【精品】chapter 6 pragmatics.ppt

chapter6 pragmatics canyouexplainthemeaningof i mtired discussion semanticsorsyntax describethespeaker sphysicalstate feelingweakandlackingpowerinthebodyormind needingrestorsleep discussion john canyougetmesomefood jane i mtired pragmaticscomplementssyntaxandsemanticsbyexamininglanguageinrelationtoitscontextandusers 6 1 1definition i definition pragmaticsisthestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication 6 1somebasicnotions ii developmentofpragmatics 1937 thetermwasinvented bycharlesmorris 1950s speechacttheory byjohnaustin tookshape bytheearly1980s pragmaticshadbeenacceptedasoneofthebasicbranchesoflinguistics iii twomajortraditions 1 theanglo americantradition treatspragmaticsasabranchoflinguistics focusesonthestudyofspecificlanguagephenomenon deixis speechacts indirectlanguage structureofconversation politeness cross interculturalcommunication presupposition etc iii twomajortraditions 2 theeuropeancontinentaltradition treatspragmaticsasageneralcognitive social andculturalperspectiveattheuseoflanguage 6 1 2pragmaticsvs semantics semantics thestudyofmeaninginisolationfromthecontextofuse pragmatics thestudyofmeaninginthecontext 6 1 3context byjohnfirthin1930s theknowledgeofthelanguage theknowledgeabouttheworld thegeneralknowledgeabouttheworld thespecificknowledgeaboutthesituationinwhichlinguisticcommunicationistakingplace contextisregardedasconstitutedbytheknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearer 6 1 4sentencemeaningvs utterancemeaning sentence agrammaticalunitofthelanguagesystem utterance aunitoflanguageinuse sentencemeaning abstract decontextualized utterancemeaning concrete context dependent 6 1 4sentencemeaningvs utterancemeaning mybagisheavy semanticanalysis bag beheavy pragmaticanalysis thespeaker sintention astraightforwardstatement thespeaker sbagisheavy anindirect politerequest canyouhelpmetakethebag arefusal ican thelpyounow whatarethepossibleinterpretationsofthesameutterance mybagisheavy 6 2speechacttheory traditionalphilosopherfocusedonthetruth valueofsentences stateafact describeasateofaffairs 6 2speechacttheory johnaustin 1911 1960 britishphilosopherhowtodothingswithwords 1962 speechacts actionsperformedviautterances 6 2 1austin smodelofspeechacts constativesvs performatives constatives utteranceswhichroughlyservestostateafact reportthatsomethingisthecase ordescribewhatsomethingis verifiable igototheparkeverysunday iteachenglish constativesvs performatives performatives utteranceswhichareusedtoperformacts donotdescribeorreportanythingatall theutteringofthesentenceisthedoingofanaction notverifiable ido inamethisshipqueenelizabeth ibetyousixpenceitwillraintomorrow igiveandbequeathmywatchtomybrother ipromisetofinishitintime iapologize ideclarethemeetingopen iwarnyouthatthebullwillcharge minister addressingthegroom groom sname doyoutake bride sname foryourlawfulweddedwife tolivetogetheraftergod sordinance intheholyestateofmatrimony willyoulove honor comfort andcherishherfromthisdayforward forsakingallothers keepingonlyuntoherforaslongasyoubothshalllive groom ido firstpersonsingularspeechactverbs performativeverbs thepresenttenseindicativemoodactivevoiceutteringasentenceisactuallydoingsth orchangingtheworldinsomeway whatarethefeaturesofperformatives conclusion thedistinctionbetweenconstatives performativescannotbemaintained allsentencescanbeusedtodothings speechacttheory weareperformingactionswhenwearespeaking anothermodeltoexplainspeechacts threelevelsofspeechacts alocutionaryact theactofutteringwords phrases andclauses theliteralmeaning anillocutionaryact theactofexpressingthespeaker sintention aperlocutionaryact theactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsth thehearer sreaction howtoexplain it scoldinhere inthreelevelsofspeechacts summary linguistsaremostinterestedintheillocutionaryact i e howaspeakerexpresseshisintentionandhowhisintentionisrecognizedbythehearer 6 2 2searle sclassificationofspeechacts speechacts fivecategories sharethesameillocutionarypoint differinstrength johnsearle americanphilosopherandlinguist representatives assertivesdirectivescommissivesexpressivesdeclarations 1 representatives assertives stating believing swearing hypothesizing sayingwhatthespeakerbelievestobetrue iswear ihaveneverseenthemanbefore istate theearthisaglobe 2 directives inviting suggesting requesting advising warning threatening ordering tryingtogetthehearertodosth openthewindow you dbettergototheclinic yourmoneyoryourlife wouldyouliketogotothepicnicwithus 3 commissives promising undertaking vowing committingthespeakerhimselftosomefuturecourseofaction ipromisetocome iwillbringyouthebooktomorrowwithoutfail 4 expressives apologizing thanking congratulating expressingfeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistingstate i msorryforthemessihavemade it sreallykindofyoutohavethoughtofme 5 declarations bringingaboutimmediatechangesbysayingsth inowdeclarethemeetingopen iappointyouchairmanofthecommittee ifireyou howtoasksomebodytoclosethedoor willyouclosethedoor canyouclosethedoor doyoumindclosingthedoor iwouldbeverygratefulifyoucouldclosethedoor thedoor please closethedoor thedoorisopen 6 2 3indirectspeechacts indirectspeechacts thekindofspeechactsinwhichoneillocutionaryactisperformedindirectlybywayofperforminganother primaryspeechact thespeaker sgoalofcommunicationsecondaryspeechact themeansbywhichthespeakerachieveshisgoal primaryspeechact tomakearequestforthehearertopassthesaltsecondaryspeechact toinquireaboutthehearer sabilitytopassthesalt howtoexplain canyoupassthesalt accordingtoindirectspeechacts primaryspeechact torejecta ssuggestionsecondaryspeechact tomakeastatementaboutthefactthathehastostudyforanexam a let sgotothemoviestonight b ihavetostudyforanexam therelationbetweentheprimaryspeechactandthesecondaryspeechactisthatbetweenendandmeans summary 6 3principleofconversation discussion whatmightthesecondspeakermean 1 a whatdoyouthinkofmynewdress b it sred 2 a canyouhelpmewithmovingthesofa b myarmshurt 6 3principleofconversation i implicature thetermcoinedbypaulgricereferstowhatissuggestedinanutterance i implicature 1 conventionalimplicature basedontheconventionalmeaningofcertainwords implicautresareintrinsicallytiedupwithlinguisticitems joeispoorbuthappy imply surprisinglyjoeishappyinspiteofbeingpoor i implicature 1 conventionalimplicature inferencesthatdependontheexistenceofnormsfortheuseoflanguage 2 conversationalimplicature 1 generalizedconversationalimplicature 2 conversationalimplicature theimplicatureisworkedoutdependingontheutterancealoneandtheassumptionoftheparticipants cooperativenesswithoutanyparticularknowledgeofthecurrentcontextoranyrelatedbackgroundinformation a howdidjohnandpikedointhematch b johnwonamedal 1 generalizedconversationalimplicature 2 conversationalimplicature 2 particularizedconversationalimplicature a let sgooutdrinkingtonight b mygrandmaisill particularizedimplicatureisderivedfromparticularknowledgeofthecurrentcontextandsomerelatedbackgroundinformation i implicature 1 conventionalimplicature 2 conversationalimplicature 1 generalizedconversationalimplicature 2 particularizedconversationalimplicature grice sfocusofstudy 6 3principleofconversation ii cooperativeprinciple cp paulgrice britishphilosopherapaperentitledlogicandconversation 1975 6 3principleofconversation ii thecooperativeprinciple cp makeyourconversationalcontributionsuchasrequired atthestageatwhichitoccurs bytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged theformulationofcpisbasedonsomebasicassumptionsandobservations peopletalkrationallyinconversation talkexchangesrepresentsomecooperativeeffortstosomedegree theinterlocutorsunderstandthattheyhaveacommonpurposeoracommondirectionfortheongoingconversation themaximofquality donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence a whatcountryareyoufrom b icomefromchina a howoldisjohn b he saboutthirty themaximofquantity makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired forthecurrentpurposesoftheexchange donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired a whatdateisyourbirthday b december26 itisindecember december26 thedayafterthechristmasday themaximofrelation berelevant a whatdateisyourbirthday b december26 i manamerican themaximofmanneravoidobscurityofexpression avoidambiguity bebrief avoidunnecessaryprolixity beorderly john openthedoor jane john walkuptothedoor putthekeyintothelock turnthekeyclockwisetwiceandpush summary themaximofquality themostimportant othermaximscomeintooperationontheassumptionthatthismaximofqualityissatisfied itisassumedthatparticipantsgenerallyobservecpinthecourseofconversation butinfacttheircooperationtakesvariousformsofnon cooperation theintentionaldeviationfromoneormoreofthemaximsisassociatedwiththegenerationofconversationalimplicature iii non observanceofthemaxims twotravelersarrivedatthehotelandwereshownaratherdingyroom what saidone doesthispigstycost promptlytheownerreplied foronepig twodollars fortwopigs threedollars floutingthemaximofquality chandler whereisthebookyouarereading monica it sinthelivingroomwherethereisalsolightandnoonewillkickyouintheshin chandler what floutingthemaximofquantity mother doctor comeatonce ourbabyswallowedafountainpen doctor i llberightover whatareyoudoinginthemeantime mother usingapencil floutingthemaximofrelation thefarmerwhosepigwaskilledbyanautomobilewasravingmad don tworry saidthemotorist tryingtopacifythebereavedowner i llreplaceyourpig youcan t growledthefarmer youarenotfatenough floutingthemaximofmanner avoidambiguity summary cpismeanttodescribewhatactuallyhappensinconversation peopletendtobecooperativeandobeycpincommunication however cpisoftenviolated violationofcpanditsmaximsleadstoconversationalimplicature 6 4cross culturalpragmaticfailure whataretheproblemswiththesentences heareastudent youmusttodoit thegreenideaislaughing thebachelor schildisacat a it scoldinhere isn tit b soitis bcontinueshisreading 6 4cross culturalpragmaticfailure jennythomas theinabilitytounderstandwhatismeantbywhatissaid 言语交际中 说话人在表达思想时出现语法错误 至多被认为是 说得不好 但违反交际规则如礼貌原则就会被认为是 举止不好 被认为是 不真诚的 存心欺骗的或居心不良的人 i pragmalinguisticfailure itisclosedlinkedwithlanguageitselfandreferstothecasethatlearnersunconsciouslytransfernativeexpressionintothetargetlanguagewhileignoringtheirpragmaticmeaning oruseinappropriateexpressionsofthetargetlanguage i pragmalinguisticfailure a thanksalot that sagreathelp b nevermind violationofthenormalwaythatalanguageisused b you rewelcome i pragmalinguisticfailure a youdon tlikeclassicalmusic doyou b yes idon tlikeit no ilikeitverymuch differentexpressionsforthesameillocutionarypoint b no idon tlikeit yes ilikeitverymuch i pragmalinguisticfailure shopassistant whatwouldyouwant useofthechinese english shopassistant canihelpyou i pragmalinguisticfailure a isitagoodrestaurant b ofcourse inappropriatetransferofsemanticallyequivalentstructures ofcourse implies thequestionisself evident whatastupidquestion bisrude i pragmalinguisticfailure a john haveyoufinishedyou