山东大学生理AB卷

山东大学/医学院/英文原版/生理试题A/B真题卷（考前必做版）(含答案）Terminal Examination of Physiology (A) I. Select the Correct Answer (1 mark each, 40 in total) 1.Extracellular fluid was termed “ Internal Environment” of the human body by A.Claude Bernard B. Harvey C. Pavlov D. Hodgkin E. Cannon 2. Inactivation of the sodium-potassium pump will cause A.An increase in intracellular volume B.An increase in intracellular K+ concentration C.Hyperpolarization of membrane potential D.Increase in the excitability of nerve cell E.An increase in flow of sodium out of cell 3. Depolarization of an axon is produced by A.Inward diffusion of Na+ B. Active extrusion of K+ C. Outward diffusion of K+ D. Inward active transport of Na+ E. Inward diffusion of Ca2+ 4. Which one of the following processes is not included in a cross bridge cycle? A. Myosin head is energized B. B. Attachment of cross bridge to actin C. Power stroke causes contraction D. Detachments of heads from actin E. Excitation causes filament sliding 5. Which one of the following is not the effect of preload on muscle contraction? A. In a limited range, tension caused by isometric contraction increases with the length. B. At optimal initial length a maximum tension is developed C. Tension declines when the length is shorter than optimal initial length D. Tension increases when the length is longer than optimal initial length E. Maximal active tension developed at length 22.2 m of sarcomere 6. Which of the following would cause a decrease in stroke volume: Ablock the conduction of the vagus nerve Bstimulation of the sympathetic nerves to the heart Cdecrease of the pressure in the carotid sinus Dan increase in the end-diastolic pressure Efrom lying position to upright position 7. If a person has an arterial pressure of 125/75 mmHg, A. The pulse pressure is 40 mmHg B. The mean arterial pressure is 92 mmHg C. Diastolic pressure is 80 mmHg D. Systolic pressure is 120 mmHg E. The mean arterial pressure is 100 mmHg 8. Of the following substances, which has an effect on vascular resistance that is opposite to the effect of the others? A. vasopressin B. bradykinin B. norepinephrine D. angiotension E. none of the above 9. The membrane potential of a ventricular myocardium is closest to equilibrium potential of K+ during A. Phase 0 of the action potential B. Phase 2 of the action potential C. Phase 3 of the action potential D. Phase 4 of the action potential E. The effective refractory period 10. Which of the following agents or changes has a negative inotropic effect on the heart A. Increased heart rate B. Sympathetic stimulation C. Norepinephrine D. Acetylcholine E. Cardiac glycosides 11. Minimum aortic pressure during the cardiac cycle is attained A. immediately after closure of the aortic semilunar valve B. immediately before opening of the aortic semilunar valve C. immediately before opening of the atrioventricular valves D.in mid-diastole E. none of the above 12. If you know the stroke volume, the only other thing you need to know to be able to determine the cardiac output is A. heart rate B. afterload C. preload D. ventricular contractility E. end-systolic volume 13. The main reason of the formation of intrapleural negative pressure is A. Elastic recoil force of the lung B. Surface tension C. Airway resistance D. Contraction of the inspiratory muscles E. Intrapulmonary pressure 14. Which of the following in arterial blood exerts the most important control on ventilation under normal conditions? A. PO2, B. PCO2, C. pH D. 2,3-DPG E. PCO 15. A lack of normal surfactant will result in A. Increased lung compliance B. Stabilization of alveolar volume C. Increased retractive force of the lungs D. Reduced alveolar-arterial O2 tension difference E. Increased partial pressure of O2 in blood 16. Which of the following shift the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right? A. Reduction in temperature B. Reduction in pH C. Reduction in PCO2 D. Reduction in 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in the red blood cell E. Reduction in PCO 17. When surrounding temperature is greater than the skin temperature the only means by which the body can loses heat is A. Radiation B. Conduction C. Convection D. Evaporation E. Brown fat tissue 18. Which of the following is not a significant function of the stomach? A. short term storage of ingested food B. release of chyme into the small intestine C. mixing and liquefaction of food D. initiation of protein digestion E. absorption of amino acids 19. Which of the following enzymes would you expect to be most active in an environment where the pH was 2.0 ? What is the substrate for this enzyme? A. pepsin, starch B. trypsin, protein C. amylase, starch D. pepsin, protein E. enterokinase, neutral fat 20. During digestion, the small intestine is flooded with proteolytic enzymes such as trypsin. What is the source of trypsin (actually secreted as trypsinogen) ? A. salivary glands and gastric epithelium B. hepatocytes C. gastric epithelial cells D. bile duct epithelial cells E. pancreatic exocrine cells 21. Which of the following statements about the enteric nervous system is true? A. it functions both autonomously and by communication with the central nervous system B. its neurons are embedded in the tunica mucosa C. it controls secretion, but has no effect on motility in the intestine D. it innervates the esophagus and stomach, but not the intestines E. its not communicated with the central nervous 22. The main difference between primary urine and blood plasma is: A. Glucose concentration. B. Crystal osmotic pressure. C. NaCl concentration. D. Plasma protein concentration. E. pH value. 23. Proximal tubule of kidneys reabsorbs A. 85% of filtrated water. B. 85% of filtrated Na+ C. 6570% of filtrated Na+ and water. D. 6570% of filtrated glucose. E. 6570% of filtrated HCO3-. 24. Which type receptor is the naked peripheral end of an afferent neuron? A. nociceptors B. mechanoreceptors C. photoreceptors D. opiate receptors E. vitreous receptors 25. Sensory receptors convert carious forms of energy into electrical energy. What is the conversion process called? A. depolarization B. hyperpolarization C. frequency modulation D. somesthetic propagation E. transduction 26. Which receptors do not adapt at all or adapt slowly? A. tactile B. nociceptors C. phasic D. tonic E. taste 27. An increase in the action potential frequency in a sensory nerve usually signifies A. increased intensity of the stimulus B. cessation of the stimulus C. adaptation of the receptor D. constant and maintained stimulus E. An increase in the action potential 28. Why is the blind spot on the retina not usually perceived? A. it is very small, below the ability of the sensory cells to detect B. It is present only in very young children C. Its location in the visual field is different in each eye D. constant eye motion prevent the spot of spot from remaining still E. lateral input from adjacent cells fills in the missing information 29. The condition known as presbyopia is due to A. change in the shape of the eyeball as a result of age B. an age-related loss of cells in the retina C. change in the elasticity of the lens as a result of age D. a loss of transparency in the lens E. increased opacity of the vitreous humor 30. Which of the following is the principal function of the ossicles of the middle ear? A. they provide mechanical support for the flexible membranes to which they are attached (i.e., the eardrum and the oval window) B. they reduce the amplitude of the vibrations reaching the oval window, protecting it from mechanical damage C. they increase the efficiency of vibration transfer through the middle ear D. they control the opening of the Eustachian tubes and allow pressure to be equalized E. they have little effect on the process of hearing in humans, since they are essentially passive structures. 31. The most important role of the gamma motoneurons is to A. Stimulate skeletal muscle fibers to contract afferent activity duringaB. Maintain I contraction of muscle C. Detect the length of resting skeletal muscle D. Prevent muscles from producing too much force E. Above-mentioned are wrong. 32. Which one of the following is not the cholinergic neuron A. All preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system B. The neurons in the caudate nucleus, putaman, globus pallidus C. Motor neurons in the spinal cord D. The postganglionic neurons of parasympatietic nervous system E. Most of postganglionic neurons of sympathetic nervous system 33. The reason of decerebrate rigidity is A. Overactivity of the spinocerebellum B. Overactivity of the medullary reticular inhibitor system C. Non-functional of the medullary reticular inhibitor system D. Non-functional of the pontine excitatory system E. Non-functional of the spinocerebellum 34. Which one is not belong to the feature of visceral pain A. The highly localized types of damage to the viscera cause severe pain. B. Ischemia, chemical damage, and stretching of the ligaments cause severely pain. C. Localization of visceral pain is frequently difficult. D. Often followed by the referred pain and referred hyperalgesia. E. The signals are transmitted by Ad fibers GABA(a gammaaminobutyric acid) 35. Which of the following statements is correct regarding the fast wave sleep? A. It is the first state of sleep entered when a person falls asleep B. It is accompanied by the vivid dreaming C. It is characterized by a slow but steady heart rate D. It occurs more often in adults than in children E. It lasts longer than periods of slow-wave sleep 36. During a voluntary movement, the muscle spindle provide the central nervous system with information about A. The blood flow to the muscle being moved B. The velocity of the movement C. The length of the muscle being moved D. The tension developed by the muscle being moved E. The change in joint angle produced by the movement 37. The specific neurotransmitter pathway from the substantia nigra to striatum is A.Dopamine, B.Acetylcholine, C.Gammaaminobutyric acid (GABA) D.Noradrenaline E.Glutamate 38. Which of the following hormones is associated with acromegaly? A. growth hormone B. thyroid hormone C. thyroid stimulating hormone D. adrenocorticotropic hormone E. thyrotropin releasing hormone 39. Which of the following hormones is associated with cretinism? A. growth hormone B. thyroid hormone C. prolactin D. adrenocorticotropic hormone E. melanophore stimulating hormone 40. Which of the following hormones is not secreted from adenohypophysis? A. growth hormone B. thyroid stimulating hormone C. prolactin D. luteinizing hormone E. corticotropin releasing hormone. II Define the Concepts (2 marks each, 20 marks in total) 1. Voltage gated channel 2. Threshold potential 3. Ejection fraction 4. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 5. Hemostasis 6. Basic electrical rhythm 7. Visual Accommodation 8. Food specific dynamic effect 9. Forced expiratory volume 10. Axoplasmic transport III Answers the following questions (8 marks each, 40 marks in total) 1.Describe the possible mechanisms of glucose transport across cell membrane. 2. What factors determine the arterial blood pressure? 3. Describe the factors that determine the glomerular filtration rate. 4. Describe the regulation of glucocorticoids secretion. 5. Describe the detail of the neuronal circuit and function of the skeletal muscle stretch reflex. Answer Points for the Terminal Examination of Physiologyfor English Medicine Student（A)Answer sheetI. Select the Correct Answer (1 mark each, 40 in total)1 A 2 A3 A 4 E 5 D 6 E 7 B 8 B 9 D 10 D 11 B 12 A 13 A 14 B 15 C16 B 17 D 18 E 19 D 20 E 21 A 22 D 23 C 24 A 25 E 26 D 27 A 28 D 29 C 30 C 31 B 32 E 33 B 34 A 35 B 36 C 37 A 38 39 B 40 DII Define the Concepts (2 marks each, 20 marks in total)1. Voltage gated channelIt is a type of ionic channel which gate is controlled by changes in the membrane potential.2. Threshold potentialIt is a critical membrane potential level at which an action potential can occur. The value of threshold potential of most excitable cell membrane is about 15 to 20 mV less negative than the resting potential.3. Ejection fraction55-65stroke volume/ end-diastolic volume4. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)The quantity of ultrafiltrate formed by both kidneys per unit time (each minute) is called GFR5. HemostasisProcess to stop bleeding automatically of small vessel.6. Basic electrical rhythmThe smooth muscle membrane automatically and slowly, depolarizes and repolarizes in a cyclic fashion, this electric activity is called the slow wave or basic electric rhythm.7. Visual AccommodationThe process whereby near objects are brought to a sharp focus on the retina is called accommodation of eye or visual accommodation8. Food specific dynamic effectAfter a meal that contains a large quantity of carbohydrates or fats, the metabolic rate usually increases only about 4 per cent. However, after a meal that contains large quantities of protein, the metabolic rate usually begins rising within 1 hour, reaching a maximum about 30 per cent above normal, and this lasts for 3 to 12 hours. This effect of food on the metabolic rate is called the specific dynamic action of food9. Forced expiratory volumeThe volume of air expelled during the first second of forced expiration is called the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). It is normally in excess of 83% of the FVC.10. Axoplasmic transportVarious organelles and materials must be moved from the cell body, where they are made, to the axon and its terminals in order to maintain the structure and function of the cell axonIII Answers the following questions (8 marks each, 40 marks in total)1. Describe the possible mechanisms of glucose transport across cell membrane.(1) Facilitated diffusion via carrier Facilitated Diffusion means the diffusion of lipid insoluble or water soluble substances across the membrane down their concentration gradients by aid of membrane proteins. Facilitated diffusion via carrier is the diffusion carried out by carrier protein. Mechanism is a “ferry ” or “shuttling ” process carried out by carrier protein in the cell membrane.(2) Secondary Active TransportSecondary Active Transport is a type of active transport in which process the expending energy is supplied indirectly from ATP.Mechanism is a Na+ -glucose co-transport mechanism, a process carried out by Na+ - glucose transporter or symporter.Process: Na+ ions diffuse from higher to lower concentration because the intracellular concentration of Na+ is kept low by the primary active transport of Na+ out of the cell across the basolateral membrane, where all of the Na+ pumps are located. In other words, Na+ moves downhill into the epithelial cell and then uphill out of it to the blood. The transporter (symporter) on the lumen membrane has 2 binding sites on its exterior side, one for Na+ ion and one for glucose molecule. Once both Na+ and glucose bind to these two sites, a conformational change of the transporter occurs automatically, and this allows both Na+ and glucose to be transported together into the inside of the cell at same time. Therefore, glucose moves from a lower concentration in the lumen fluid to a higher concentration in the epithelial cell, and the intracellular concentration of glucose becomes higher than lumen fluid. Glucose in the epithelial cell is then transported by carrier mediated facilitated diffusion across the basement membrane of the epithelial cell into blood.2. What factors determine the arterial blood pressure?(1) Stroke volumesystolic .pulse pressure increase(2) HR diastolic, (3) Peripheral resistencediastolic(4) Electic property of the aortic -pulse pressure(5) Rate of the circulatory volume and vessel system volume3. Describe the factors that determine the glomerular filtration rate.(1) Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure: It is the force driving filtration, it promotes the filtration ,GFR is is in direct proportion to (positive related to) it. The higher the Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure, the more the GFR(2) Pplasma colloid osmotic pressure: It is force opposing filtration, GFR is in negative proportion to it(3) Bowmans capsular hydrostatic pressure: It is force opposing filtration, GFR is in negative proportion to it(4) Renal plasma flow(RPF): GFR is in direct proportion to RPF.(5) Filtration coefficient ( KF): GFR is in direct proportion to both the fluid permeability and surface area of filtration membrane.4. Describe the regulation of glucocorticoids secretion.Hypothalamus Anterior Pituitary Adrenocortical Axis(1) Action of ACTH: Cortisol secretion is almost entirely controlled by ACTH (adrenocorticotropin hormone). ACTH causes formation of adrenocortical hormones .(2) The action of CRH is to promote synthesis and relea