翻译差异.doc

NANJING XIAOZHUANG COLLEGE英语专业本科学位论文格式手册南京晓庄学院外国语学院2008-10英语专业本科学位论文格式手册1总则（1） 语言：论文用英文撰写。文内例句若需要中英文对照，也可以用汉语。（2） 长度：30005000英文词。（3） 打印：论文采用A4号纸，单面打印。页面设置：页边距为左3.2厘米，上、下、右均为2.5厘米。页码：从正文起计第一页，用阿拉伯数字，页底居中。其它不需页码。2组成部分：（1） 中文封面：英文标题：Arial Black字体、三号加粗、居中、首字母大写（除冠词、介词、并列连词和不定式“to”外。但字母超过5个的介词和连词必须大写；末词的首字母永远大写）。若标题中有书名，用斜体；有演说、诗歌名，加引号。标题应尽量简明、具体，必要时可以使用副标题。应避免使用“试论”、“浅析”、“A Preliminary Study of”之类字眼。中文标题：黑体、小二号、居中。中英文标题区域上下共占八行（含空行），由于各论文标题行数不同，请自行控制空行的数量，一切以美观大方为准。封面其它部分位置请勿变更。实际操作中，可直接拷贝模板，替换其中的标题、姓名、学号等项目。（2） 中英文摘要与关键词（Abstract and Key Words）标题行：宋体四号加粗、居中。正文：中文宋体小四，英文Times New Roman五号。整页行距固定值20磅。摘要150200字（100150words），关键词35个。摘要用第三人称，现在时。常见句型参见模板。（3） 目录页：“CONTENTS”行：四号、Times New Roman、加粗、居中、全大写。正文：小四、Times New Roman、左顶格。次层次比上一层次退后两空格。整页行距固定值20磅。（4） 正文内容：大标题Arial Black字体、三号加粗、居中，大小写同封面格式。前后各空一行（空行大小为三号）。结构层次：正文分为章、节、小节。章的编号：1. ，2.，3.，；节的编号：1.1, 1.2，2.1, 2.2；小节的编号：1.1.1, 1.1.2。若小节以下还需分出层次，采用（i）,（ii）,（iii）标识。小标题格式：左顶格、五号加粗、Times New Roman。单独成行，无结尾标点；大小写同论文大标题。每个新小标题前空一行，但小节以下的标题前不空行，连续性标题之间（中间无正文）也不空行。正文文字：五号、Times New Roman，行距固定值20磅。（5） 参考文献（Bibliography）： Bibliography标：前空一行，左顶格、五号加粗、Times New Roman字体。文献项目：英文小五号、Times New Roman字体，中文小五号、楷体，行距均为固定值20磅。外文的书名/刊名需斜体，大小写格式要求同论文正文标题。条目顺序：英文文献在前，按照作者姓名字母顺序排列；中文文献在后，按照作者姓名拼音顺序排列；目内顺序：作者姓名、文献题名文献类别标识、书刊名、出版地：出版者、出版年月或期数。页码仅出现在正文内。文献类别标识：专著 M，论文集 C，论文集中析出论文 A，报纸文章 N，期刊文章 J，学位论文 D，其他（如字典、百科全书等）Z。论文中未引用的文献不能出现在Bibliography中。每一类型的详细说明请参见样本模板。3. 其它说明：引文、夹注、表格等以模板中具体例子说明，格式请参见模板内的脚注。注意：本手册使用脚注仅作格式说明。学生在撰写论文时，不鼓励使用脚注或尾注，最好使用文内夹注。为全面起见，本模板综合了语言学、文学、翻译等方面的典型范例。因此正文的小标题、例句、引文在内容上并不关联。本手册对各类标题的字体、字号作了详尽说明，仅作资料备用，学生不必记忆。在实际操作中，可直接使用WORD中的格式刷。4. 附录：外国语学院毕业论文模板分 类 号：学校代码：11460学 号：03402112南 京 晓 庄 学 院本 科 生 学 士 学 位 论 文中英文化差异对翻译的影响Effects of Cultural Differences on Translation所在院（系）： 行 知 学 院学 生： 范 夏 南指 导 老 师： 顾 维 勇研究起止日期：2008年6月至2009年3月二九年三月Abstract and Key Words 中文摘要为教学法类，英文为语言学类，故不对应。请注意摘要中的常见句型及表达方式。Abstract: This study aims to investigate the influence of the similarities and differences between Chinese and English existential sentences on Chinese college students acquisition. Comparisons in terms of structure, meaning and form-meaning mapping give rise to five hypotheses. Corpus-based experimental investigations are carried out to test the hypotheses. The results show that semantic sameness may not hinder acquisition, yet differences between them in form-meaning mapping cause interference while structural differences do not. Furthermore, learners language production may be influenced by their language exposure. The paper concludes that high frequency of occurrence of L2 items in the teaching material may help reduce interference from learners native language and make their language more target-like.Key words: existential sentences; mapping; acquisition; language exposure摘要：本文报告了对英语专业四个年级120篇英语议论文作文内容的分析结果,旨在发现大学生抽象思维特点，为进一步研究大学生思维能力的培养提供前期数据，同时为改进大学生英语作文的教学提出切实可行的建议。笔者根据作文写作思维过程的基本环节：审题、立意、布局、论述，通过质化分析法找出了对应的4个作文内容参数及其评分标准：文章切题性、论点明确性、篇章连贯性、说理透彻性，再依据这4个参数分析学生抽象思维特征及其存在问题。关键词：英语专业; 英语议论文; 抽象思维CONTENTS1. Introduction12. Literature Review and Theoretical Framework.22.1 Definition of Humor2.2 Classification of Humor3. Realization of Humor Interpreted by Pragmatic Theories.53.1 Humor Explained by Reference Theory3.2 Humor Explained by Cooperative Principle3.2.1 Cooperative Principle and Conversational Implicature3.2.1 Humor in Conversational Implicature3.3 Humor Explained by Speech Act Theory3.3.1 Humor and Illocutionary Act3.3.2 Humor and Prelocutionary Act4. Project Findings and Discussion84.1 Data from Questionnaires and Tests4.2 Data Analysis and the Limitation5. Conclusion10Bibliography.11Effects of Cultural Differences on Translation1. IntroductionCulture is a concept which has wide and complicated context, and it includes “knowledge, belief, policy, art, law, ethics, customs, and abilities and habits formed by people as social members.” Language is the transition of culture. English and Chinese are based on two different cultures, and they impress different cultural customs and historical traditions. Translation is not only an art, but also a science, so translation does not mean to transfer one language to another. As the bridge of trans-cultural communication, fulfilling humans culture, and emerging different expressions in different countries.Common things in human experiences seem to express themselves in similar terms in quite unrelated languages. The expressions are usually metaphorical, and may be as similar as “Strike while the iron is hot,” which appears in Chinese as “While hot strike the iron.”Western culture is based on things, making nature as its standard, the culture tend to develop its external display, so it lays stress on creating things, and moreover, on the way how human creates things. Instruments used in this study involved two English language proficiency tests. Therefore, during the process of translation, we should consider how to get out of the sentence structures of the former article, using different forms to express the meanings.2. Detail Examples of the Effect of Social Customs on Translation2.1 The Differences of Daily Life and Social CustomsBloom (1976) 间接引用。一般是对原文paraphrase或summarize，不需引号与页码。最后的句号应放在括弧之后。 argued that teachers role is to provide the students with optimal conditions which can facilitate learning so that students can achieve similar results. Obviously, these kinds of greeting are not suitable to greet people from English countries, as they may think that you are prying into their secrets and private things. A similar historical event may give rise to equivalent expressions in different countries. This sort of answers is suitable for Chinese who have been cultivated by the oriental culture, but if we translate them literally into English, as “No, no, its not good enough”, the westerners may feel unacceptable and even dissatisfied. So, the proper greetings used in western countries are “How do you do?”, “Hello!”, “Good morning!” or talking about the weather. It has been argued that teachers role is to provide the students with optimal conditions which can facilitate learning so that students can achieve similar results (Bloom, 1976). 间接引用。原作者未出现在正文中，故在括号内注明。Both of Chinese culture and English culture require people to respect the old. As differences of cultural thoughts exist, the ways to show our respect are relatively different. For example, when we get out having a family travel, we will firstly care about the physical situation of the old, and then decide whether we need to have arrest or not. But old foreigners dislike being considered as they are old people, and they never think that they are less vigorous and less spirit. This argument was discussed as early as 1997 (Wang, 1989). 间接引用。中文作者用汉语拼音。The disadvantage of the multiple regression analysis is that it cannot show the complex interrelations between independent variable (Wang & Sun, 1990). 间接引用。两名中文作者。 Another example, the oriental people consider being modest and obscure as a virtue, and this thought is also directly expressed on the use of language. Some theorists find no value in Smiths thesis and vehemently argue its faults (Masters & Malloy, 1978). 间接引用。两名英文作者。Adverbials are divided into two groups in terms of the centrality. Those that are integrated into clause structure are regarded as adjuncts (Quirk et al., 1985). 间接引用。三名以上作者，仅标示第一作者，其余用et al. 表示。 Another example, the oriental people consider being modest and obscure as a virtue, and this thought is also directly expressed on the use of language. This sort of answers is suitable for Chinese who have been cultivated by the oriental culture, but if we translate them literally into English, as “No, no, its not good enough”, the westerners may feel unacceptable and even dissatisfied. Comparatively, the westerners use commendation as frequently as they can, as a way of starting communication and helper of introducing formal topic. The turn of expression “thank you” seems to have become a conventional formula, especially in the western countries.Somebody often says that without any intention of displaying this gratitude can not be correct. Based on different findings, it is proposed that “the type of motivation and its strength are likely to be determined less by some generalized principle and more by who learns what in what milieu at that time” (Freeman & Long, 1993:174). 直接引用。需加双引号及页码，原文若已带引号，应将其改为单引号。原文内容不能更改，若中间有省略，需加英文省略号。 English has no regular answer at all. Gardner (1985:10) sees motivation as “the combination of effort plus desire to achieve the goal of learning the language plus favorable attitude toward learning language”. 直接引用。原作者已经在正文中出现。Australian literature in English began soon after the settlement of the country by Europeans. Common themes include indigenous and settler identity, alienation, exile and relationship to place, but it is a varied and contested area .The Australian literature is characterized as follows: Emphasizing the orthodox tradition of Jurisprudence and supporting the standard style of poetry. This represented the main trend of Wu age. This view was in accordance with Wus ideas and status as a Confucian scholar and it embodied what literary men of Wu emphasized: The authors personality should correspond to his writing style and Jurisprudence should be mingled with literature. People insist on learning from the ancient people and their rich minds (Herders, 199:126). 直接引用。引文在四行或四行以上，需单独成段，不需引号。上下各空一行，整段向右退8个字符。字体字号不变，但行距从“固定值20磅”变为“单倍行距”（两个空行均为单倍行距）。We will discuss Australian language, letters and literature, including discussions about poetry, novels, childrens literature, plays and theatre scripts, literary magazines and newspapers. In his “Hymn to Intellectual Beauty,” Shelly personifies the immaterial, spiritual world: “The awful shadow of some unseen Power / Floats though unseen among us”(1809:75). 直接引用。诗歌不超过两行，直接引用，加双引号，两行间用斜线分开。In “Song of Myself,” Walt Whitman uses the dictation and rhythm of natural speech：A child said What is the grass? Fetching it to me with full hands;How could I answer the child? I do not know what it is any more than he.I guess it must be the flag of my disposition, hopeful green stuff woven (1892:23). 直接引用。诗歌超过两行，需单独成段，规则同注9。Indeed, only those foreigners who know a little about Chinese culture may understand these explanations, and most of them can not get the marvels inside. So such words with peculiar cultural meaning should be added some explanations to illustrate their pragmatic usages. After the year all other years of the rooster, according to an old Chinese saying, become either-good-or-bad-luck years for them.Goethe wrote that “it takes more culture to perceive the virtues of The Magic Flute than to point out its defects” (qtd in Newman, 1998:104). 无原著，内容来自二手资料，需在来源前加上“qtd in”字样。在参考文献部分，以二手资料撰写条目。A similar historical event may give rise to equivalent expressions in different countries. When Caesar crossed the Rubicon, he had his army burn the bridges behind them, so that they had no choice but to march on and conquer Rome.In six months time, he was tramped into marriage with her, though “he had no respect for her” (40). 论文是文学评论，需从同一作品反复引用。为方便起见，从第二次引用起，只注页码。Actually, it was once translated into “five stresses, four points of beauty and three aspects of love” without any explanation. As a result, it would cause misunderstanding that foreigners who had little knowledge about China may probably consider it as “four beauties, and five lovers”.The Web-based Oral English Teaching Mode advocated by College English Curriculum Requirements is a new and developing mode with broad prospects and will exert a far-reaching influence on English teaching reforms. In Chinese, a sentence can be embedded in a noun phrase to modify its head noun and such a process is called gelatinization. Gelatinization usually results in relative clauses or adjectival clauses. Studies on such constructions in the past were mostly guided by structuralism linguistics with a focus on structures, ignoring semantic, pragmatic and cognitive factors.In the preface, Pineland claims “This Icelandic is the story of an adolescent whose needs are not understood by his descendants” (Hardliners, 99:128). 原文中的词语，因失去语境，指代不明。用方括号标注。2.2 Analogy and ImaginationThis usage wants to express that it is extremely easy to invest or deposit money in United Carolina Bank. (1) Do your teeth a flavor. No matter what the flavor, when your kids brush with Crest, they are doing their teeth a flavor. Arent your kids worth Crest? 例句按顺序用（1）（2）（3）（4）等统一编号，全文排序。每例左起头，回行时与上一行例句对齐。上下各空一行，例句连同空行的行距均为“单倍行距”。（注：正文为“固定值20磅”）。In this advertisement for Crest, “Do your teeth a flavor” completely imitates the phrase “do somebody a favor”. The sentence structures are the same, and the effect is also goodThe superstition that naming an evil force will cause it to appear was once widespread. The texts were then segmented by the automatic segmentation system of Academia. (2) *Although the city is modern and convenient, but there are still some problems.(3) ?How old are you, Professor Smith?不合语法的例句前用“*”；合乎语法，但有语用问题的例句前用“?”。同一组例句间不空行。The results of segmentation show that the total corpus for editorials contains approximately 26229 words of running text; the total corpus for magazines contains approximately 22,900 words; and the total corpus for fiction contains approximately 9,291 words. A simple complete sentence consists of a subject and a predicate. The subject is typically a noun phrase, though other kinds of phrases (such as gerund phrases) work as well, and some languages allow subjects to be omitted. The differences between the two tenses can be seen from the following two sentences:(4) a. I have been playing the piano since I was a child. b. I have played the piano since I was a child. 例句对照比较。文中提到该例句时，用(4a)、(4b)、(4c)的格式。We can find that sentence (4a) is different from sentence (4b) in meaning. However, I know of no other grammarians that allow any of sentences. Now the descriptive part of the test: do educated Indonesians use sentences like this?The typical differences between English culture and Chinese culture are the understandings of words about animals. Both of Chinese and English have amounts of similes, sometimes they are similar, such as “fox” means cunning, “sheep” means a bashful, defenseless or easily-led person. But it happens rarely because of different customs, historical traditions, and concepts of aesthetic appreciation, and as a result, the differences of analogy exist.5) 己所不欲，勿施于人。Do as you would be done by. 例句翻译，英汉对照。As we all know, the cat is cute and obedient animal in Chinese tradition; while, it represents “malicious woman with hostile temptation” in English. Obviously, it is not the product of Chinese culture. As a matter of fact, direct translation can not be acceptable in Chinese culture. “Chick” has the meaning of “to be a coward”, as same as “mouse” in Chinese culture.Animals like bear is connected with stupid, foolish, and useless image in China; meanwhile, in the westerners opinion, although bear is a kind of dangerous, and cruel animal, the bears in the zoo are lovely and naughty, so if we want to mean someone is useless, we can not use the analogy in China into English. Not the same as people in China think rabbits are quick and smart; the westerners compare rabbits with cowards.Labor creates the world as well as language. Due to different geographical situation and ecological atmosphere, the use of analogy is obviously different. China is the great agricultural country. In early years, peasants were mainly based on cattle-plough, and cattle were excellent helpers of peasants in the agricultural process, so Chinese people had deep relationship with cattle. We usually say “to work hard and modestly as old cattle, and “he has the strong spirit like cattle”. This is stated by many linguists. “Whatever the ultimate goals, one will almost certainly wish not only to codify the text in terms of cohesive categories but also to inspect the individual instances of cohesion, to look closely at the actual words and phrases that enter into cohesive ties and see what patterns of texture then emerge. A particular text, or a genre, may exhibit a general tendency towards the use of certain features or modes rather than others” (Halliday & Hasan 1976:332). 2.3 Chronological Order and Geographical Space2.3.1 The Understanding of ColorsAlthough in the same situation of wedding party, the new-married couples wear full dress with different colors during the process, according to the influence of different cultures. On the Chinese traditional wedding party, the bride wears bright red cheongsam, and on western-style wedding, the first married bride wears pure white bridal gown, because in the western tradition, white means purity and happiness. The ways of expressions of time is restrained by differences, and every culture must distinguish itself from others, according to the focus on time: the past, the present, and the future. Table 1. Readability Formulae Calculations and Readability Characteristics 表格统一编号，全文排序。标题与表格居中，上下各空一行，标题与表格间空一行，所有内容（含空行）均为“单倍行距”。TextsFlesch ReadingEase ScoreFleschGrade LevelNumberofSentencesSentenceAverageLengthNumberofWordsCharles DickensA Tale of Two Cities86414112.4 words1663Frances BurnettThe Secret Garden86415310.0 words1633Louisa May All