阅读理解主旨大意题解题技巧.doc

阅读理解“主旨大意题”解题技巧 高境一中 王小红 2005.3 2005高考英语上海卷“阅读部分”考核目标：1 能理解文章的基本内容；2 能归纳文章的主旨大意；3 能推测文章中的隐含意思；4 能根据上下文正确理解词语和句子；5 能运用阅读技能完成不同文体的阅读任务。分析阅读理解命题趋势1 生疏短语增多，句子结构复杂。2 组篇方式新颖，深层理解要求较高。3 命题方式灵活多样，整体理解和推断题增加。4 2005年高考英语上海卷新增新题型“标题配对”。分析趋势，掌握技巧，赢取高分从以上两点可以看出，现在的阅读题远非停留在理解词句和看懂内容上。为了增加阅读理解题的区分度，考查学生的综合理解能力，拉开差距，近年高考阅读题中概括主旨题和推断题明显增加。若要获得高分，关键在于能否正确回答此类能力题（在此，我们统称为主旨大意题。）本讲座分两部分：（一）：选择题（二）：标题配对题（新题型）（一）: 选择题.问题类型.常见提问方式.主要答题步骤.分析典型例文,掌握答题技巧主题句在开头或结尾主题句在中间中心贯穿于全文 .总结主旨大意题选择题答题技巧.主旨大意题题目类型：1 概括文章大意2 选出最佳题目（标题）3 概括人物特点4 识辨作者语气、态度等5 推断文章出处6 推断文章或作者意图7 推断文章的结局或结论、下文内容等等.常见提问方式：1. Both the doctor and the lawyer in this passage are very _. （2000秋季上海卷64题）2. What would most probably happen next? (2001秋季上海卷74题)3.What might be the best title for this passage? (2001秋季上海卷81题)4.In writing the passage, the author intends to _. (2002秋季上海卷77题)5.It can be concluded that the passage is most probably part of a (an) _.（2002秋季上海卷78题）6.The purpose of this article is to _. （2003秋季上海卷85题）7.Which of the following statements best summarizes the main idea of the passage?（2003秋季上海卷89题）8.In advertisement 2, the Traveller enables us to learn _. (2004秋季上海卷79题)9.The passage mainly focuses on _. （2004秋季上海卷85题）10.What will the author probably discuss after the last paragraph? (2004秋季上海卷89题).主要答题步骤：1. 先看问题, 是否有和主旨大意题有关的题目,了解题目类别和提问方式。2. 再看文章首尾，或各段的开头，找出主题句，或通过浏览全文，抓住关键字眼，把握文章主旨。3. 以掌握文章主旨为前提，处理推断作者语气或意图等其它深层理解的问题。.分析典型例文，掌握答题技巧：（1）主题句在开头或结尾： (A)It was assumed generally that behavior was “caused” and that the causes of and the cures for crime would be discovered. Sick societies and sick individuals were the causes of crime. The traditional criminal justice system could be described as a band-aid and an ineffective “home remedy) “. The new, scientific approach, however, would cure the underlying causes of crime rather than concentrate on the symptom: criminal behavior.But does poverty cause crime?(Q1) It is certainly true that there is a very close link between low socioeconomic status and the sort of violent street crime that worries urban America so much. Furthermore, we must agree with Judge Bazelon that persons of low socioeconomic status probably find it easier than others to true to violent street crime for money, excitement, or release. Yet it is also true that the majority of poor people are not violent criminals. Judge Bazelon is simply wrong in his belief that poverty “causes” crime.(Q2)People sometimes think of crime as a combination of poverty and bad characteristics of a criminal.Q1 But this is hard to predict, and sometimes we observe some criminals are rich enough but they may still have the desire for more wealth. In this aspect, crime seems no more related with poverty than with the behavioral features of the person involved in a case. Cyber-crimes and white-collar crimes can serve as good examples, the criminals are not short of money, they simply need more than they can gather and they will be happy to get more without having to work.Poverty is neither a sufficient nor a necessary cause of crime. 主题句(Q1)(Q2) Poverty may make the choice to obey the law more difficult, but the poor have choice whether to engage in crime, and the majority choose to obey the law. Is it true that no poverty, no crime? Improvement in the economic conditions of poor persons does not reduce the level of violent panics in periods of rising wealth. The “poverty cure” does not work . Attempting to get rid of poverty is a worthy social goal, but it is one that should be cherished (珍爱) for its own sake and not in the belief that it will cure crime.( D ) 1. The most appropriate title for the essay would be _ .（概括主旨、选定篇名题）易误选CA. Economics and Crime B. Wealth and ViolenceC. Causes and Cures for Crime D. Poverty and Crime ( C ) 2. Which of the following statements is a summary of the authors ideas? _ .（概括观点题）易误选AA. Crime is a consequence of a low economic status.B. Poverty should be cured before law and order can be kept.C. Poverty does not necessarily cause crime.D. Poor people are more likely to turn to violence.分析：Q1: 本文为议论文.选定篇名考查的是对文章主旨的把握.我们先看文章首尾或各段开头找主题句。第一段（起始段）：落后的社会和个人会导致犯罪。消除犯罪的科学方法在于彻底消除引起犯罪的根源。第二段：开头提出问题“Does Poverty cause crime?”并指出：落后的经济状况与犯罪之间有密切联系。第三段：人们认为犯罪是贫困和个人不良品行的结合。第四段（结尾段）：贫困并非犯罪的充分或必要条件。穷人中大多数人还是守法的。消灭贫穷并不意味着消除犯罪。从分析的第一段和结尾段以及各段开头可判断，文章论述的是贫穷和犯罪的关系。主题句为Poverty is neither a sufficient nor a necessary cause of crime.（注：第一段中提到the causes of and the cures for crime would be discovered.学生很容易误以为这就是文章的主题,选择(C).然而只要浏览全文便可知每一段都谈到poverty与crime 的关系,故答案选(D).）Q2: 该题是一道概述作者观点的问题。这类问题一般不能从文中直接找到与答案完全相同的句子，然而题目常用可从文中找到的原句作为选项之一（实为错误选项）迷惑学生。通过把握主旨，我们便可排除干扰选项。文中第二段提到“It is certainly true that there is a very close link between low socioeconomic status and the sort of violent street crime that worries urban America so much.”但从作者的措辞“It is certainly true that”可判断这并非作者观点，而是他人的观点。而且，第二段第五行YET以及第三段第二行BUT等转折词也提示读者作者持有不同观点，为最后一段的主题句“Poverty is neither a sufficient nor a necessary cause of crime.”做了铺垫。因此不可选A.只要耐心地看完该题全部选项，仔细推敲便可知C表示的意思就是文章的主题，即：作者的观点。故该题选“A” 注意: 本文的主题句在结尾。 大部分文章的主题句在开头。但千万不可想当然认为主题句都在开头,必须从头到尾浏览一遍,从全文内容把握主旨.(2)主题句在中间：(B)Right now in schools across the country children are busy selling Pepsi-Cola in the name of education. They are part of Pepsis “Learn and earn Project” a competition set up by Pepsi once a year that encourages students to sell the soft drink at parties, basketball games and other school functions.Then, each spring, the students write up their Pepsi-selling success stories for a chance at national prizes: shares of stock in the Pepsi-Cola company.According to materials the company sends the teachers, the project declares “help strengthen students broad understandings of business, particularly its broad marketing and management aspects.”Whether it fulfills this objective or not, it does succeed in selling Pepsi.Q1 The “Learn and Earn Project” is just one example of the hundreds of ways food companies encouraging the buying of their products in schools, Q1Q2 主题句 particularly in the fields of nutrition and home economics, companies send numerous “teaching aids”: highly professional films, shiny workbooks and pamphlets, all available to teachers at well below commercial rates or free.For example, the Savennach Sugar Refining Corp. put out a book for students called “Sugar through the Ages” which includes the statements such as “Scientists have found that generous amounts of sugar are a valuable part of well-balanced diets for growing children.Q3By far the largest supplier of nutrition-education materials to schools is the National Dairy Council, which provides all sorts of pamphlets addressing questions ranging from “How am I doing socially?” to “How am I doing physically?” These materials are full of things about dairy products, daily calcium requirement, etc. Drink mild, the message seems to be, and you too can be popular. But nutrition and home economics are not the only areas where companies have found a lucrative form of advertising. ( A ) 1. The main idea of the passage is that _.（概括主旨题）易误选BA. various types of companies extended the selling of their products to schoolB. pepsis “Learn and Earn Project” helps strengthen students broad understanding of businessC. many big companies provide money for schools successfully by carrying out their “Earn and Earn Project”D. students learn much knowledge of nutrition and home economics through their practice of business (C )2. In quoting the statement from the book “Sugar Through the Ages”, the authors purpose is to _.（推断意图题）A. to explain the educational function of the “teaching aids”B. to praise the Savennach Sugar Refining Crop. from its scientific point of viewC. to expose the true motives (动机) of those companies in providing their “teaching aids”D. to show how students and teachers can receive nutrition education more scientifically ( D ) 3. The authors attitude towards Pepsis practice is _ .（识辨语气题题）易误选AA. disapproval B. approval C. optimistic D. none of the above分析:Q1： 本文段落多,内容较散乱,时而叙述事实，时而发表观点。要概括主旨，先从文章首尾入手找主题句。起始段：“百事”公司倡议“Learn and earn Project”活动，鼓励中学生在学校推销可乐。末尾段：某奶制品公司分发营养知识小册子。开头和结尾均没有明显表达中心思想或作者观点的句子,因此难以从文章首尾概括主旨.我们就要通过浏览全文来找出主题句或概括中心。 第三段概括了“Learn and earn Project”活动的宗旨：加强学生对市场及经济的了解。有许多同学会以为这就是主题句，选“B”。.其实，浏览全文，可发现第四、五两段中作者提出了自己的看法，Whether it fulfills this objective or not, it does succeed in selling Pepsi. The “Learn and Earn Project” is just one example of the hundreds of ways food companies encouraging the buying of their products in schools.作者认为该活动真正目的在于销售可乐。因此可断定本文主题句为“Learn and Earn Project” is just one example of the hundreds of ways food companies encouraging the buying of their products in schools.该题应选“A”.Q2. 推断题一般不能直接从文中找到答案，但绝不能凭主观猜测.例子的内容为: 制糖公司“成长中所需的糖分”一书中强调”学生成长过程中需大量的糖分”.作者揭示: 该公司表面上目的是让学生了解食糖方面的知识,实则向学生作广告,增加利润.这正是论证作者观点的一个例证.因此该题选“C”.Q3. 识辨作者语气题首先也要把握文章主旨,其次找出反映作者态度的措辞.由于文章中心是Learn and Earn Project” is just one example of the hundreds of ways food companies encouraging the buying of their products in schools.首先排除B,C.本文中虽揭示了某些公司通过这种方法来增加销售量,但全文表明作者观点的语句中没有明显表示作者含有感情色彩的表示竭力反对的词语,故排除(A),选(D).注意：当无法从首尾找出主题句时，浏览全文，目标转向中间。在解答识辨语气题时，不可随意猜测，要找出依据，忠实于原文。(3)中心贯穿于全文 (C)On December 1,1955, Mrs. Rosa Parks boarded a bus in downtown Montgomery, Alabama, paid her fare and took a seat in the front of the Negro section at the back end. It felt good to sit down after a long days work. At the next stop, however, the driver told the Negroes to move back to make room for new white passengers.All but one of the blacks gave up their places obediently. Rose Parks hesitated. The bus was now full: if she got up, she would have to stand all the way home. A white man waiting for her seat glared impatiently.At that moment, something in Rosa Parks snapped. Maybe her soul had had enough of humiliation; maybe it was just that her feet tired. Anyway, the 42-year-old seamstress refused to give up her seat.Black and white passengers alike stared at the troublemaker. The bus drier hailed a policeman. Mrs. Parks was arrested.Montgomerys 17,000 Negroes were enraged. Some wanted violence “Burn the buses, tip them over.” Others kept their cool. With the help of a 27 Year-old preacher who had been inspired by the non-violent ways of Mahatma Gandhi, they organized a boycott of the bus line.The boycott lasted 380 days, and cost the bus line millions of dollars. Finally, the U.S. Supreme Court affirmed that segregation on the buses was unconstitutional. Rosa Parks could now sit anywhere on a bus. Although most of us have forgotten her, the revolution she started changed America.For the unknown preacher, however, there was no way back to obscurity. Martin Luther King, Jr., had a dream. And the worldat least in part because o Rosa Parkswas finally ready to honor that dream, and to listen. Acts of honor, all of them Acts of sacrifice, integrity, love. And no one is laughing. Perhaps we have not lost our sacred Honor after all.( C )1. The authors chief intention in telling the story is .（概括主旨或推断意图题）易误选A A. to expose racial discrimination in the 1950s B. to applaud the non-violent boycott led by Martin Luther King, Jr. C. to sing the praise of Rosa Parks bravery and firmnessD.all of the above( B )2 Which word best describes the character of Rosa?（概括人物特征）易误选AA. stubborn B. courageous C. timid D. arrogant分析：Q1: 由于本文为记叙文,无明显主题句,该文体的中心常贯穿于全文.对于这类文章，我们可以通过抓住动词来概括主要情节，从而归纳中心思想。本文线索: board-sit-be told to move-hesitate-refuse-be arrested-be enraged-boycott-desegregate-change America.Rosa上了公交车坐在黑人车厢，司机要求她将座位让给后来上车的白人。她犹豫了，但最终她拒绝让座，Rosa因此而被捕。黑人门被激愤了，组织了“抵制公交车”事件。最终美国最高法院废除了公交车上实行的种族隔离制度。Rosa的这一行为改变了美国。许多同学选(A),理由是文中叙述Rosa由于拒绝给白人让座而被捕是种族歧视现象,初看(A)没错.但这只是本文其中一个情节,是后文“抵制公交车”事件的导火线,并非中心思想.从以上分析的文章线索可确定本文主旨应为：Rosa坚强勇敢的行为迫使美国废除公交车种族隔离。作者的意图是赞扬Rosa的坚强无畏.应选(C)。Q2: 通过对文章主旨的把握,首先排除(C)和(D).但同学有可能会选( A ),因为“stubborn”与第一题答案中“firm”相近.但“stubborn” 是贬义词,意为”固执,倔强”.本文旨在赞扬Rosa 的坚强勇敢,显然该词不恰当.(B)courageous (勇敢的=brave)才是最佳答案.注意：概括主旨要通篇考虑，不可以偏盖全，断章取义。处理概括人物特征题时必须从描述人物的动词和形容词仔细推敲,选择最贴近的词.主旨大意题（选择题）解题方法总结:1.解答该题型最关键的是找出主题句，把握文章主旨。 通常情况下主题句在文中的位置:说明文议论文记叙文在开头(较常见) 在结尾(较少见)在中间中心贯穿全文(较常见) 因此概括主旨的方法是: 先看首尾或各段开头再看全文找主题句.若无明显主题句,就通过关键词句来概括.(如:议论文中寻找表达作者观点态度的词句,记叙文寻找概括情节和中心的动词或反映人物特点的形容词.)2文中出现两种或两种以上的不同观点时，务必牢记作者的观点才是体现全文中心的。此时，要注意一些转折词，如：but,yet,however,although,in spite of,by contrast, on the contrary等。当文章中表示相反的观点时，往往用到这些词。答题时要弄清哪个是作者的观点，排除迷惑性信息，准确归纳主旨大意。3选定篇名或标题类题考查的也是学生对文章主旨的归纳概括能力，备选标题通常只是一个短语，甚至一个单词。在答题时必须仔细阅读文章，仔细推敲选项中直接引自语篇的措辞，既要排除过于具体或断章取义、以偏盖全的标题，又要排除范围太大、空洞、不着边际的标题，选出最佳答案。4. 答推理题和识辨意图、语气题时，一般无法直接从文中找到答案，但绝不可凭空猜测，也要找到依据。要通过文章主旨、字里行间或文中例子进行推断，通过含有感情色彩或描述情景的措辞来领会作者的态度或语气。5. 必须看清题目，要求回答的是“全文主旨”还是“段落主旨”；推断的是“作者的观点、意图”还是“别人的观点、意图”。（二）2005新题型：标题配对.新题型(标题配对)要求：.新题型考核目标：.新题型答题步骤：.分析例题，掌握技巧.总结新题型答题技巧：. 新题型(标题配对)要求：题目提供一篇由五个段落组成的文章，要求学生从六个标题中为每一段选一个最恰当的标题。（六个标题中有一个是多余的）. 新题型考核目标：1 考查学生对文章段落意思的理解概括能力。2 考查学生对标题的解读能力。3 考查学生对文章上下文关系的理解能力。. 新题型答题步骤：1 先浏览一下六个标题，理解标题含义,找出标题中最具概括性的关键词。如果标题已提供全文大意的信息，便可直接分段阅读，概括段落大意，选出合适标题。2 如果标题提供信息较少，从中无法了解文章有关内容，应先迅速浏览全文，了解文章主旨和段落关系，再分段阅读，概括大意，选定标题。3 浏览全文，核对答案。 . 分析例题，掌握技巧 Passage A A Be organized B Get some sleep C Write down the main points D Remember the difficult bits E Reward yourself F Set yourself target 1. F Set yourself target Its always good to know what youre aiming for, so that you know if and when you get there.By having an aim for each week, or even each day, it will help you check your progress and show you if you need to change your plans. 2. C Write down the main points Rather than having to work through masses of notes every time you revised something, try noting down things you want to remember on a piece of paper. It doesnt seem as much to learn that way, but it makes sure you dont miss out anything important. Once youve learnt the main points, rewrite them on another piece of paper without looking at your notes. 3. B Get some sleep If you dont know it by now, youll never learn it for tomorrow. Everybody says it, but itsprobably true. Dont stay up all night studying. Youd better go to bed at a reasonable time,so that you can wake up fresh and alert on exam day 4. A Be organized Theres nothing worse than being disorganized. If you have a plan and stick to it, you wontend up cramming all your revision into the last few hours! Make a list of your exams and what you need to learn beforehand, and then draw up a timetable covering all the topics. You can then work out what you need to do on a weekly basis and when you are going to do it. 5. E Reward yourself When you reach each of your targets, give yourself a treatyou deserve it! It could be adrink, a short break to watch your favorite TV program, a phone call to a friend anythingyou enjoy. Test yourself, from time to time, on a topic and if you do well, give yourself a specialtreat based on how well you have done.分析：1从提供标题可知，本文大致内容为：通过制定目标以及其它必要途径达到个人目标，考试成功。可直接分段阅读，选出标题。第一段：要了解自己的目标，这样可以及时检查进步，告诉自己是否有必要改变计划。第二段：写下要记住的内容，保证不会遗漏任何要点。第三段：不要熬夜复习，要保证充足睡眠。第四段：拟定时间表，制定特定时间内需完成的任务。第五段：达到一个阶段目标后，可以奖赏一下自己。2选定标题后，再把全文迅速看一遍，核对答案是否正确。注：本文每段都具有明显主题句，与所提供的标题相对应。小结：段落条理清，先找主题句Passage BA Burst of angerB No harm guaranteedC The cause of protesting D Measures against GM foodE Knowing about GM foodF Fast development of GM food1. A Burst of anger The battle heats up between the U.S. and Europe over genetically modified food(转基因食品). The staff at McDonalds could not have expected an especially warm reception in France,but the manure(粪便) in the parking lots still must have taken them by surprise. For the pastthree weeks its been hard to visit a McDonalds anywhere in France without running the risk ofmeeting with mountains of fresh manure as well as, lots of fruit and vegetables dumped in frontof the restaurants by protesting(抗议) farmers.2. C The cause of protesting Theres a lot about McDonalds that angers the farmers. Protesters are finding even moreto dislike about the uniquely American food, especially the very genes(基因) that make the McDonalds beef or bun or potato what it is.3. E Knowing about GM food Around the world people are taking a closer look at the genetic make-up of what theyreeating and growing uneasy with what they see. Over the past decade, genetically modified(GM) food has become an increasingly common phenomenon as scientists have rewoven the genes of countless fruits and vegetables, turning everyday crops into crops able to resist severecold, insects, and even produce their own pesticides.4. F Fast development of GM food For biotech companies such as Monsanto based in the U.S., and Novartis AG, based in Switzerland, the rise of GM technology has meant boom times. Sales of GM seeds rose in value from 875 million in 1995 to 81.5 billion last year, and the crops they produce areturning up not only on produce shelves but also in processed foods from cookies to potatochips to baby food.5. D Measures against GM food But many people question whether its a good idea for human beings to eat those foods. Upto now, theres nothing to suggest that GM foods have ever done anyone any h