourists, spread Chinese culture, inspire them to visit the places of interesting, and enhance their visiting fun, increase the understanding of Chinese history and culture as well.A. The factors of history, belief and customerCulture is the core of the tourism and is the source and potential to develop tourism with booming pace. Yet it is precisely the implication of different culture contained in the tourist materials that brings great difficulties to the translation of tourism, because the difference of the two languages (English and Chinese) will inevitably be reflected in the translation of tourist materials. This article will discuss translation barriers in two major areas. The first category is brought about by lexical vacancy and lexical conflict which is caused by cultural vacancies and cultural conflicts. Language is the carrier of culture, because of different geographical conditions, historical conditions, religion and social customs, so that the vocabulary of two languages can not correspond to each other there is no coincidence of semantic resonance between them, but only semantic gap or semantic dislocation .In other words, it is culture vacancies that cause vocabulary vacancies, and the vocabulary of conflict caused by cultural conflict. Those words are国俗语义词called by Professor Wang Dechun3 , also known as culture-loaded or-bound words. The particularity of the national culture has effect on the particularity of the language. Vocabulary like Yin Yang(阴阳), bagua(八卦) and Five Elements(五行), Qigong(气功), taiji boxing(太极拳), strictly speaking, we can not find the corresponding word in English; food like jiaozi (饺子)、zongzi(粽子)、yuznxiao(元宵),there are also no corresponding words to translate. If we reluctantly translate “jiaozi” into dumpling, not only the latter meaning is much broader, and more importantly, it will lost the sense of Spring holidaymany people getting together to make dumplings, engaging in small talk. zongzi can be interpreted as a pyramid-shaped dumpling made of glutinous rice wrapped in bamboo or reed leaves (eaten during the Dragon Boat Festival), but if foreign friends do not know Qu Yuan, the great poet of Chu, do not the origins of the festival , the Dragon Boat ,and do not know why we eat zongzi on that very day, the real meaning of zongzi still not be understood by them. It is nonsense for us transmit our culture.“元宵 can also be translated to do a rice glue ball or sweet dumplings made of glutinous rice flour (for the Lantern Festival). If somebody certainly lack of our background information, he or she can not understand the symbol meaning of this Festival, not alone to appreciate this couplet “元宵元宵圆元宵，宵圆宵圆宵宵圆”(加注解). Therefore, many experts advocate that we should add marks when we translate such words to explain their special associative meaning. With frequent cultural exchanges, foreign friends have deepened their understanding to Chinese culture, so these words can also be understood and accepted without special explanations, such as 饺子 (jiaozi), 气功 (qigong), 阴阳 (yinyang), 观音(guanyin) and 风水 (fengshui) and other translation of the word has proved this point. Another phenomenon is that even though the certain words in the Chinese can find their corresponding meaning in English, their associative meaning or implied meaning will not be same. Take the associative meaning of flora and fauna as an example, we can illustrate this phenomenon. Chen Dezhang4 , professor of Beijing Foreign Studies University, made the questionnaire to the people who speak, respectively, Chinese and English. Analysis showed that, in both English and Chinese culture, some animals is on behalf of similar images, such as the fox; some to represent a completely different images, such as dogs and dragons; some differences is very subtle, such as pigs. Associative meaning of some plants such as willows, red beans, pine, bamboo, plum, orchid, chrysanthemum and other is also identical in superficial and different in quality. In addition, some color words in the two cultures have different associative meaning and many scholars have discussed that. Therefore, as mentioned by Mr. Wang Zuoliang, translators are dealing with two languages but they face to two kinds of cultures. “译者处理的是两种文字，面对的却是两大片文化5 ”,the translator need to overcome not only language barriers but cultural barriers.B. Different level of discourse and rhetoric useThe English nation and Chinese nation have formed different cultural psychology, way of thinking and aesthetic ideas, which is reflected in these aspects in language including layout of text, rhetorical methods. Han nationality advocated the philosophy of Harmony, emphasizing the integration of the subjective things and the objective ones. Many ancient poets like writing lyric poems by borrow natural scenery to explain their motions, or writing down their ambitions with some objects. Paintings, architecture and poetry pay more attention to its spirit and sense but its shapes and the ethereal style. All above concepts reflected in the Chinese language characteristic in beautiful words, full emotion, parallel in rhythm, rhyme. In addition, by the impact of the “中庸”6, Chinese take a particular emphasis balance in aesthetic concepts. In addition to frequent use rhetoric, our scholars also adopt a large number of four-character phrase, especially the two parts parallel in meaning , such as perfect for each other天造地设, the ends of the earth天涯海角, accessible四通八达, highly respected德高望重. In these respects, the Western nations are very different from Chinese. Western philosophy stresses the analysis of abstract thought. In the relations of subjective and objective images, they more emphasize imitation and reproduction, which reflects that heaven and human are broken, not integrated. As a result, English is a language that pays more attention to form, practice, and rational ideas. So foreigners gradually develop a different thinking mode which featured with neat sentence framework, deliberate expression. English focus on the logic and rational and writers prefer to use simple, direct words to describe feelings and emotion. These differences in language and rhetoric inevitably appear in the translation of tourism materials. English and Chinese differ in the choice of words, the chapter layout, style, rhetoric and so on .Therefore, aesthetic standards and essay style can be described as quite different. Consider the following example:中华大地，江河纵横；华夏文化，源远流长轻快的龙舟如银河流星，瑰丽的彩船似海市蜃楼，两岸那金碧辉煌的彩楼连成一片水晶宫，是仙境？是梦境？仰视彩鸽割飞,低眸漂灯留霓，焰火怒放，火树银花，灯舞回旋，千姿百态，气垫船腾起一江春潮，射击手点破满天彩球，跳伞健儿绽空中花蕾，抢鸭勇士谱水上凯歌啊，城是不夜城，龙舟会是群英会。7Above passage is extracted from a propaganda which describes the International Dragon Boat Race held by a certain city. Obviously, at the beginning, there are four four-character phrases, which paves the way for the below description. Next, it narrates the scene of dragon boat race scene with beautiful words, flowery phrases, and rhetorical device of parallelism, symmetry and sonorous, harmonious rhythm. Chinese audiences must be rendered and moved by the warm atmosphere which is advertised by this propaganda. However, if this text is faithfully translated into English, how the effect will be?The divine land of China has its rivers flowing across; the brilliant culture of China has its roots tracing back long The light-some dragon-boats appear on the river as though the stars twinkle in the Milky Way. The richly decorated pleasure boats look like a scene of mirage. The splendid awnings in green and gold buildings chain into a palace of crystal. Is this a fairy-land or a mere dream? Looking above, you can see the beautiful doves flying about. Looking below, you can see the sailing lamps glittering. Cracking are the firecrackers, which present you a picture of fiery trees and silver flowers. Circling are the lantern-dancers, who present you a variation of exquisite manner. Over there the motor boats are shooting to their targets; thus colorful beads whirl around. Besides the birds chirping, the potted landscapes charm, the exhibition of arts and painting, all claim a strong appeal to you. Therefore, we should say: XX is a city of no night; its Dragon-Boat Festival a gathering of heroes.8 Mr. Duan Liancheng9 specially invited an American journalist to read this passage. Then, she frankly wrote her comment. She said: “FULL OF HYPERBOLE that is full of extreme exaggeration. It is not only incomprehensible, but also laughable. So we can see evidently, in stylistic rhetoric aspect, the difference of Chinese and Western aesthetic standard. In a survey on the current tourism translation, also pointed out that foreigners (mainly from English-speaking countries) do not like this excessive publicity. If tourism promotional materials is throughout full of such hyperbole language, tourists will feel too cumbersome, unnatural, over-exaggerated, ridiculous, and simply not credible. In contrast, “the English travel translation texts generally adopt simple, practical, intuitive and access