新G issue 部分借鉴提纲.doc

ETS官网公布的ISSUE新题库 This page contains the Issue topics for the Analytical Writing section of the GRE? revised General Test. When you take the test, you will be presented with one Issue topic from this pool. Each Issue topic consists of an issue statement or statements followed by specific task instructions that tell you how to respond to the issue. The wording of some topics in the test might vary slightly from what is presented here. Also, because there may be multiple versions of some topics with similar or identical wording but with different task instructions, it is very important to read your test topic and its specific task directions carefully and respond to the wording as it appears in the actual test. 1 As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the ability of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate. 当人们越来越依赖技术去解决问题，人类独立思考能力却退化。Partially agree(1) Admittedly, with the ever increasing development in technology, people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, sometimes even without the necessity to know the means itself, which to a great extent improves our life: the use of computer.(2) However, it simply does not indicate that the ability of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate. Actually, peoples ability to think would be enhanced, considering that all these intelligent devices or tools are the products of the wisdom and ability.(3) Sometimes, the technology could help people to think for themselves: gene technology, computer processing.(4) Meanwhile, some of our abilities do deteriorate to a certain extent: the reliance on computer and calculator cause peoples decreasing ability to calculate.(5) However, it is usually the interior facts rather than the exterior facts that lead to this phenomenon: even without the assistance of these technologies, these people might still be reluctant to think creatively and positively. In this case, it is these people, rather than the technology per se that deserve blame.2 To understand the most important characteristics of a society, one must study its major cities. 要想了解一个社会最重要的特征，人们必须研究这个社会主要的城市。NO.72 认知One can best understand the most important characteristics of a society by studying its major cities.一个人要真正了解一个社会的最大的特点，只用研究一下它的主要城市即可。 Disagree:(1) The major cities could provide much information to understand the society:(a) Major cities are usual the center of the politics, economics, industry, culture, education, etc.(b) People from all over the country; serves as the miniature of the whole society(c) 80% and 20%(2) However, it may be unilateral to understand the most important characteristics of a society only by understanding its major cities:(a) With the globalization, major cities all over the world have become increasingly similar to each other.(b) The living conditions of the people(c) How much education has the average people receive?(3) Rural areas and towns:(a) Origin of the folk art(b) The condition of the agriculture and stockbreeding.(4) Consider as a whole, ignorance of either would lead to prejudice.3 Educational institutions have a responsibility to dissuade students from pursuing fields of study in which they are unlikely to succeed. 教育机构有责任劝阻学生不要从事不太可能成功的科学研究。4 Scandals are useful because they focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker or reformer ever could. 丑闻是有裨益的，因为它们让人们注意到一些问题，任何演说家和改革家都无法做到的。Scandals - whether in politics, academia, or other areas - can be useful. They focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker or reformer ever could.丑闻，不管是政治、学术还是其他领域可能有用.它们吸引人们注意，而这点是任何发言人和改革家都办不到的。Agree:(1) Scandal: public incidents that bring about disgrace or offends the moral sensibilities of the society.(2) Scandals, whether in politics, academia, or other areas, can be useful in that they focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker or reformer ever could:(a) Politics: convince people of the dishonest of some officials (Watergate Scandal, the abuse of power by public officers, violation of the public trust, contempt of Congress, and the attempted construction of justice)(b) Academia: Mendels dishonesty in creating or falsifying the data.(c) Business: bribery and cheating(3) However, sometimes they may distract us from more pressing social and community problems. They should not be exaggerated. (To err is human)(4) Superfluous attention to scandals would be detrimental. (Diana)5 Claim: Governments must ensure that their major cities receive the financial support they need in order to thrive. Reason: It is primarily in cities that a nations cultural traditions are preserved and generated. 结论：政府需要给社会主要城市提供财政支持，来保证其繁荣发展。原因：一个国家的文化传统主要是在城市中得以传承和发展。 Governments must ensure that their major cities receive the financial support they need in order to thrive, because it is primarily in cities that a nations cultural traditions are preserved and generated. 政府必须保证主要城市用于发展的财政支持，因为国家的文化传统发源于并保留在这些主要城市。Partially agree:(1) The responsibilities of a government includes many factors, including but not limited to the preserve of cultural traditions.(Economic, development, improvement of peoples life.(2) The culture traditions should be preserved, while its importance should not be overrated.(3) Regions other than major cities have the treasures of a nations cultural traditions.6 A nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college. 在进行大学教育以前，国家应该要求所有的学生学习统一的国家课程。A nation should require all its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college rather than allow schools in different parts of the nation to determine which academic courses to offer. 一个国家应该要求所有的学生在上大学前都学习相同的课程，而不应该允许不同地区的学校擅自决定自己的教学领域。Disagree: What is the purpose of education? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the above proposal? Should it be put into practice, why or why not?(1) It is necessary to provide some basic courses and the task should be left for the nation rather than provinces or cities:(a) Some course must be learned by all the students: mathematics and native language(b) It could prevent many problems: inadequate consideration; or pure desire for higher rates of graduate.(c) Nations would be the most competent for the task(2) While the courses should not be too rigid, especially for those large countries.(a) The difference of environment: rural areas and metropolises(b) The difference of facilities among different schools(c) The difference among students(3) To sum, a nation should provide some national curricula, while different areas could provide some course on account of the reality or as supplement.7 Some people believe that government funding of the arts is necessary to ensure that the arts can flourish and be available to all people. Others believe that government funding of the arts threatens the integrity of the arts. 有些人认为政府对艺术的资助是有必要的，资助能够保证艺术繁荣发展，并且让所有人享受艺术。也有人认为政府对艺术的资助会威胁到艺术的完整性。NO.85 政治 Government funding of the arts threatens the integrity of the arts. 政府对艺术的资助威胁着艺术的完整性。 Disagree:(1) Arts, due to its importance to human, does need patronage from outward.(2) Before the artists become famous, artists do need patronage to make a living. (Van Gogh)(3) Successful example: the government of Medici Family of the Florence, patronized all the artists during the Renaissance. Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael. Michelangelo was not born and fostered in Florence, however, he regarded it as his homeland.(4) In order to have the funding of the arts may threatens the integrity of arts, in that artists may strive to meet the need or taste of government.(5) Some sponge patronage is necessary, especially to some folk arts.8 Claim: In any fieldbusiness, politics, education, governmentthose in power should step down after five years. Reason: The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through new leadership. 结论：如商业、政治、教育、政府，在任何领域中的掌权者应该在五年后就让位。原因：对于任何机构，最可靠的成功途径是通过新领导阶层带来革新。9 In any field of endeavor, it is impossible to make a significant contribution without first being strongly influenced by past achievements within that field. 任何研究领域，如果不首先接受该领域中过去成就的影响，就不可能会有意义重大的成功。In any field of endeavor, it is impossible to make a significant contribution without first being strongly influenced by past achievements within that field. 如果在一开始没有一个研究领域以前的研究成果巨大影响，在这个领域不可能取得有意义的成功。Partially agree(1) The past achievements are the prerequisite and foundation:(a) Existing experiences and theories provide the foundation and construction of our knowledge and understanding.(b) Inspiration: some wrongful ideas to be improved.(c) Their ideas and opinions could be the fountain (inspiration) of our creativity and thus could we make a significant contribution.(2) Without these past achievements, undo time and energy might be wasted.(3) Not too rigid, that is, one should keep a creative and reasoning mind so that he could not be strongly influenced and restricted by the past achievements. (Confucius: Learning without thought is labor lost, while thought without learning is perilous.10 Nations should pass laws to preserve any remaining wilderness areas in their natural state, even if these areas could be developed for economic gain.国家应该通过法令保护任何存留的原生态地区保持原状，即便这些地区可以用作商业开发。11 Peoples behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making. 人们的行为多是被外界力量所左右，难以被自己控制。Peoples attitudes are determined more by their immediate situation or surroundings than by any internal characteristic.人们的态度更多取决于当时的处境和环境而非性格特点。Disagree:(1) Actually, peoples attitudes are determined more by internal characteristics rather than their immediate situation or surroundings. (Like one fable, when facing the same half bottle of water, pessimist and optimist would react quite differently, which are peoples internal characteristics.) (Peoples attitude toward failure, critics, others success)(2) Some critics might argue that under immediate situation or surroundings, it is these outer factors, rather than the internal characteristics that determine peoples attitudes. (People may behavior abnormally)(3) However, in these cases, it is still peoples internal characteristics that they are prone to gain experience from the past and make immediate response, which definitely derives the internal characteristics. (Investigations)(4) On the other hand, we could not simply ignore the influence of immediate situation and surroundings. It is reasonable that the more urgent the situation is, the more pressure and tension one may receive and thus might make some hasty and inadvisable decisions.12 Governments should offer a free university education to any student who has been admitted to a university but who cannot afford the tuition. 对任何被大学录取但无法承担学费的学生，政府应该为他们提供免费大学教育。13 Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the students field of study. 大学应该要求每个学生选修自己专业以外的各种学科。Universities should require every student to take a variety of courses outside the students field of study because acquiring knowledge of various academic disciplines is the best way to become truly educated. 大学应该要求学生学习本专业以外的课程，因为让学生们了解不同学科的知识才是教育的真谛所在。Agree: What is the purpose of education? How could one be truly educated?(1) While being truly educated does not equal being versatile, it is necessary to require every student to take a variety of courses outside the students field of study.(2) It would bring about many benefits: the interrelationship between different courses.(3) Indispensable: to be a wholesome person(a) Science: logic, critical thinking, common sense(b) Art: the cognition of natural(c) Philosophy: critical thinking and better understanding of the world(d) Psychology: help to grow mentally healthy.(e) Sociology: the essence of society and human being.(4) Distinct about the primary and secondary.14 A nation should require all of its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college. 在进行大学教育以前，国家应该要求所有的学生学习统一的国家课程。15 Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study that will prepare them for lucrative careers. 教育机构应该积极鼓励学生选择那些为将来高收入工作铺路的研究领域。16 Some people believe that in order to be effective, political leaders must yield to public opinion and abandon principle for the sake of compromise. Others believe that the most essential quality of an effective leader is the ability to remain consistently committed to particular principles and objectives. 有些人认为，为了保证效力，政治领袖一定要屈从民众意见，为妥协而放弃原则。也有人认为，有效力的领导者一定具备持续坚定自己原则和目标的能力。 Unlike great thinkers and great artists, the most effective political leaders must often yield to public opinion and abandon principle for the sake of compromise. 和伟大的思想家、艺术家不同，最好的政治领导应该经常听从民众的意愿，并且愿意为了妥协放弃原则。Disagree:(1) The difference between the political leaders and the thinkers, artists: thinkers and artists could live to their wish, which is a private affair, concerning their individual reputation and fame, while political leaders efforts are tied to the benefits of others.(2) Admittedly, political leaders should listen to the voice of the civilians, because they are elected by these civilians to govern the country.(3) However, it simply does not indicate that they should always yield to public opinions, rather, they should have their points or view and principles.(4) Neither could be ignored.17 Formal education tends to restrain our minds and spirits rather than set them free. 正规教育往往遏制学生的思维和精神，而不是解放思维和精神。It is often asserted that the purpose of education is to free the mind and the spirit. In reality, however, formal education tends to restrain our minds and spirits rather than set them free. 人们常说教育的目的是释放人们的心灵.实际上,正规的教育束缚了人们的心灵。Disagree(1) The purpose of education is to impart some basic knowledge, skills and methodologies to the educated, and through this way to free the mind of them:(a) Formal education is the prerequisite of freedom of mind: freedom of mind does not mean it should jump out of any boundaries and limitation, which is nothing more than a daydream of little significance.(b) Formal education makes the freedom of mind possible: what has been learned is a circle. Provided the larger the circle is, the more space you would have to imagine and create.(2) While admittedly, existing education system may have put too much emphasis on the high grades and what has been proved through experiments and practice that tends to restrain our minds and spirits instead of set them free and does cause many problems(3) However, it is not the original aim of education. Some proper reforms could solve these problems.18 The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority. 当很多人都质疑权威时，社会才会繁荣昌盛。The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority. 当很多人都质疑权威的时候，社会才能更安定。Partially agree:(1) Authority, should include not only the public institutions, experts, but the traditional ideas and opinions as well.(2) In this case, it is true that the well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority:(a) Keep the society vigorous and energetic(b) Help to create an environment full of democracy(3) Not only helpful, but also necessary: Hegel: “Contradiction is the power to promote development of the society.(4) The question should be based on critically and analytical thinking, while any blind and irrational question would bring about nothing but harm and uselessness.19 Governments should focus on solving the immediate problems of today rather than on trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future. 政府应该把更多的精力放在解决当务之急上，而不是试图解决未来预期问题上。Governments should focus more on solving the immediate problems of today rather than trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future. 政府应该把更多的精力放到解决眼前实际的问题中，而不要放到未来可能会产生的问题中。 Disagree: it depends(1) It is important to solve the immediate, existing social problems: emergency, vital, knotty) transcended by other countries or even perishment(2) While it does not simply mean that the long-term research helpful to future generations is not important. (The exploration of outer space; the efforts to protect the environment)(3) The former is the foundation of the latter.(4) Total neglect of the latter is short-sighted.(5) Count the cost.(6) Cession would lead to the destruction of the nation.20 Some people believe that college students should consider only their own talents and interests when choosing a field of study. Others believe that college students should base their choice of a field of study on the availability of jobs in that field. 有些人认为大学生应该根据自己的才能和兴趣选择研究领域。也有人认为大学生应该选择那些容易找到工作的研究领域。21 Laws should be flexible enough to take account of various circumstances, times, and places. 法律应该根据不同的环境、时期和地点而足够灵活。Laws should not be stationary or fixed. Instead, they should be flexible enough to take account of various circumstances, times, and places. 法律不应该太严格、太固定。他们应该根据实际情况而有伸缩性。 Partially agree(1) The intention of laws is to guarantee the legitimate rights and interests of citizens as well as maintain the stabilization of the society.(2) Thus, laws should have certain flexibility rather than stationariness, since philosophy tells us that motion is absolute while stationariness is comparative. With the quick development of society comes the need of the flexibility of laws and that is the very reason that the laws are continually modified. (3) Moreover, even during the same period of time, the same actions may result from diverse circumstances, time, places and motives. In this case, rigid and fixed laws may lead to unfairness and unjustness. (Murder on purpose and on