句子成分主谓宾表定状补以及时态语态一览表.doc

主谓宾表定状补主语，是在句子中说明全局中心主体的部分。一般由名词、代词、不定式、或相当于名词的词(例如动名词)或短语来充当。它的位置一般在句首。 The car is running fast.(名词)We are students.(代词)One of my classmates is from Shanghai.(数词)Eating too much is bad for your health.(动名词)【注意】若不定式短语作主语常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语(不定式短语)放在句后。Its bad manners to spit in public.(不定式)谓语，是用来说明主语做什么、是什么、怎么样的。一般由简单动词或动词短语构成。位置在主语后面。动词分为实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。实义动词单独作谓语，连系动词与表语一起构成谓语，情态动词与省略to的不定式构成合成谓语，助动词与动词原形共同构成谓语部分。 He works in a factory.(实义动词)I felt cold.(系动词+表语)How can I get to the station?(情态动词+实义动词)Do you speak English?(助动词+实义动词)【注意】谓语与主语在人称与数方面要相互照应。表语是说明主语是什么、或者怎么样的。由名词、形容词、副词或介词短语、不定时式来构成的。位置在系动词后面。常用的连系动词有：be，look，get，sound(听起来)，feel，become， smell，turn，taste(尝起来)等。如：They are workers.(名词)Two and three is five.(数词)The story is very interesting.(形容词)M y job is teaching English.(动名词)She is at home.(介词短语)I feel terrible.(形容词)The dish tastes delicious.(形容词)宾语，是动作行为的对象。由名词，代词，不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任。他和系动词一起说明主语做什么，在谓语之后。He is doing his homework.(名词)They did nothing this morning.(代词)She wants to go home.(不定式)We enjoy playing football.(动名词)【注意】有的动词可接双宾语，间接宾语指人，直接宾语指物。这类动词常见的有：give，buy，lend，pass， tell，leave等。如：He bought me a book.Pass me the ball，will you?(间宾+直宾)直接宾语一般放在间接宾语之后，但若把直接宾语放在前面，则要在间接宾语前加适当的介词如to或 for等。如：Han Chen lent some money to Li Hai.(直宾+间宾)Xiao Liu bought a dictionary for Tom.(直宾+间宾)有的动词常用不定式作宾语，而不能用动名词。这类动词有：want，wish， hope，promise，decide，agree， choose，care等。如：I hope to see you again.有的动词一般只用动名词作宾语，而不用不定式。这类动词有：enjoy，finish，mind，practise，miss， suggest，keep(on)等。如：Do you mind my opening the window?有的动词后接不定式与动名词含义不同。a)forget to do表示“未发生的动作”，forget doing表示“已完成的动作”。如：Dont forget to come here earlier tomorrow.(还没来)I forgot returning the book to him.(书已还给他了)b)stop to do(不定式为状语)表示“停下原来的事，去做另一件事”，stop doing表示“停止做某事”。如：I stopped to talk with him.(我停下来与他谈话。)The students stopped talking when the teacher came in.(老师进来时学生们停止谈话。)宾补，就是宾语补足语。用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：tell，let，help，teach， ask，see，have，order，make等。“宾补”一般由不定式短语、分词、名词、形容词等充当。如：We elected him monitor.(名词)I found it difficult to learn English well.(形容词)The doctor told me to do more exercise.(不定式短语)He is going to have his hair cut.(过去分词)They saw a bird flying in the sky.(现在分词)状语，用来修饰动词、副词、或形容词的。表示行为发生的时间、地点、方式、程度、目的等。由副词，介词短语，不定式，或相当于介词的词或短语来表示。单个副词作状语一般放在被修饰词之前，短语或从句放在句首或句末。如：Thank you very much.(副词)I get up at five in the morning.(介词短语)He is studying hard so as to catch up with others.(不定式短语)We were having breakfast when the telephone rang.(从句)【注意】enough作状语只能放在被修饰词之后。如：He is old enough to go to school.定语，用来修饰名词或代词。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式一般作定语。位置一般在动词后名词前。What a beautiful kite it is!(形容词)She is a chemistry teacher.(名词)There are two students in the classroom.(数词)We have something to do tomorrow.(不定式)The man in blue is my brother.(介词短语)【注意】定语一般位于被修饰词之前，但若修饰不定代词或不定式等短语作定语，则放在后面。 注明：系动词包括动词，表示保持或变成某种状态的动词和感官动词。感官动词就是看、听、感觉等。表示保持或变成某种状态的动词有become变得，keep保持，remain保持，get变得，prove证明，grow变得，turn变得，seem似乎，appear好像。 基本句型 1.S+V 2.S+V+O 3.S+V+P 4.S+V+O+OC 5.S+V+IO间接宾语+DO直接宾语名词nouns分为专有名词(指人、地方、团体等特有的名称)、普通名词(指人或东西或一个抽象的名称)用法，一般做主语，表语，动词宾语，介词宾语，状语，宾补。 冠词Art.本身没有意义，分为定冠词(表示名词为特定者)和不定冠词(用在单数名词前，表示一个)用法，用在名词前，帮助名词指明含义。 数词Num.表示数目的多少或顺序。用法，作主语，宾语，定语，表语，同位语。 代词Pronouns代替名词的，具有名词和形容词的作用。具体用法，第二次提到一些名词的时候，一般用代词代替。 形容词adjectives用来修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。用法，作定语，表语，宾补。副词adverbs修饰动词，形容词，副词，或整个句子。用法，作状语，定语，表语，宾补。 动词verbs用来表示动作或状态，决定时态。用法，很广，一般作谓语。 介词prepositions一种虚词，不能单独在句子中作任何成分，需构成介词短语。介词短语用法，作定语，状语，表语，宾补。时态主动语态被动语态主动语态被动语态一般现在时do/doseam/is/are + doneWe clean the classroom.The classroom is cleaned by us.一般过去时didwas/were + doneHe made the kite.The kite was made by him.一般将来时will/shall/be going to + dowill/shall/be going to + be doneThey will plant trees tomorrow.Trees will be planted by them tomorrow.现在进行时am/is/are +doingam/is/are +being doneShe is watering flowers.Flowers are being watered by her.现在完成时have/has + donehave/has + been doneJim has finished the work. The work has been finished by him.过去进行时was/were + doingwas/were + being doneShe was writing a letter this time yesterday.A letter was being written by her this time yesterday.过去完成时had + donehad + been doneJim had finished the work.The work had been finished by Jim.过去将来时would/shoul