高考英语一轮复习 精细化学通语法 第十讲 定语从句讲义.doc

第十讲 定语从句全面理解先行词先行词和关系词是定语从句的两个重要概念，定语从句的核心内容是围绕先行词和关系词展开的。正确理解定语从句的关键就是“找到先行词”。只有先正确找出先行词，才能明白定语从句所修饰的究竟是什么成分，才能正确理解句子前后各部分之间的逻辑关系，分清句子结构，从而正确理解句子意思。尽管我们把定语从句所修饰的对象称为先行词，但先行词并不一定都是一个“词”，先行词可以是：1一个词(通常是名词，也可以是代词)this is the place which is worth visiting.这是值得参观的地方。he laughs best who laughs last.谁笑到最后，谁笑得最好。2一个短语many lifes problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.许多以前可以通过询问家庭成员、朋友或者同事就能解决的生活问题，是现在的大家庭无力解决的。3一个分句the greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in europe long before people have realized how diverse languages could be.希腊人认为，语言结构和思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点是在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。4一个完整的句子i found an old man lying on the ground and i took him to hospital in a taxi immediately, which was why i was late that morning. 我发现一个老人躺在马路上，我乘出租车立即把他送到了医院，这就是那天上午我迟到的原因。正确使用关系词(一)关系代词关系代词先行词句法功能who人主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)、表语whom人宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)whose (of whom/of which)人或物定语that人或物主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)which物主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)as人或物主语、宾语each graduate standing on the playground, who was accompanied by a parent, would be awarded a diploma by the headmaster.每个毕业生都由父亲或母亲陪伴着站在操场上，等待校长给他们颁发文凭。my daughter, whose job requires her to do a lot of travelling, is always away from home.我的女儿总不在家，她的工作需要经常出差。1关系代词that与which的用法(1)限制性定语从句中只用that的情况：先行词是不定代词或者先行词被不定代词所修饰时，关系代词通常只用that。do you have anything that you want to say for yourself?你有什么要为自己说的吗？先行词被序数词、形容词最高级， the only, the very, the last等修饰时，关系代词通常只用that，不用which。this is one of the most exciting football games that i have ever seen.这是我见过的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。this is the only thing that we can do now.这是我们现在唯一能做的事情。先行词既有人又有物时，关系代词只用that，不用which。the scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all.我们所有人都钦佩你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就。在which或who的特殊疑问句中含有定语从句时用that。which is the bike that you lost?哪辆是你丢的自行车？who is the boy that won the gold medal?赢得金牌的那个男孩是谁？有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词宜用which，另外一个宜用that。they secretly built up a small factory, which produced things that could cause pollution.他们偷偷地建了一家小工厂，这家工厂生产的东西可能会造成污染。当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也作表语时，用that不用which引导。shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.上海不再是过去的那座城市了。主句是there be句型且关系词在从句中作主语时，用that不用which引导。there is a seat in the corner that is still available.在那个角落还有一个座位可坐。(2)只用which的情况：引导非限制性定语从句。helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, which, of course, made the others envy him.海伦对她最小的儿子比对其他的儿子好得多，这当然让其他的儿子嫉妒他。 关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前。this is the house in which lu xun once lived.这是鲁迅曾住过的房子。先行词为that, those时。whats that which was put in the car?放在车子里的那个东西是什么？2which与as引导非限制性定语从句的区别whichas位置上只能放在先行词的后面位置灵活，可位于句首、句中也可置于句末搭配上无动词的限制谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，如see, hear, know, expect, remember等意思上意为“这一点”表示“正如，正像的那样”she married again, which was unexpected.她再婚了，这是始料未及的。she married again, as we expected.正如我们预料的那样，她再婚了。名师指津as引导限制性定语从句常用于下列句式：such名词as(像一样的，像之类的)；such(pron.)as(像一样的，像之类的)；the same名词as(和同样的)。we have found such materials as are used in their factory.我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料。i have the same book as he has.我和他有同样的书。(二)关系副词1关系副词的分类关系副词先行词句法功能when时间时间状语where地点地点状语why原因原因状语(只引导限制性定语从句)i still remember the day when i first came to beijing.我还记得第一次来北京的那一天。the voice of china has set up a big stage for young people with a talent for music, where some have stood out among them.中国好声音为有音乐天赋的年轻人建立了一个大舞台，在这个舞台上一些人从中脱颖而出。the reason why he failed in the exam was that he didnt study hard.他考试失败的原因是他学习不努力。名师指津当先行词为situation, case, stage, point等，且关系词在定语从句中作状语时，用关系副词where引导定语从句。they have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.他们已经到了必须分手的地步。2关系代词和关系副词的辨析方法准确判断引导词在定语从句中所作的成分(主语、谓语、宾语、定语和状语)，从而正确判断出是填关系代词还是关系副词。this is the museum where we saw the famous painting.(引导词在从句中作状语)这就是我们看到那幅名画的博物馆。this is the museum which we visited last summer.(引导词在从句中作宾语)这就是我们去年夏天参观的那个博物馆。对点练1用适当的关系词填空the train ran over and killed a boy and his dog that were just crossing the track.when facing hardships, only those who are confident will achieve success.that evening, which i will tell you more about later, i ended up working very late.we live in an age when more information is available with greater ease than ever before.the next day, my brother and i went to the beach where we watched some people play volleyball.“介词关系词”引导的定语从句1.“介词关系词”引导的定语从句构成句法功能用法指津名词(代词)介词关系代词主语可转化为“whose名词”结构数词(形容词最高级)of关系代词主语数词还可以用some, many, most, each等不定代词替换介词(短语)关系代词状语关系代词只能用which或whom且不能省略，但可与关系副词互换介词关系代词名词状语关系代词常用which 和whose介词关系副词状语有时为了表达清楚，还可以在关系副词where/when前加介词from或torecently, i bought an ancient vase, the price of which was very reasonable.最近，我买了一个古董花瓶，它的价格很合理。he has ten cousins, the youngest of whom is very clever.他有十个表兄弟，最小的那个很聪明。we are looking for the person to whom the book belongs.我们正在寻找这本书的主人。lily might possibly come, in which case ill ask her.莉莉可能会来，要是那样的话我就去问她。there is a big window in my room, from where i can see the railway station.我的房间有一个大窗户，透过它我可以看到火车站。2“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句的2个考查点(1)考查该结构中关系代词的选用若介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom，指物时常用which。(2)考查该结构中介词的选用一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入手：先行词的意义；从句中动词的固定搭配；句子的意思。对点练2用“介词关系词”填空he wrote many childrens books，nearly half of_which were published in the 1990s.i wish to thank professor smith, without_whose help i would never have got this far.english is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each of_which uses it differently.the children, all of_whom had played the whole day long, were worn out.nowadays, it is common to see people staring at their mobile phones instead of reading a real book, about_which many experts are worried.特殊定语从句1.分隔式定语从句 分隔式定语从句是指先行词与关系代(副)词分隔。great changes around us take place before our eyes every da