全国职称英语等级考试样题--卫生类.doc

全国职称英语等级考试样题-卫生类第一部分 阅读理解 (75分)Passage 1Until the twentieth century cigarettes were not an important threat (威胁) to public health. Men used tobacco mainly in the form of cigars (雪茄烟), chewing tobacco, pipe tobacco(烟草), and snuff (鼻烟). Most women did not use tobacco at all.The cigarette industry began in the 1870s with the development of the cigarette manufacturing machines. This made it possible to produce great numbers of cigarettes very quickly, and it reduced the price.Today cigarettes smoking is a widespread habit. About forty-three percent of the adult men and thirty-one percent of the adult women in the United States smoke cigarettes regularly. It is encouraging to note, however, that millions of people have given up the smoking habit. Seventy-five percent of the male population and forty-six percent of the these men and eleven percent of the women have stopped smoking. The number of persons who have given up smoking is increasing.Men as a group smoke more than women. Among both men and women the age group with the highest proportion (比例) of smokers is the age group 24-44.Income, education, and occupation all play a part in determining a persons smoking habits. City people smoke more than people living on farms. Well-educated men with high incomes are less likely to smoke cigarettes than men with fewer years of schooling and lower incomes. On the other hand if a well-educated man with a high income smokes as all, he is likely to smoke more packs of cigarettes per day.The situation is somewhat different for women. There are slightly more smokers among women with higher family incomes and higher education than among the lower income and lower educational groups. These more highly educated women tend to smoke more heavily.Among teenagers (少年) the pictures is similar. There are fewer teenager smokers from upper-income, well-educated families and fewer from families living in farm areas. High school students who are preparing for college are less likely to smoke than those who do not plan to continue their education after high school. Children are most likely to start smoking, if one or both of their parents smoke.1. Men use tobacco mainly in _ forms in the past.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four2. The cigarette industry began _.A. one hundred years agoB. at the turn of the centuryC. in the eighteen seventiesD. in the eighteen century3. In the United States _ smoke cigarettes.A. about forty-three percent of peopleB. about thirty-one percent of peopleC. only old peopleD. about forty-three percent of the grown up men and thirty-one percent of the grown up women4. A mans smoking habit is partly determined by _.A. his incomeB. his educationC. his occupationD. all of the above5. Children _ to start smoking, if their parents smoke.A. are most likelyB. are less likelyC. hateD. do not wantPassage 2Many of us believe that a persons mind becomes less active as he grows older. But this is not true, according to Dr. Jarvik, professor of psychiatry (精神病学) at the University of California. She has studied the mental functioning of aging persons for several years. For example, one of her studies concerns 136 pairs of identical twins (孪生儿), who were first examined when they were already 60 years old. As Dr. Jarvik continued the study of the twins into their 70s and 80s, their minds did not generally decline as was expected.However, there was some decline in their psycho-motor speed. This means that it took them longer to accomplish mental tasks than it used to. But when speed was not a factor, they lost very little intellectual ability over the years. In general, Dr. Jarviks studies have shown that there is no decline in knowledge or reasoning ability. This is true not only with those in their 30s and 40s, but with those in their 60s and 70s as well.It is true older people themselves often complain that their memory is not as good as it once was. However, much of what we call “loss of memory” is not that at all. There was usually incomplete learning in the first place. For example, the older person perhaps had trouble hearing, or poor vision, or inattention, or was trying to learn the new thing at too fast a pace. In the cases where the older persons mind really seems to become less active, it is not necessarily a sign of becoming less active due to old age. Often it is simply a sign of a depressed emotional (压抑的感情) state. 6. According to Dr. Jarviks studies, middle-aged and older persons would expect to _.A. remember lessB. reason betterC. learn fewer new thingsD. lose no intellectual ability7. Mental decay due to aging is _.A. commonB. much more common than most people believeC. much less common than most people believeD. true of those over sixty8. A long-term study of 136 pairs of twins showed that _.A. they lost a little ability to reason over the yearsB. they only factor which decline over the years was their speed with which to perform mental tasksC. their memory was not as good as it had once beenD. their minds became a bit more active as they grew older9. According to the passage, all the following are instances of “incomplete learning” except _.A. poor hearingB. bad eyesightC. lack of attentionD. the attempt to learn too many new things10. What we call mental decay is usually a sign of _.A. a low-spirited stateB. a worsening state of healthC. old ageD. nervous tensionPassage 3For hundreds of years, diseases caused by lack in nutrition (营养) were known to men. Some common nutritional diseases are beriberi (脚气), and scurvy (坏血病). In the 18th century, James Lind, a Scottish doctor, discovered a cure beriberi whole rice.A British scientist in 1906 showed that certain foods contain substances important to the growth and development of the body. In time these substances were called vitamins, meaning essential to life. Today there are 13 known vitamins. The human body produces only three of them.Vitamins regulate (调节) the way the body changes food into energy and living tissues (组织). Each vitamins has a definite use and the lack of one vitamin can interfere with the function of another. The continued lack of one vitamin can cause a vitamin lack disease.The best way for a healthy person to get vitamins is to eat a balanced diet. Eggs, milk, meat, vegetables, fruits, and whole grain are the most common sources of the necessary variety of foods.Vitamins help to speed up certain chemical reactions in the body. These reactions are essential for health. Without vitamins, these reactions would occur very slowly or not at all.Truly vitamins have been correctly named essential to good health and life.11. Men have know about nutritional diseases _.A. a long timeB. in 18th centuryC. recentlyD. in 190612. Beriberi is a type of _.A. foodB. vitaminC. fruitD. disease13. It takes scientists _ to know how many vitamins there are.A. a long timeB. a few yearsC. a short timeD. a number of experiments14. Human body produces _ kinds of vitamins.A. all kinds ofB. fiveC. thirteenD. three15. Eating _ is the best way to get vitamins.A. few thingsB. vegetablesC. fruitsD. many kinds of food第二部分 完成句子 (25分)根据短文内容完成句子，每个空格只能填一个单词。有的单词第一个字母已经给出，请将其余字母补全。Some psychologists (心理学家) maintain that mental acts such as thinking are not performed in the brain alone, but that ones muscles also participate (参加). It may be said that we think with our muscles in somewhat the same way that we listen to music without bodies.You surely are not surprised to be told that to music not only with your ears but with your whole body. Few people can listen to music that is more or less familiar without moving their body or more specifically (具体地), some part of their body. Often when one listens to a concert on the radio, he is tempted to direct the orchestra (管弦乐队) even though knows where to direct the orchestra even though he knows there is an able conductor on the job.Strange as this behavior may be, there is a very good reason for it. One cannot derive all possible enjoyment form music unless he participates, so to speak, in its performance. The listener “feels” himself into the music with more or less pronounced motions of his body.The muscles of the body actually participate (参加) in the mental process of thinking in the same way, but this participation is less obvious because it is less pronounced.16. Some psychologists believe that thinking is performed not only by ones brain but also ones _.17. The process of thinking and that of listening are similar in that muscles _ in both processes.18. _ people are able to listen to familiar music without moving some part of their body.19. Body movement are necessary in order for the listener to _ the music fully.20. According to the passage, muscle participation in the process of thinking is not readily a_.第三部分 阅读理解 (80分)Passage 1Most of us lead unhealthy lives: we spend far too much time sitting down. If, in addition, we are careless about our diets, our bodies soon become flabby (不结实的) and systems sluggish (缺乏活力的). Then the guilt feelings start: “ I must go on a diet”, “I must try to lose weight”, “I must get more fresh air and exerciser”, “I must stop smoking”, “I must try to keep fit.” There are some aspects of our unhealthy lives that we cannot avoid. I am thinking of such features of modern urban life as pollution, noise, rushed meals and stress. But keeping fit is a way to minimise (减少到最低限度)the effects of these evils.The usual suggestion to a person who is looking for a way to keep fit is to take up some sport or other. While it is true that every weekend you will find people playing football and tennis in the local park, they are outnumbered (超过) a hundred to one by the people who are simply watching them. It is an illusion to think that you will get fit by going to watch the football match every Saturday, unless you count the effort required to fight your way throughout the crowds to get to the best seats.For those who do not particularly enjoy competitive (竞争性的) sports, it is especially difficult to do so if you are not good at them. There are such activities for one person as cycling, walking and swimming. What often happens, though, is that you do them in such a leisurely way, so slowly, that it is doubtful if you are doing yourself much good, apart from the fact that you have at least managed to get up out of your armchair. Of course you can be very thorough about exercise. Many sports shops now sell frightening pieces of apparatus, chest-expanders and other mysterious gadgets (小装置) of shiny spring steel, which, according to the advertisements, will bring you up to an Olympic standard of fitness, provided that you follow a regular programme of exercises. Such programmes generally involve long periods of time bending these curious bits of metal into improbable shapes.It all strikes me as utterly boring and also time-consuming. Somebody suggested recently that all such effort was pointless anyway because if you spend half an hour every day jogging round the local park, you will add to your life exactly the number of hours that you wasted doing the “jogging” in the first place. The argument is false even if the facts are correct, out there is no doubt that exercise in itself can be boring.Even after you have found a routine for keeping in shape, through sport or gymnastics, you are still only half way to good health, because, according to the experts, you must also master the art of complete mental and physical relaxation. Now, this does not mean sleeping in the armchair of going dancing (which is a good form of exercise in itself). It has something to do with deep breathing, emptying your mind of all thoughts, worries and so on.21. If you want to keep fit, you should _.A. go in for not only competitive sports, but also solitary onesB. go in for not only sports, but also enjoy your relaxationC. not put on too much weightD. not spend long hours sitting in your armchair22. The latter part of the last sentence of Para. 2 (“ unless you count the effort get to the best seats.”) suggests that the author thinks that _.A. fighting your way through crowds is a good exerciseB. best seats are difficult to secureC. being a spectator is not a way to keep fitD. getting through crowds is not an easy job23. Which statement reflects the authors point of view on solitary sports?A. They do not contribute much to your health.B. They can be done in a slow way.C. They lack a sense of competition.D. They can be done at any time and in any place.24. In Para. 4, the author quotes: “ if you spend half an hour every day jogging round the local park, you will add to your life exactly the number of hours that you wasted doing the jogging in the first place.” He thinks that the statement is _.A. partially correctB. absolutely trueC. untrueD. paradoxical25. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a way to good health in the article?A. Mental and physical relaxation.B. Competitive and solitary sports.C. Pieces of exercise apparatus.D. Mountain climbing of fresh-air breathing.Passage 2Whether you eat to live or live to eat, food should help keep you well. In our modern world of processed and preserved foods, many nutritionists (营养学家) are suggesting that we can stay healthy with a well-balanced diet of plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables and not too much red meat, salt, or sugar. In fact, eating natural, unprocessed foods that are made from scratch, instead of artificial and junk (假的) foods, may not only keep you healthy, but save your money, too.To stay healthy, you must also be careful to avoid food poisoning, a common, unpleasant, and often dangerous illness that affects one out of every six Americans each year. Food poisoning is often caused by salmonella bacteria (沙门化菌) in food, especially raw meats and dairy products. Heat usually kills the bacteria, and refrigeration keeps them from growing. So remember to keep hot food hot and cold food cold. Also, be sure to keep your hands and cooking utensils clean so you dont transfer germs to the food while you are preparing it.If you use canned food, always check the cans for leaks or puffiness. A puffed can could mean botulism, a fatal type of food poisoning that you cannot see or smell. Never taste any food that you suspect has spoiled. Instead, return any damaged cans or spoiled food to the grocery store, and the manager will refund (归还) your money. When using processed foods, be sure to read all the labels and check the ingredients and the freshness date before you buy or eat the food.Eating is one of the joys of life. Being careful about what you put in your mouth can keep it that way.26. According to most nutritionists, a diet of _ is good for you.A. red meat and sweetsB. artificial and junk foodsC. fresh fruits and vegetablesD. processed and preserved foods27. To stay healthy, one must _.A. not eat unprocessed meat and dairy productsB. avoid your hands touching all foodsC. not taste outdated canned foodD. heat cold food before eating28. If a can is puffy, it is suggested in the passage to _.A. open it and taste a little to check itB. throw it away to avoid poisoning other foodsC. heat it so as to kill the bacteriaD. return it to its seller for repayment29. What does “it” in the last paragraph refer to?A. Life.B. Joy.C. Eating.D. Food.30. On the whole, the passage strongly suggests that _.A. natural food is healthier than artificial foodB. food helps keep one healthyC. canned food may be poisoningD. ones poor health is generally a result of food poisoning第四部分 概括大意 (20分)给下面一篇文章的每一段概括大意。每一段的主题用一个或几个单词表示，空出的词已给出了第一个字母，请把其余字母补全。31. D Adults twelve years old and over take two teaspoonfuls as needed, not to exceed fifteen teaspoonfuls per day. Children six years old to twelve years old take half of the adult dosage, not to exceed seven teaspoonfuls per day.32. W Do not administer (用药) to children under six years old or to individuals with high blood pressure, heart disease, or disease, or diabetes. This preparation may cause sleepy. Do not drive or operate machinery while taking this medicine. Chronic (长期的) cough is dangerous. If relief does not occur within three days, discontinue use and consult your physician.33. E of Information between the Sensory (感观的) Neurons (神经) and the Brain. The sensory neurons keep the brain informed of what is happening outside and inside the body through a variety of sensory pick up units called receptors. Some of these, lying at or near the skin surface, may be specially sensitive to tissue damage (causing pain), or light contact (producing a touch sensation), or pressure, or temperature, either hot or cold. Other receptors on the tongue and in the nose respond to light of varying intensities, while receptors respond to color. Receptors in the ear respond to minute vibrations caused by sound waves striking the eardrum. Other receptors are deep in the walls of the intestines; when the intestines contract vigorously because of the presence of uncomfortable food or gas, these receptors transmit signals of pain. Still other receptors lodged in the muscles, fire off signals to the brain any time a muscle contracts or a joint moves or is subjected to added pressure or tension.34. C of