液压外文翻译.doc

毕业论文（设计）外文翻译题 目： 什么是液压 系部名称： 机械工程系 专业班级： 学生姓名： 学 号： 指导教师： 教师职称： 副教授 2011年03月10日中原工学院信息商务学院外文翻译 什么是液压？一个完整的液压系统由五个部分组成，即动力元件、执行元件、控制元件、无件和液压油。动力元件的作用是将原动机的机械能转换成液体的压力能，指液压系统中的油泵，它向整个液压系统提供动力。液压泵的结构形式一般有齿轮泵、叶片泵和柱塞泵。执行元件(如液压缸和液压马达)的作用是将液体的压力能转换为机械能，驱动负载作直线往复运动或回转运动。控制元件(即各种液压阀)在液压系统中控制和调节液体的压力、流量和方向。根据控制功能的不同，液压阀可分为村力控制阀、流量控制阀和方向控制阀。压力控制阀又分为益流阀(安全阀)、减压阀、顺序阀、压力继电器等；流量控制阀包括节流阀、调整阀、分流集流阀等；方向控制阀包括单向阀、液控单向阀、梭阀、换向阀等。根据控制方式不同，液压阀可分为开关式控制阀、定值控制阀和比例控制阀。辅助元件包括油箱、滤油器、油管及管接头、密封圈、压力表、油位油温计等。 液压油是液压系统中传递能量的工作介质，有各种矿物油、乳化液和合成型液压油等几大类。 液压的原理 它是由两个大小不同的液缸组成的，在液缸里充满水或油。充水的叫“水压机”；充油的称“油压机”。两个液缸里各有一个可以滑动的活塞，如果在小活塞上加一定值的压力，根据帕斯卡定律，小活塞将这一压力通过液体的压强传递给大活塞，将大活塞顶上去。设小活塞的横截面积是S1，加在小活塞上的向下的压力是F1。于是，小活塞对液体的压强为P=F1/SI, 能够大小不变地被液体向各个方向传递”。大活塞所受到的压强必然也等于P。若大活塞的横截面积是S2，压强P在大活塞上所产生的向上的压力F2=PxS2 截面积是小活塞横截面积的倍数。从上式知，在小活塞上加一较小的力，则在大活塞上会得到很大的力，为此用液压机来压制胶合板、榨油、提取重物、锻压钢材等。 液压传动的发展史 液压传动和气压传动称为流体传动，是根据17世纪帕斯卡提出的液体静压力传动原理而发展起来的一门新兴技术，1795年英国约瑟夫布拉曼(Joseph Braman,1749-1814)，在伦敦用水作为工作介质,以水压机的形式将其应用于工业上,诞生了世界上第一台水压机。1905年将工作介质水改为油,又进一步得到改善。 第一次世界大战(1914-1918)后液压传动广泛应用,特别是1920年以后,发展更为迅速。液压元件大约在 19 世纪末 20 世纪初的20年间,才开始进入正规的工业生产阶段。1925 年维克斯(F.Vikers)发明了压力平衡式叶片泵,为近代液压元件工业或液压传动 的逐步建立奠定了基础。20 世纪初康斯坦丁尼斯克(GConstantimsco)对能量波动传递所进行的理论及实际研究;1910年对液力传动(液力联轴节、液力变矩器等)方面的贡献，使这两方面领域得到了发展。 第二次世界大战(1941-1945)期间,在美国机床中有30%应用了液压传动。应该指出,日本液压传动的发展较欧美等国家晚了近 20 多年。在 1955 年前后 , 日本迅速发展液压传动,1956 年成立了“液压工业会”。近2030 年间，日本液压传动发展之快，居世界领先地位。 液压传动有许多突出的优点，因此它的应用非常广泛，如一般工。业用的塑料加工机械、压力机械、机床等；行走机械中的工程机械、建筑机械、农业机械、汽车等；钢铁工业用的冶金机械、提升装置、轧辊调整装置等；土木水利工程用的防洪闸门及堤坝装置、河床升降装置、桥梁操纵机构等；发电厂涡轮机调速装置、核发电厂等等；船舶用的甲板起重机械（绞车）、船头门、舱壁阀、船尾推进器等；特殊技术用的巨型天线控制装置、测量浮标、升降旋转舞台等；军事工业用的火炮操纵装置、船舶减摇装置、飞行器仿真、飞机起落架的收放装置和方向舵控制装置等。齿轮泵齿轮泵的概念是很简单的，即它的最基本形式就是两个尺寸相同的齿轮在一个紧密配合的壳体内相互啮合旋转，这个壳体的内部类似“8”字形，两个齿轮装在里面，齿轮的外径及两侧与壳体紧密配合。来自于挤出机的物料在吸入口进入两个齿轮中间，并充满这一空间，随着齿的旋转沿壳体运动，最后在两齿啮合时排出。 在术语上讲，齿轮泵也叫正排量装置，即像一个缸筒内的活塞，当一个齿进入另一个齿的流体空间时，液体就被机械性地挤排出来。因为液体是不可压缩的，所以液体和齿就不能在同一时间占据同一空间，这样，液体就被排除了。由于齿的不断啮合，这一现象就连续在发生，因而也就在泵的出口提供了一个连续排除量，泵每转一转，排出的量是一样的。随着驱动轴的不间断地旋转，泵也就不间断地排出流体。泵的流量直接与泵的转速有关。 实际上，在泵内有很少量的流体损失，这使泵的运行效率不能达到100，因为这些流体被用来润滑轴承及齿轮两侧，而泵体也绝不可能无间隙配合，故不能使流体100地从出口排出，所以少量的流体损失是必然的。然而泵还是可以良好地运行，对大多数挤出物料来说，仍可以达到9398的效率。 对于粘度或密度在工艺中有变化的流体，这种泵不会受到太多影响。如果有一个阻尼器，比如在排出口侧放一个滤网或一个限制器，泵则会推动流体通过它们。如果这个阻尼器在工作中变化，亦即如果滤网变脏、堵塞了，或限制器的背压升高了，则泵仍将保持恒定的流量，直至达到装置中最弱的部件的机械极限(通常装有一个扭矩限制器)。 对于一台泵的转速，实际上是有限制的，这主要取决于工艺流体，如果传送的是油类，泵则能以很高的速度转动，但当流体是一种高粘度的聚合物熔体时，这种限制就会大幅度降低。 推动高粘流体进入吸入口一侧的两齿空间是非常重要的，如果这一空间没有填充满，则泵就不能排出准确的流量，所以PV值(压力流速)也是另外一个限制因素，而且是一个工艺变量。由于这些限制，齿轮泵制造商将提供一系列产品，即不同的规格及排量(每转一周所排出的量)。这些泵将与具体的应用工艺相配合，以使系统能力及价格达到最优。 PEPII泵的齿轮与轴共为一体，采用通体淬硬工艺，可获得更长的工作寿命。“D”型轴承结合了强制润滑机理，使聚合物经轴承表面，并返回到泵的进口侧，以确保旋转轴的有效润滑。这一特性减少了聚合物滞留并降解的可能性。精密加工的泵体可使“D”型轴承与齿轮轴精确配合，确保齿轮轴不偏心，以防齿轮磨损。Parkool密封结构与聚四氟唇型密封共同构成水冷密封。这种密封实际上并不接触轴的表面，它的密封原理是将聚合物冷却到半熔融状态而形成自密封。也可以采用Rheoseal密封，它在轴封内表上加工有反向螺旋槽，可使聚合物被反压回到进口。为便于安装，制造商设计了一个环形螺栓安装面，以使与其它设备的法兰安装相配合，这使得筒形法兰的制造更容易。 PEPII齿轮泵带有与泵的规格相匹配的加热元件，可供用户选配，这可保证快速加温和热量控制。与泵体内加热方式不同，这些元件的损坏只限于一个板子上，与整个泵无关。 齿轮泵由一个独立的电机驱动，可有效地阻断上游的压力脉动及流量波动。在齿轮泵出口处的压力脉动可以控制在1以内。在挤出生产线上采用一台齿轮泵，可以提高流量输出速度，减少物料在挤出机内的剪切及驻留时间，降低挤塑温度及压力脉动以提高生产率及产品质量。 本文摘自What is Hydraulic?A complete hydraulic system consists of five parts, namely, power components, the implementation of components, control components, no parts and hydraulic oil. The role of dynamic components of the original motive fluid into mechanical energy to the pressure that the hydraulic system of pumps, it is to power the entire hydraulic system. The structure of the form of hydraulic pump gears are generally pump, vane pump and piston pump. Implementation of components (such as hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic motors) which is the pressure of the liquid can be converted to mechanical energy to drive the load for a straight line reciprocating movement or rotational movement. Control components (that is, the various hydraulic valves) in the hydraulic system to control and regulate the pressure of liquid, flow rate and direction. According to the different control functions, hydraulic valves can be divided into the village of force control valve, flow control valves and directional control valve. Pressure control valves are divided into benefits flow valve (safety valve), pressure relief valve, sequence valve, pressure relays, etc.; flow control valves including throttle, adjusting the valves, flow diversion valve sets, etc.; directional control valve includes a one-way valve , one-way fluid control valve, shuttle valve, valve and so on. Under the control of different ways, can be divided into the hydraulic valve control switch valve, control valve and set the value of the ratio control valve. Auxiliary components, including fuel tanks, oil filters, tubing and pipe joints, seals, pressure gauge, oil level, such as oil dollars. Hydraulic oil in the hydraulic system is the work of the energy transfer medium, there are a variety of mineral oil, emulsion oil hydraulic molding Hop categories. Hydraulic principle It consists of two cylinders of different sizes and composition of fluid in the fluid full of water or oil. Water is called hydraulic press; the said oil-filled hydraulic machine. Each of the two liquid a sliding piston, if the increase in the small piston on the pressure of a certain value, according to Pascals law, small piston to the pressure of the pressure through the liquid passed to the large piston, piston top will go a long way to go. Based cross-sectional area of the small piston is S1, plus a small piston in the downward pressure on the F1. Thus, a small piston on the liquid pressure to P = F1/SI, Can be the same size in all directions to the transmission of liquid. By the large piston is also equivalent to the inevitable pressure P. If the large piston is the cross-sectional area S2, the pressure P on the piston in the upward pressure generated F2 = PxS2 Cross-sectional area is a small multiple of the piston cross-sectional area. From the type known to add in a small piston of a smaller force, the piston will be in great force, for which the hydraulic machine used to suppress plywood, oil, extract heavy objects, such as forging steel. History of the development of hydraulic And air pressure drive hydraulic fluid as the transmission is made according to the 17th century, Pascals principle of hydrostatic pressure to drive the development of an emerging technology, the United Kingdom in 1795 Joseph (Joseph Braman ,1749-1814), in London water as a medium to form hydraulic press used in industry, the birth of the worlds first hydraulic press. Media work in 1905 will be replaced by oil-water and further improved. World War I (1914-1918) after the extensive application of hydraulic transmission, especially after 1920, more rapid development. Hydraulic components in the late 19th century about the early 20th century, 20 years, only started to enter the formal phase of industrial production. 1925 Vickers (F. Vikers) the invention of the pressure balanced vane pump, hydraulic components for the modern industrial or hydraulic transmission of the gradual establishment of the foundation. The early 20th century Constantine (G Constantimsco) fluctuations of the energy carried out by passing theoretical and practical research; in 1910 on the hydraulic transmission (hydraulic coupling, hydraulic torque converter, etc.) contributions, so that these two areas of development. The Second World War (1941-1945) period, in the United States 30% of machine tool applications in the hydraulic transmission. It should be noted that the development of hydraulic transmission in Japan than Europe and the United States and other countries for nearly 20 years later. Before and after in 1955, the rapid development of Japans hydraulic drive, set up in 1956, Hydraulic Industry. Nearly 20 to 30 years, the development of Japans fast hydraulic transmission, a world leader. Hydraulic transmission There are many outstanding advantages, it is widely used, such as general workers. Plastic processing industry, machinery, pressure machinery, machine tools, etc.; operating machinery engineering machinery, construction machinery, agricultural machinery, automobiles, etc.; iron and steel industry metallurgical machinery, lifting equipment, such as roller adjustment device; civil water projects with flood control the dam gates and devices, bed lifts installations, bridges and other manipulation of institutions; speed turbine power plant installations, nuclear power plants, etc.; ship deck crane (winch), the bow doors, bulkhead valves, such as the stern thruster ; special antenna technology giant with control devices, measurement buoys, movements such as rotating stage; military-industrial control devices used in artillery, ship anti-rolling devices, aircraft simulation, aircraft retractable landing gear and rudder control devices and other devices. The concept of gear pump is very simple, that it is two of the most basic form of the same size gear in a close co-operation of mutual engagement with the rotating shell, the shells internal similar 8 shape, the two gears mounted inside , the diameter of gear and work closely with both sides and shell. From the extruder the material inhaled into the mouth of two intermediate gears, and full of the space, with the teeth along the shell of the rotary movement, the final two hours from the meshing teeth. Speaking in terms of gear, also known as positive displacement pump device, that is, inside the cylinder like a piston, when a tooth to another tooth space of the fluid, the liquid was squeezed mechanically to row out. Because the liquid is incompressible, so the liquid and the tooth at the same time will not be able to occupy the same space, so that the liquid has been ruled out. Because of the constant mesh gear, this phenomenon occurs on a row and, therefore, the pump provides a continuous export to exclude the amount of a turn each pump, the volume of discharge is the same. With the continuous rotation of the driveshaft, pump fluid is continuously discharged. Pump flow directly to the speed of the pump. In fact, there is little pump of the fluid loss, which makes the operation of pumps can not achieve 100% efficiency, as these fluids are used to on both sides of bearing and gear lubrication, and the pump body is also not possible with no gap, it can not be so that 100% of fluid discharged from the export, so a small amount of fluid loss is inevitable. However, a good pump can be run out of material for the majority, will still be able to achieve 93% 98% efficiency. For the viscosity or density change in the process fluid, the pump will not be affected too much. If there is a damper, for example, in the export side, one row or a limiter filter, pumps will push fluid through them. If the damper changes in their work, that is, if the filters become dirty, blocked, or limiter on the back of the hypertension, the pump will maintain a constant flow, until the device in the weakest parts of the mechanical limit (usually equipped with a torque limiter). For a pump speed, in fact, there are restrictions, which mainly depends on the process fluid, if the transmission is oil, pump can rotate at high speed, but when the fluid is a high viscosity of the polymer melt, such restrictions will be significantly reduced. Promote blood flow into the intake side of the two tooth space is very important, if not fill in this space is full, the pump will not be able to discharge the flow of accurate, so the value of PV (pressure velocity) is also a limiting factor, and is a process variable. As a result of these restrictions, gear pump manufacturers will provide a range of products, that is, different specifications and emission (per week to the emission of volume). These pumps will fit the specific application of technology to enable the system to achieve optimal capacity and price. PEP-II pump shaft gear and a total of one species hardened using technology, will be a longer working life. D-type bearing a combination of forced lubrication mechanism, so that the polymer surface by the bearing, and return to the import side of pump to ensure effective lubrication of the rotation axis. This feature reduces the degradation of polymers and the possibility of being stranded. Precision machining of the pump body can D-type gear shaft with precision bearings to ensure non-eccentric gear shaft to prevent gear wear. Structure and Parkool PTFE sealing li