微观经济学原理 ch.doc

Questions for review1. What is a competitive market? Briefly describe the types of markets other than perfectly competitive market.竞争市场是有许多买者与卖者，以至于每个人对市场价格的影响都微乎其微的市场。除了完全竞争的市场之外，还有垄断市场。在这个市场上只有一个卖者，他决定价格。这个卖者被称为垄断者。还有寡头市场，在这个市场上有几个并不总是主动竞争的卖者，他们提供相似或相同的产品。通常情况下，寡头们会尽力联合起来，避免激烈的竞争，收取较高的市场价格。还有垄断竞争市场，这是一个有许多提供相似但不相同的产品的企业的市场结构。由于各自提供的产品不同，每个企业对产品的价格都有一定的影响力。2. What determines the quantity of a good that buyers demand?物品的价格、买者的收入、相关物品的价格、买者的嗜好和预期决定买者对一种物品的需求量。3. What are the demand schedule and the demand curve, and hoe are they related? Why does the demand curve slope downward?需求表是表示一种物品价格与需求量之间关系的表格，需求曲线是表示一种物品价格与需求量之间关系的图形。需求曲线将需求表用图形的形式表现出来，需求表是需求曲线上若干个点的坐标的数字表格排列。需求曲线向右下方倾斜是因为在其他条件不变的情况下，随着价格上升，需求量会减少。4. Does a change in consumers tastes lead to a movement along the demand curve or a shift in the demand curve? Does a change in price lead to a movement along the demand curve or a shift in the demand curve?消费者嗜好的变化引起了需求曲线的移动，价格的变化引起了沿着需求曲线的变动。5. Popeyes income declines and ,as a result, he buys more spinach. Is spinach an inferior or a normal good? What happens to Popeyes demand curve for spinach?菠菜对波匹来说是低档物品。因为波匹的收入减少了，他对菠菜的需求量反而增大。波匹菠菜的需求曲线是向右下方倾斜的。6. What determines the quantity of a good that sellers supply?价格、投入价格、技术、预期决定了卖者对一种物品的供给量。7. What are the supply schedule and the supply curve, and how are they related? Why does the supply curve slope upward?供给表是表示一种物品价格与供给量之间关系的表格，供给曲线是表示一种物品价格与供给量之间关系的图形。供给曲线是供给表的图形表示，供给表是供给曲线上点的坐标的数字排列。因为在其他因素不变时，价格上升，供给量上升，所以供给曲线向右上方倾斜。8. Does a change in producers technology lead to a movement along the supply curve or a shift in the supply curve? Does a change in price lead to a movement along the supply curve or a shift in the supply curve?生产者技术的变动引起了供给曲线的移动， 价格变化引起了沿着供给曲线的变动。9. Define the equilibrium of a market. Describe the forces that move a market toward its equilibrium.当供给与需求达到了平衡的状态，即需求曲线与供给曲线相交于一点时，这一点叫做市场的均衡。使市场达到均衡的力量是价格。当价格低于均衡价格时，市场上求大于供，供给者发现提高价格也不会减少销售量，于是价格就会上升，直到均衡价格为止。当价格高于均衡价格时，市场上供大于求，供给者发现自己的物品发生积压，为了扩大销售量他们会降价，价格下降到均衡价格时为止。Problems and applications1. “An increase in the demand for notebooks raises the quantity of notebooks demanded, but not the quantity supplied”. Is this statement true or false? Explain.这句话错，应该是“练习本需求增加提高了练习本的需求量，但没有增加练习本的供给。”因为只是某种因素影响了练习本的需求，使需求曲线移动或均衡点沿着需求曲线变动。没有什么因素改变练习本的供给，即练习本的供给曲线不会发生移动。但是一般来说，在其他因素不变时，需求量的增大会引起供给量的增大。2. Consider the market for minivans. For each of the events listed here, identify which of the determinants of demand or supply are affected. Also indicate whether demand or supply is increased or decreased. Then show the effect on the price and quantity of minivans.a. People decide to have more children.决定需求和供给的预期因素都受到影响。人们预期孩子多了，家庭开支会增大，家用旅行车的需求会减少。从供给角度来看，由于人口会增加，对家用旅行车的消费量也会增加，于是生产商会增加供给。b. A strike by steelworkers raises steel prices.决定需求的收入因素受到影响，罢工提高钢材价格，钢铁工人的工资也会提高，家用旅行车的需求增加。而同时，钢材价格的提高使家用旅行车的投入价格上升，供给减少。c. Engineers develop new automated machinery for the production of minivans.决定供给的技术因素受影响，生产技术提高，会使家用旅行车的供给增加。d. The price of sports utility vehicles rises.决定需求的相关物品价格因素受到影响，由于客货两用车是家用旅行车的替代品，所以家用旅行车的需求会增加。e. A stock-market crash lowers peoples wealth.决定需求的收入因素受到影响，股市的崩溃使人们的股利、分红收入减少，家用旅行车的需求会减少。3. During the 1990s, technological advances reduced the cost of computer chips. How do you think this affected the market for computers? For computer software? For typewriters?技术突破降低芯片成本，使电脑投入价格降低，电脑供给曲线向右下方移动，电脑的需求曲线并未改变。于是电脑市场的均衡价格下降，均衡数量增加。电脑与电脑软件是互补品。电脑市场均衡数量上升，软件的需求也会上升，需求曲线向右上方移动，而供给曲线没有改变。于是，软件市场的均衡价格上升，均衡数量增加。由于打字机也可以用来打字，它和电脑是替代品。电脑芯片成本降低使电脑价格降低，销售量上升，人们对打字机的需求会下降。打字机的价格下降，销售量下降。4. Suppose that in the year 2005 the number of births is temporarily high. How does this baby boom affect the price of baby-sitting services in 2010 and 2020? (Hint: 5-year-olds need baby-sitters, whereas 15-year-olds can be baby-sitters.)2005年的生育高峰使2010年有更多的5岁孩子需要保姆看护，于是保姆的需求曲线向右上方移动，由于保姆的供给曲线不发生变化，所以保姆的服务价格上升。到2020年，2005年出生的孩子都到了可以当保姆的年龄，于是保姆的供给曲线向右下方移动，同时保姆的需求曲线没有发生变化，所以保姆的服务价格下降。5. The case study presented in the chapter discussed cigarette taxes as a way to reduce smoking. Now think about the markets for other tobacco products such as cigars and chewing tobacco.a. Are these goods substitutes or complements for cigarettes?雪茄烟和鼻烟是香烟的替代品。b. Using a supply-and-demand diagram, show what happens in the markets for cigars and chewing tobacco if the tax on cigarettes is increased.香烟由于税收提高而价格上升，使人们对雪茄烟和鼻烟的需求增加，它们的需求曲线向右上方移动，供给曲线不变，于是雪茄烟和鼻烟的价格上升，均衡数量增加。c. If policymakers wanted to reduce total tobacco consumption, what policies could they combine with the cigarette tax?要想减少烟草消费总量，与香烟税配合的政策是提高对烟草的税收，或者提高所有烟类制品的税收。6. The market for pizza has the following demand and supply schedules:PriceQuantity DemandedQuantity Supplied$4135265104536818176898853110939121Graph the demand and supply curves. What is the equilibrium price and quantity in this market? If the actual price in this market were above the equilibrium? If the actual price in this market were below the equilibrium price, what would drive the market toward the equilibrium?这个市场的均衡价格是6元，均衡数量是81个，当市场实际价格高于均衡价格时，存在超额供给，供应商们发现比萨饼总是积压，于是供应商会降低价格，增加销量，市场趋于均衡。当市场实际价格低于均衡价格时，存在超额需求，供应商们发现提高价格也不会使比萨饼的销量减少，于是就会提高价格，市场趋于均衡。7. Because bagels and cream cheese are often eaten together, they are complements.a. We observe that both the equilibrium price of cream cheese and the equilibrium quantity of bagels have risen. What could be responsible for this patterna fall in the price of flour or a fall in the price of milk? Illustrate and explain your answer.应该是面粉价格下降引起的。面粉价格下降，使百吉圈的投入价格下降，供给增加，供给曲线向右下方移动，而需求曲线不改变。于是，百吉圈的均衡价格下降，均衡数量上升。奶酪与百吉圈是互补品，百吉圈的均衡数量上升，使奶酪的需求增大，需求曲线向右上方移动，而供给曲线不变化，于是奶酪的均衡价格和均衡数量都上升。牛奶价格下降会引起奶酪的均衡价格下降，均衡价格上升，百吉圈的均衡数量上升和均衡价格上升。因为牛奶价格下降首先作用于奶酪的供求。b. Suppose instead that the equilibrium price of cream cheese has risen but the equilibrium quantity of bagels has fallen. What could be responsible for this patterna rise in the price of flour or a rise in the price of milk? Illustrate and explain your answer.是牛奶价格上升引起的。牛奶价格上升使奶酪的投入价格上升，供给减少，供给曲线向左上方移动，而需求曲线不变。于是，奶酪的均衡数量下降使百吉圈的需求下降，需求曲线向左下方移动，而供给曲线不变。于是，百吉圈的均衡数量和均衡价格都下降。面粉价格上升首先作用于百吉圈的供给，使百吉圈的均衡价格上升，均衡数量下降。从而，奶酪的均衡价格和数量都下降。8. Suppose that the price of basketball tickets at your college is determined by market forces. Currently, the demand and supply schedules are as follows:PriceQuantity DemandedQuantity Supplied$410,0008,00088,0008,000126,0008,000164,0008.000202,0008,000a. Draw the demand and supply curves. What is u