高考英语一轮复习 精细化学通语法 第十一讲 名词性从句讲义.doc

第十一讲 名词性从句名词性从句的本质：3种句子充当4种成分所谓名词性从句，就是把完整句子当作名词来使用，使之在另一个句子中充当某种成分。一般来说，名词在句中主要充当4种成分：主语、宾语、表语和同位语，于是便有了常说的4种名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。相当于名词作用的句子有3类：陈述句、一般疑问句和特殊疑问句。因此，名词性从句可简单概括为这样一句话：名词性从句就是用3种句子分别充当另外一个句子的4种句子成分。这便构成了名词性从句的本质特征。名词性从句的引导词对应的句子类型是否作成分连词that陈述句that在从句中不作成分连词whether/if一般疑问句whether和if在从句中不作成分连接代词who， whom, what， which, whose；连接副词when, where， why, how特殊疑问句who和what在从句中作主语、宾语或表语；whom在从句中作宾语；which在从句中作主语、表语或定语；whose在句中作定语。连接副词在从句中作状语主语从句1.that引导的主语从句(1)that引导主语从句时，在从句中不作任何成分，也没有词汇意义，但一般不可省略。that the earth goes around the sun is known to us all.众所周知，地球围着太阳转。(2)that引导主语从句时可用it作形式主语，that不可省略。常见句式主要有以下几种：itbe形容词(necessary, right, likely, unlikely, wrong, important, certain, clear, obvious, strange, normal等)that从句it isnt likely that i should accept such an offer as that.我不可能接受像那样的帮助。itbe名词(短语)(a pity, a shame, good news, a fact, an honour, a wonder, no wonder等)that从句its no wonder that he didnt want to go.难怪他不想去。itbe过去分词(said, told, heard, reported, decided, suggested, advised, ordered, remembered, thought, considered, wellknown, announced等)that从句it is decided that the meeting has been put off until next monday.会议被推迟到下周一已经定下来了。名师指津在“itbesuggested/advised/ordered/requested/insisted/required .that从句”结构中，从句谓语应用“(should)动词原形”。it is suggested that you (should) spend more time in studying english.建议你花更多的时间学习英语。it特殊动词或短语(seem, appear, happen, matter, turn out, occur to, make no difference等)that从句it suddenly occurred to her that joe was afraid of being alone.她突然想到乔害怕独自一个人待着。2whether/if引导的主语从句主语从句位于主句谓语动作前，表示“是否”，只能用whether。若用it作形式主语，则whether与if可互换。whether we can have clean drinking water lies in what effective measures will be taken by the government about water pollution.我们能否有干净的饮用水依赖于政府将采取什么样的有效措施处理水污染问题。its uncertain whether/if hell come this evening.他今天晚上是否会来还不确定。3wh类连接词引导的主语从句wh类连接词包括连接代词(who, whom, whose, what, whoever, whomever, whatever等)和连接副词(when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever, however等)。what barbara jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness.芭芭拉琼斯展现给她的粉丝们的是诚实和快乐。对点练1用适当的连接词填空how we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.it doesnt matter whether you turn right or left at the crossing both roads lead to the park.its no wonder that youve achieved so much success.it has not been decided yet who will take charge of the factory when the boss is away.whoever sets fire to the forest should be punished. 宾语从句1.that引导的宾语从句that引导宾语从句时无词义，在从句中不作成分，口语中一般可以省略，但下列情况下不能省略：(1)当that从句作介词的宾语时。i dont know exactly where he lives, except that its somewhere out in the wilds.他住在哪里我不很清楚，只知道是远离城市的荒野之中。(2)动词后跟有多个that引导的宾语从句时，只有第一个that可以省略，从第二个从句开始that不可省略。he told me (that) he had to leave and that he would be back soon.他告诉我他得离开并且很快就会回来。(3)宾语从句前有插入语时。we hope, on the contrary, that he will stay at home with us.恰恰相反，我们希望他和我们待在家里。(4)it作形式宾语的宾语从句。一些动词后的宾语从句有宾语补足语时，则需要用it作形式宾语，而将that引导的宾语从句后置。常见的这类动词有find, think, consider, believe, guess, suppose, make等。he has made it clear that the meeting will not be postponed.他清楚地表明会议不会被推迟。hate, like, dislike, appreciate, enjoy等表示“喜欢”、“厌恶”的动词以及一些动词短语see to, depend on, rely on等常用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置。i shall see to it that he is taken good care of when you are absent.你不在的时候，我负责把他照顾好。2whether与if引导的宾语从句whether与if引导宾语从句时，在从句中不作任何成分，但有具体的含义，意为“是否”。在下列情况下只能用whether而不能用if：(1)宾语从句中有or not时，只能用whether。i dont know whether or not the report is true.i dont know whether the report is true or not.我不知道这个报道是否是真的。(2)介词后的宾语从句要用whether，whether可与不定式连用。it depends on whether we have enough time.这取决于我们是否有充足的时间。they dont know whether to go there.他们不知道是否去那里。3连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句连接代词和连接副词引导宾语从句时既充当句子成分又有具体词义，且不可省略。our teachers always tell us to believe in what we do and who we are if we want to succeed.我们的老师总是告诉我们，如果想成功的话，就要相信我们所做的事以及我们自己。对点练2用适当的连接词填空the companies are working together to create what they hope will be the best means of transport in the 21st century.as many as five courses are provided, and you are free to choose whichever suits you best.jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt that he could have expressed it differently.only you can decide which one suits you best.none of us knows where these new parts can be bought.表语从句1.通用连接词引导的表语从句在句中作表语的从句称为表语从句。表语从句位于系动词之后，引导词有三类：从属连词只起连接作用，其中if不能引导表语从句，that一般不能省略；连接代词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语；连接副词在从句中作状语。id like to start my own business thats what id do if i had the money.我愿意自己创业那就是如果我有钱将会做的事情。the problem is whether the air pollution can be controlled.问题是空气污染能否被控制住。2其他连接词引导的表语从句(1)as if/though引导的表语从句，有时可用虚拟语气。the thick smog covered the whole city. it was as if/ though a great black blanket had been thrown over it.厚重的烟雾覆盖着整座城市，好像一个厚厚的黑色毯子扔到它的上面。(2)because, why引导的表语从句。he failed. that is because he didnt work hard.他失败了。那是因为他没有努力工作。对点练3用适当的连接词填空a ship in harbor is safe, but thats not what ships are built for.be sure to be with a strong awareness that you are what you eat!mr. white is opposed to repairing the old building, and thats where i dont agree.the problem is how we can improve our reading skills in such a short time.what worries us most is who let out the secret.同位语从句1.同位语从句的连接词同位语从句在句中作某一名词(news, fact, idea, desire, suggestion, promise, information等)的同位语，一般位于该名词之后，说明该名词的具体内容。引导同位语从句的连接词主要有that, whether, why, who, where, how, when等。在同位语从句中，that和whether不作成分，that无词义，whether表示“是否”；if不能引导同位语从句。引导同位语从句的连接词一般都不能省略。the report that he was going to resign was false.他将辞职的报道是假的。2定语从句与同位语从句的区别定语从句和同位语从句都可以用来修饰名词，但定语从句用来说明名词的性质、特征、来源等，先行词在从句中充当某一成分；而同位语从句则表示名词所表示的具体内容。the news that our team won the gam