高考英语一轮复习 语法专项突破 第一讲 动词的时态和语态.doc

第一讲动词的时态和语态一时态1表示习惯性、经常性发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示频度的时间状语连用，如usually，often，always，sometimes，every day等。on monday morning it usually takes me an hour to drive to work.星期一早晨，通常花费我一小时开车去上班。2表示客观事实、真理、格言或者警句等。as we all know, the earth travels around the sun.众所周知，地球围绕太阳转。3表示按照时间表、计划安排好的或者规定的行为，只限于go, come, leave, start, stop, arrive, begin, return, open, close等表示动作趋向性或移动意义的词。my dream school starts at 8：30 am and ends at 3：30 pm.我理想的学校上午8：30上课，下午3：30放学。4在时间、条件等状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。if you come this afternoon, well have a meeting.如果你今天下午过来，我们将开个会。5在某些以here，there开头的句子中，用一般现在时表示现在发生的动作或存在的状态。here comes the english teacher.英语老师来了。典例 (2015全国卷语法填空)this cycle _(go) day after day：the walls warm up during the daygoes解析：时间状语为day after day，且根据下文的warm用了一般现在时可知此处表示目前的情况，所以用一般现在时。1表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示具体的过去时间状语连用，如yesterday, last month, just now, the other day, three days ago, in 1989等。the other day i came across an old friend on the top of mount tai.前几天，我在泰山顶上偶然遇到了一位老朋友。2在时间、条件等状语从句中常用一般过去时代替过去将来时。he said he would not attend the meeting any longer if it rained.他说如果下雨他不参加会议了。3表达“原以为/本来认为/原希望”等意义时，know, think, expect等动词常用一般过去时。i didnt expect to meet you here.我没料到会在这里碰见你。4常见句型(1)it is time that sb. did sth.“该到了”。(2)it is/has been一段时间sincedid sth.“自从做某事已经一段时间了”。(3)would/had rather sb. did sth.“宁愿某人做某事”。it is time that we took action to protect our environment.该到我们采取措施保护环境的时候了。it is/has been three years since he joined the army.他参军3年了。典例 (2016全国卷丙语法填空)confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and _(be) too violent for use at the table.were解析：believed后接宾语从句，宾语从句由and连接两个并列谓语，主句用了一般过去时，从句也要用相应的过去时，又因主语是knives，故填were。1一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，即单纯的将来事实。he will graduate from beijing university next year.明年，他将毕业于北京大学。2三类表示一般将来时的特殊结构：(1)be going to do sth.表示计划、打算要做某事或者有预兆要发生某事。look at the cloud. it is going to rain.瞧那乌云，天要下雨了。(2)be to do sth.表示按计划或安排即将要做某事，或者按照职责、义务、规定等要做某事。we are to obey these rules when we go into the library.当我们去图书馆时，我们要遵守这些规章制度。(3)be about to do sth.表示即将要发生某事。该结构通常不与具体的时间状语连用。the train is about to leave.火车即将开出。典例 (2015全国卷书面表达)if you are able to come with us，please let us know and we _(wait) for you at the school gate at 9 in the morning.will wait解析：根据if从句用的是一般现在时表示将来，可知主句用will动词原形表示一般将来时。1表示此刻正在进行的动作或存在的状态，常与时间状语now，at the moment, at present等连用。he is watching a football match on tv at home now.他现在正在家里在电视上看足球赛。2一些特定的表示动作趋向性的短暂性动词come, go, leave, get, start, open, arrive, begin, return等常用现在进行时表将来。how many of you are coming to the party next week？你们中有多少人下周要来参加聚会？3现在进行时态与频率副词always, constantly连用表达某种感情色彩，如不满、厌恶、赞赏等。you are always forgetting the important thing.你总是把重要的事情忘掉。(表达出不满的情绪)典例 (2015北京高考书面表达)i _(write) to tell you my exciting plan for the summer holiday.am writing解析：此句是书信的开头语，强调现在正在写信，故用现在进行时。1过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作或者存在的状态。he was playing basketball with his friends on the playground at 3：00 pm. yesterday.昨天下午3点他正在操场与他的朋友们一起打篮球。2表示过去一个动作发生时另外一个动作正在进行。she was watching tv when a burglar broke into her house.当盗贼闯入她家时她正在看电视。3表示过去按计划、安排将要发生的动作，此用法常见动词有go, begin, leave, arrive, come, return等。i was coming to visit you later that day, but i had to phone and cancel.我本打算那天晚些时候去看你，但是我不得不打电话取消了。典例 (2016北京高考单项填空)jack _(work) in the lab when the power cut occurred.was working解析：句意：杰克正在实验室工作这时停电了。本题考查“be doing sth. when”句型。根据题干中的occurred(一般过去时)，可知设空处用过去进行时。表示将来某个时间正在进行的动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。常用的时间状语有：soon, tomorrow, this evening, by this time, in two days, tomorrow evening等。this time next week ill be lying on the beach, enjoying the sunshine.下星期这个时候，我正躺在海滩，享受着阳光。典例 (江苏高考)could i use your car tomorrow morning?sure.i_(write) a report at home.will be writing解析：由题干中的关键信息词tomorrow morning可知，双方在谈论明天早晨的事情，所以答语应用将来进行时，表示“明天早晨我将在家写报告”。1表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，常用的时间状语：already, so far, never, just, before, recently, for a long time, in the past/last few years等。progress has been so far very good and we are sure that the work will be finished on time.到目前为止，工作进展顺利，我们确信一定会按时完工。2表示过去已经开始，一直持续到现在(也许还会继续进行下去)的动作或状态，常与“since时间点”或“for时间段”等表示一段时间的状语连用。i remember you were a talented pianist at college. can you play the piano for me?我记得你在大学时是一位极有才华的钢琴师。你能为我弹钢琴吗？sorry, i havent played the piano for years.抱歉，我好多年没有弹钢琴了。3现在完成时还可以用在时间和条件状语从句中，表示将来某时完成的动作。please return the book to me when you have finished it.当你读完这本书请归还给我。(1)注意牢记以下固定句型：it is/has been时间段since表示“自从以来已经”。it is/has been ten years since i graduated from the university.我大学毕业已十年了。this/it/that is the first/second/thirdtime that表示“这/那是(某人)第几次做某事”，that从句中要用现在完成时。it is the first time that i have visited the city.这是我第一次游览这座城市。this is形容词最高级名词that结构，that从句要用现在完成时。this is the best film that ive (ever) seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。(2)注意避免思维定势：一看到for时间段，就用动词的现在完成时态。一定要看语境强调是“该动作曾经做过多长时间”(一般过去时)，还是“该动作已经做完多长时间”(现在完成时)。 yang zhenning lived in america for many years and now he lives in china.杨振宁在美国定居多年，现在他生活在中国。dashan has lived in china for many years.大山在中国住了许多年。典例 (2015全国卷语法填空)when a new day breaks, the walls _ (give) up their heat and are now cold enoughhave given解析：根据语境可知强调“耗尽了热量后，现在足够冷了”，故give up这一动作是截止到现在已经完成的动作，且对现在造成了影响，故要用现在完成时。1表示到过去某一时间之前动作已经完成即“过去的过去”，常见的时间状语有by, until, when, before等。when he was in beijing, he visited places where he had played as a child.他在北京的时候游览了他儿时曾玩过的地方。by the time jack returned home from england, his son had already graduated from college.杰克从英国回到家时，他的儿子已经大学毕业了。2表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose 等，用过去完成时表示“原本(事实上未能)”。we had expected that you would be able to win the match.我们原来预料你们能够赢比赛。3表示一个过去的动作先于另一过去的动作发生，这种情况多见于宾语从句。he remembered that he had left the key at home.他记得他把钥匙落家了。4过去完成时的常用句型(1)it was the first/secondtime that这是第一/第二次it was the third time that the boy had been late.这是那个男孩第三次迟到了。(2)had hardlywhen刚就；had no soonerthan一就。如：i had hardly opened the door when he hit me.我刚打开门，他就打了我。he had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.他刚买了这辆车，转眼又卖了。典例 (2016浙江高考单项填空)silk _ (become) one of the primary goods traded along the silk road by about 100 bc.had become解析：句意：到大约公元前100年丝绸已成为沿丝绸之路交易的主要货物之一。根据句中的时间状语by about 100 bc可知“become”动作发生在“过去的过去”，故用过去完成时。1常用来表示开始于过去某个时间、一直持续到现在并且会继续进行下去的动作。(2015全国卷完形填空)for days the kids have been looking for others we can help.几天以来，孩子们一直在找我们能够帮助的其他人。2表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直在反复进行的动作。i have been calling him many times this morning, but theres no answer.今天早晨我一直给他打了很多电话，但是没人接。典例 (全国卷短文改错)since thenfor all these yearswe had been allowing tomatoes to selfseed where they please.hadhave解析：关键词since then提示语境强调从过去开始的动作持续到了现在，而且本句的时间状语是all these years，通常和现在完成进行时连用。所以应用现在完成进行时。过去将来时表示在过去某个时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。即过去将来时是“立足过去，着眼未来”的一种时态，常用于宾语从句中。the shops would soon close, and all the people would go home.这个商店不久将关闭，所有的人将回家。典例 (2015全国卷完形填空)in the store, i asked each of my kids to pick something they thought our “friend” there _ (appreciate)would appreciate解析：由语境可知强调“他们认为我们那里的朋友可能会喜爱的一些东西”，同时由关键词asked和thought可知是站在过去的时间点上展望未来。故用过去将来时。 单句语法填空1(全国卷语法填空)he _ (ride) beside the bus and waving his arms. i heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driverwas riding解析：根据句意“他正在公交车旁边骑着自行车并挥舞着胳膊”，以及关键词and waving，可知ride也应该用进行时态与wave并列，而且根据第二句的heard可知是发生在过去，故用过去进行时。2(2015全国卷语法填空)it was raining lightly when i _ (arrive) in yangshuo just before dawn. but i didnt care.arrived解析：句意：就在天亮之前我到了阳朔，天下着小雨。但是我并不在意。根据主句was raining以及第二句话的didnt 可知，记叙的是过去发生的事情，应该使用一般过去时。3(2017泰安检测)mr white _ (teach) in our school for nearly forty years before he retired last month.had taught解析：根据for nearly forty years可知用完成时，由时间状语从句before he retired last month可知用过去完成时。4(2015北京高考单项填空)in the last few years, china _ (make) great achievements in environmental protection.has made解析：在过去的几年里，中国在环境保护方面已经取得了巨大的成就。根据时间状语in the last few years可知用现在完成时。5(2017山东邹城一中月考)that was the first time i _ (be) to hong kong so i had great difficulty finding the hotel.had been解析：句意：那是我第一次去香港，因此我在找酒店时遇到很大的困难。it is/was the first time that sb. have/has/had done sth.意为“这是某人第一次做某事”，本题中主句时态为一般过去时，that引导的从句应用过去完成时。 单句改错1(2016全国卷甲短文改错)some classmates suggest we go to places of interest nearby. i thought that it is a good idea._thoughtthink解析：根据前后句中的suggest以及宾语从句中的is也可以看出此处应为一般现在时。2(2017江西四校联考)i will keep the habit of taking regular exercise, such as running, swimming and various ball games. during my holidays, i would travel to my dreamlands. _wouldwill解析：根据上文i will keep可知，此处讲述将来的事情，应用一般将来时，故将would改为will。3(2016浙江高考短文改错)then he and my mother would have had a drink while she prepared dinner and they would talk about his day and hers._去掉had解析：句意：之后每当母亲在准备晚饭时，他和母亲常常会喝杯茶，谈论两人一天的事情。过去常常做某事应用would do sth.。4(江苏高考)the manager is said to have arrived back from paris where he met some european business partners._met前加had解析：句意：据说，经理从巴黎回来了，他在巴黎会见了一些欧洲的生意伙伴。arrive发生在is said之前为过去发生的事情，meet发生在arrive之前，属于过去的过去，应用过去完成时。5(2015全国卷短文改错)a woman saw him crying and telling him to wait outside the shop._tellingtold解析：telling和saw是并列关系，故时态需要和saw保持一致。6(2015全国卷短文改错)tony was scared and begun to cry._begunbegan解析：根据前面的was scared可判断此处用一般过去时。二语态1不能用被动语态的特殊动词(1)系动词类(look, seem, feel, taste, sound, prove, appear等)。(2)表示主语特征的词(read, wash, write, sell, wear, lock等)，常与not, hardly, well, easily, badly, nicely等副词连用。this kind of cloth washes easily.这种布料容易洗。2get构成的表示被动的短语此类短语主要有get paid/lost/hurt等。we get paid every week.我们按周获得薪酬。3主动形式表示被动意义(1)在need, want, require, deserve, bear等动词、worth等形容词的后面，动名词主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。the house needs repairing/to be repaired.这房子需要修理。(2)在某些“主语(人/物)be形容词不定式”中不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。这些形容词有nice, easy, fit, hard, difficult, important, impossible, pleasant, interesting等。the problem is difficult to work out.这道题很难计算出。典例 (2016四川高考语法填空)the giant panda _ (love) by people throughout the world.is loved解析：句意：大熊猫深受世界各国人民的喜爱。根据语境可知，此空应使用一般现在时描述客观事实。主语the giant panda与动词love是动宾关系，应使用被动语态，故答案为is loved。单句语法填空/单句改错1(2016全国卷丙语法填空)truly elegant chopsticks might _ (make) of gold and silver with chinese characters.be made解析：句子的主语chopsticks与谓语make之间是被动关系，由设空处前的情态动词might可知，此处是含有情态动词的被动语态，其结构是：情态动词be及物动词的过去分词，因此应填be made。2(2015广东高考语法填空)he sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns nearby for other food and made cheese and butter for the family with what_ (leave)was left解析：句意：除去卖掉的和换其他食物的牛奶，剩下的他就用来制作奶酪和黄油。这里what was left是一个宾语从句，根据句意可知用被动语态。3(2017石家庄调研)in our high school, everything _ (record) and graded, including your grades on quizzes, tests and examinations.is recorded解析：everything和谓语record之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且此处表示一般性的描述，故用一般现在时的被动语态，即is recorded。4(2015安徽高考单项填空)it is reported that a space station _ (build) on the moon in years to come.will be built解析：句意：据报道，未来几年里将在月球上建造一个空间站。根据时间状语in years to come可知，“建造空间站”是将来的动作，设空处需用一般将来时；宾语从句的主语a space station与build之间是被动关系，因此需用一般将来时的被动语态。5(2015全国卷短文改错)lots of studies have been shown that global warming has already become a very serious problem._去掉been解析：主语studies和谓语show是逻辑上的主谓(主动)关系，句意强调“很多研究表明”，故应该使用主动语态。 单句语法填空1(2015广东高考语法填空)while making great efforts to run away, she _ (fall) over the hill and died.fell解析：根据后边并列的谓语动词died，可以确定此处用一般过去时。2(2017浙江杭州二模)i _ (watch) tv alone in the living room when i suddenly heard a crack upstairs.was watching解析：句意：我正一个人在起居室里看电视，这时楼上突然传来了崩裂的声音。sb. be doing sth. when为固定句型，意为“某人正在做某事时，突然”，再由从句中的谓语动词heard可知，主句应用过去进行时。故填was watching。3(2017辽宁朝阳月考)it is the first time that i _ (enjoy) this kind of moon cake.have enjoyed解析：句意：这是我第一次吃这种月饼。在“it/this/that is/was the first/second/time(that)从句”中，如果主句用一般现在时，从句常用现在完成时。故填have enjoyed。4(2017江西南昌一模)at a young age ，he _ (move) to spain and now plays professionally for the fc barcelona.moved解析：根据时间状语at a young age可知，此处表示过去发生的事情，故用一般过去时。5(重庆高考单项填空)youd better write down her phone number before you _ (forget) it.forget解析：句意：趁你没忘记，你最好把她的电话号码记下来。before引导时间状语从句，从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。故填forget。6(2017广东佛山二模)in 2006, i _ (feel) i needed a new challenge so i decided to take a filmmaking course.felt解析：句意：在2006年，我觉得我需要一个新的挑战，因此我决定修一门电影制作的课程。根据时间状语in 2006可知，应用一般过去时。故填felt。7(2017浙江杭州五校联考)according to charles keeling, the amount of carbon dioxide _ (increase) sharply and steadily over the forty years between 1957 and 1997.increased解析：句意：根据查尔斯基林的说法，在1957年和1997年之间的40年里，二氧化碳的含量急剧而持续地增加。该句时间状语为between 1957 and 1997，表示过去的时间，故该句要用一般过去时。故填increased。8(山东高考单项填空)they made up their mind that they_ (buy) a new house once larry changed jobs.would buy解析：句意：他们下定决心一旦larry换了工作，他们将买套新房子。在that引导的同位语从句中，once引导的条件状语从句用一般过去时表示过去将来时，主句用过去将来时。9(2015天津高考单项填空)despite the previous rounds of talks, no agreement _ (reach) so far by the two sides.has been reached解析：句意：尽管经过了前几轮的商讨，到目前为止双方仍没有达成一致意见。句中的so far是现在完成时的时间标志短语，agreement与reach之间是被动关系，因此用现在完成时的被动语态。10(2017河北邯郸模拟)its true that our future _ (determine) by many things.is determined解析：句意：我们的未来是由很多东西决定的，这是真的。根据句意可知，此处应用一般现在时；且our future和determine之间是被动关系，故用被动语态。11(2015湖北高考完成句子)the professor was delighted to find that two thirds of the project _ (finish) by the students independently.had been finished解析：根据主句中的“was delighted to find”可知，其后从句表示的“三分之二的工程已经被完成了”应用过去完成时的被动语态。12(2017湖南衡阳一中月考)when some waste chemicals _ (put) into the sea, it can hurt or kill animals and fish.are put解析：句意：当一些废弃的化学品被投进海里时，会伤害或杀死动物和鱼类。主语some waste chemicals与动词put之间是被动关系，应用被动语态；根据主句时态可知，从句应用一般现在时。 单句改错1(2017湖北八校联考)my hobby is collecting stamps. i had stamps from many countries, like england, canada, china and other countries._hadhave解析：根据上一句中的is可知，此处讲述的是现在的事情，应用一般现在时，故将had改为have。2(2016全国卷丙短文改错)at first, i thought i knewhowever, my parents didnt seem to think so. they always tell me what to do and how to do it._telltold解析：此处表示他们总是告诉我做什么及如何做。根据上下文语境可知，文章主体时态为一般过去时，