四级写作第三节课(1).doc

2 开头段的写法谈现象，不给观点hook + phenomenon（related to the topic） 方法：hook=background 1） 写“重要性，严重性，普遍性”升级版： 加时间，范围，人群， 条件句型1：, especially when/mainly because句型2时间/条件+三性+范围/人群时间： nowadays, recently, presently, in the past, in current days, over the past few decades, in the contemporary time, by the end of 20th century, till the end of last century. 范围：大范围：in students life, in peoples lives, in our neighborhood, in our modern life, in such a highly-commercialized society/community. (computerized, cyberized, urbanized, globalized)小范围：to social cohesion, to social stability, to social harmony, to social sustainable development; to childrens physical and mental well-being; to cultivating virtues社会，生活，社区，片区，圈子circle对象：人群：among university students, among the youth, among modern people, among different generations，post-eighties 教育：educator, educationalist 社会：scholar, expert, specialist, sociologist, psychologist, observer 经济：economist, researcher环境：environmentalist, volunteer科技：technician, inventor, scientistamong the younger generation, in particular/especially the post-nineties. People 是人的集合概念，没有peoples的形式，也不可以说a people. 条件：随着，伴随着社会：economic, cultural, environment, education, science and technological with the fast progress in technology (technological innovation), with the improvement of standards of living, with the speedy pace of modern life, with the increasing population and settlement, With the improvement of overall/general intellectual level, 举例：近日，随着技术创新的快速发展，电子商务已经变成了在高度商业化的社会里一个不可被忽视的商业类型。Recently, with the acceleration of technological innovation, electronic commerce has become increasingly prevalent in a highly-commercialized society. 一直以来，教育在人们的生活中都起着至关重要的作用。Always Through the river of human history, Invariably, Unchangedly, 大范围：Invariably, education has been playing an integral part in peoples life.小范围：Invariably, education has been widely recognized as one of the most important factos that contribute to a persons success and happiness.Invariably, education serves as a most essential and effective means for people to improve skills and expand knowledge. 随着社会整体文化水平的提高，教育越来越在人们的生活中起着重要的作用。With the improvement of the overall/general intellectual level in the society, 条件/时间关键词定性分析人群/范围各种性：重要性：(系表).is fairly essential/critical/significant/fatal/indispensable.fairly: considerably, extraordinarily, exceedingly （主谓/主语+不及物动词） .matters most/makes a huge/great/little difference when compared with other stuff/business/factors. （主谓宾/主语+及物动词+宾语） .plays a leading/pressing role/part.(必要性)：(系表).is fairly necessary/rudimentary雏形的/fundamental/imperative. 普遍性：(系表).is fairly familiar/common/prevailing/prevalent. （主谓） .has been penetrating into all walks of life. （主谓） .exists everywhere. 严重性：. is fairly severe, serious, grave 已经变得: has been increasingly popular has become has turned to besample:Presently, with the improvement of standards of living, television and movie play an increasingly leading role in peoples recreational/leisurely lives. 第二句话：However/Also, it is an interesting/intriguing phenomenon that people in growing numbers are voicing their opinions on .(提纲内容的第一部分）. 名词形式的宾语动名词替换句型However/meanwhile, it is interesting to note that a growing number of people are expressing their concerns aboutPeople: sociologist之类的名词environmentalist, educator, economist, psychologist, researcher, expert, specialist, scholar. 等Growing: increasing, expanding许多人/教育家：a large number of, a considerable number of, numbers ofVoice their opinions on this heated topic/issueEg: 12年12月题目It is interesting to note that a considerable number of people are expressing their concerns about the significance of receive higher education. expressing their concerns about the relationship between higher education and career success. *about higher education is so important to employment and career success. 第二句话的替换句2Plus/Meanwhile，there surfaced/emerged a trend that people in large population are paying/giving/pouring more attention to this issue of/about whether/how/what名词形式的宾语动名词People: 同More：adequate, due举例: 2013/6Plus, there emerged a trend that more people, especially the young, are pouring their attention to the issue of whether to engage in big events or trifles. 开头总结：方向在四性句型有两个简单加复杂名动不含糊尽量回避使用people, the society, we, you之类的名词和代词做主语。动词的替换：同意积累，短语和单独动词交替使用Spoil:pour too much love over sb Try: make great efforts to do, spare no efforts to do In current years, free admission to museums is excessively prevailing both at home and abroad. And it is interesting to notice that people in expanding numbers are voicing their opinions/expressing their concerns upon this issue. 35Over the past few decades, free admission to museums has been exceedingly prevailing both at home and abroad. To be specific, visitors of different nationalities are charged free when they intend to enjoy the art or history displayed in museums. (39)Many young people can not go abroad to study is attributed to they have no money. 精神品质类的开头写法很明显众所周知大家都接受的一个事实是毋庸置疑+ 主题名词/动名词/动词不定式+重要性+范围1) It is obvious/clear/unquestionable/doubtless that2) It is widely-accepted/widely-acknowledged/widely-recognized that（widely-generally, universally）3) There is a shared recognition that4) It goes without saying that/There is no denying the fact that主题词：persistence, being persistent, being strong-willed，altruism, integrity, empathy 范围：对于过一种健康，向上，乐观的生活来说：in leading a healthy, upward, and optimistic life对于建立正确的价值观和道德观来说：in establishing/setting up the just values and morals (relationship, society)对于实现人生目标来说：in accomplishing/fulfilling/achieving ones life goals is considerably essential to social development. 举例：信任trust It is unquestionable that mutural/reciprocal trust between friends is considerably essential in establishing the enduring friendship. In establishing a harmonious and stable society 品质类话题的第二句话However/Meanwhile/Also/Plus, this issue of how to keep has sparked/triggered off/stimulated a heated discussion in the contemporary society. How to maintain NThis issue of how to keep persistent/strong-willed/responsible/cooperative has sparked a heated discussion in the modern society. *Persistence has sparked a heated discussion. 第二句话的替换句型：Also, there has arisen /emerged/appeared/stayed a heated discussion/argument of the importance and approches of keeping 补充信息：首段第二句可能会用到的主题讨论对象词汇总结：影响（名词）：effect, influence, impact 优点：advantage, merit, benefit, positive side, pro-side, upside.缺点：drawback, disadvantage, demerit, negative side, con-side, downside. 优缺点：upside and downside, the good and bad 常在影响类词汇前使用的形容词：深远的：far-reaching, profound长期的：chronic 直接的：direct 反面的：adverse 明显的：noticeable, apparent, evident 现存的：existent, existing 方法方式：means, method, approach 解决方案：solution, remedy, therapy 有效的：effective, satisfactory原因：reason, factor, cause 主要的：main, major, principal 3 中间/主体段落的写法思路： 分析原因或分析影响、意义、或方法。以“二”为主！Why and how Why社会问题或者现象How-品质，文化，教育原因类必备词汇：原因： causes, factors, reasons, determinant.几个： several, a couple of, a pair of 许多： a multitude of, numerous, countless, innumerable, a large variety of. 导致： contribute to, be attributed to, account for, be responsible for（ to 介词，而非动词不定式，所以后加noun, doing; for 介词，后加名词。）原因版的第一句话：（针对社会，环境，文化类话题）Even though/While/Despite the fact that there are countless reasons/innumerable reasons responsible for/accounting for/contributing to this issue/phenomenon, the following/upcoming ones/two shall/can never be overlooked/ignored/neglected/paid little attention to. Eg:Even though there are numerous reasons for the high popularity of smart phones/social networking, the following two shall not be neglected. 21/192013版 In spite of the countless factors people may think of, .the issue of.should still be attributed to the following two determinants. Initially, . Secondly, . People:类型细化 Sociologist, environmentalist, psychologist Think of: consider,brood over, contemplate about The issue of : environmental pollution, environmental degradation, the loss of trust原因模板第一句话的替换：Whereas/While/Even though there are a multitude of reasons for the issue of, the following two should rank the first/serve as the major ones. Initially, .Secondly, .举例：信任的缺失In spite of the countless reasons people may think of, the loss of trust should still be attributed to the following two determinants. 23环境恶化In spite of the innumerable reasons environmentalists may think of/consider, environmental degradation should still be attributed to the following two determinants. 21国外节日的流行In spite of the innumerable reasons sociologists may think of, the popularity of foreign festivals should still be due to the following two determinants. 24Many students cannot go abroad to further their education attribute to they dont have money. 许多学生不能出国读书的原因是他们没钱。Students inability of furthering their education abraod is attributed to the insufficient financial support that theyve gained. 影响/意义类必备词汇：影响： influence, effect, impact 带来造成： bring about, impose, exert( impose an impact upon sth.)好坏：the good and bad, upside and downside, benefits and drawbacks使用修辞选词，措辞，修辞Without a shadow of doubt We are in a mountain of debts.Swallow ones fearsMany immigrantsa tide of immigrants Fruit of human civilization Erase the bitter memory 影响版的第一句话：When examining this issue in the multifaceted approach/strategy, we may identify that this issue is exerting some apparent effects on the society as a whole. First,.Additionally, .替换对象on individuals, families and society as a whole;on peoples physical and meantal well-beingon social economic development/growth影响/意义版：2013When the issue of is observed/perceived/examined in a multifaceted approach, it is clear to all that the issue ofhas exerted some chronic/profound/direct/positive/far-reaching effects upon . First, ; moreover, 替换版：As for the influence/significance of (the issue of)., hardly anyone is unconscious/unaware thatis imposing some chronic/profound/direct/positive/far-reaching effects on. Firstly,. Secondly, 替换词As for: 关于，对于 as to, considering, regarding对象：除品质类话题外的对象：个人，集体，社会/国家on both individuals and the society/nationon the society as a whole 品质类的对象：on social cohesion and stabilityon social harmony on ones/individual identity 举例：保持诚信的意义As for the significance of maintaining honesty, everyone of us is conscious that honesty is imposing a far-reaching effect upon both individuals and the society. 25 As for the significance of maintaining honesty, everyone of us is conscious that honesty is imposing a far reaching effect upon building a society with high cohesion and harmony. 292012/12Considering the significance of receving higher education, hardly anyone is unconscious that it has imposed some positive and far-reaching impacts upon personal and social development. 25补充：可以用来替换first, second, 的表达On one hand, ; on the other hand, For one thing, ; for another, .中间段思路（即填空部分，填空部分的语言质量是得分要点，关键在于选词和用词）语言质量=logic + diction + perspective Logic: coherence (深度/广度)Economic growthemployment rate increasedmore investmenthigher taxationmore public services and facilitieshigher life qualityWatching televesion?bad-sedentary lifestylebad eyesight/obesity/lack of exerciese/lack of outdoor activitiessolitary and isolatedloss of social skill原因-结果-结果原因1sub reason1+ sub reason 2Diction: collocation Perspective: content 构思（连贯性）+措辞（准确性）中间部分细节语言的措辞要求：v1 用action verbs instead of be verb.(vt. VS vi.) V+名词类（多指物）提升improve，减少reduce/lower，刺激stimulate/spur，促进promote/enhance, 加强strengthen等V+to do类decide to do, fail to do, attempt to do, endeavor to do, strive to do, tend to do, intend to do, incline to do, determine to do, hesitate to do,be willing to do, be reluctant to do,be likely to do, be unlikely to do等V+sb to dohelp sb to do, allow sb to do, prompt sb to do, permit sb to do, motivate sb to do, encourage sb to do, inspire sb to do, enable sb to do, empower sb to do, force sb to do, compel sb to do等此类动词常用被动语态With the acceleration of technological innovation and the decreased cost of surfing online, students are enabled to get easy access to Internet and the outer world. V+that表明，认为Show, indicate, suggest, reveal； believe, hold, argue, maintain, contend, claim, deem that不及物动词发生，出现，消失，存在，成长，等Occur, happen, appear, disappear, vanish, exist, grow等不及物动词不能使用被动语态如 *what happened?2 ）如果用be adj, 最好加强句型变成 be so adj that .Be good/desirable/popular thatMiniblog is so popular these days that not only commoners but also stars are using this medium as a way of entertainment and an access to the world. Be so bad/severe/undesirable thatEnvironmental degradation has been so severe that the governments have to spend billio