三高考高考英语试题分项版解析 专题16科普类说明文（含解析）.doc

专题16科普类说明文2016高考题1.【2016全国新课标ii】creading can be a social activity. think of the people who belong to book groups. they choose books to read and then meet to discuss them. now, the website bookc turns the page on the traditional idea of a book group.members go on the site and register the books they own and would like to share. bookcrossing provides an identification number to stick inside the book. then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it.bruce pederson, the managing director of bookcrossing, says, “the two things that change your life are the people you meet and books you read. bookcrossing combines both.”members leave books on park benches and buses, in train stations and coffee shops. whoever finds their book will go to the site and record where they found it.people who find a book can also leave a journal entry describing what they thought of it. e-mails are then sent to the bookcrossing to keep them updated about where their books have been found. bruce peterson says the idea is for people not to be selfish by keeping a book to gather dust on a shelf at home.bookcrossing is part of a trend among people who want to get back to the “real” and not the virtual(虚拟). the site now has more than one million members in more than one hundred thirty-five countries.9. why does the author mention book groups in the first paragraph?a. to explain what they are. b.to introduce bookcrossing.c. to stress the importance of reading. d. to encourage readers to share their ideas.10. what does the underlined word “it” in paragraph 2refer to?a. the book. b.an adventure. c.a public place. d. the identification number.11. what will a bookcrosser do with a book after reading it?a. meet other readers to discuss it. b.keep it safe in his bookcase. c. pass it on to another reader. d. mail it back to its owner.12. what is the best title for the text?a. online reading: a virtual tour b. electronic books: a new trend c. a book group brings tradition back d. a website links people through books【答案】9. b 10. a11. c 12. d 11.c 推理判断题。根据文章第四段最后一句“.the idea is for people not to be selfish by keeping a book to gather dust on a shelf at home”让书蒙上尘土是一种很自私的行为，网站bookc的目的正是鼓励人们与别人分享图书，所以拿到书的人最可能继续把书传递下去。故c项正确。12.d 标题概括题。根据文章第三段可知bookc把人生命中最重要的两个事物：人和书联系在一起。d项内容能够涵盖文章的中心思想。【名师点睛】本文考查了代词指代题。根据本句“.hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it”留下书的人希望自己的书能够随着找到它的人走得更远。可知其中的it指代前半句提到的同一事物“the book”。阅读的时候我们可以根据上下文的指代关系进行选择：文章中的代词it，that，he，him或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找；有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事。例如：however,thequestionthatmoonpeopleaskedisstillaninterestingone.agrowingnumberofscientistsareseriouslythinkingaboutit.首先，it指上句中的thequestion，而thequestion又指上一段中“月球人”所提的问题，所以要经过两次查找才能选出答案。考点：考查说明文阅读2.【2016北京】ccalifornia condors shocking recoverycalifornia condors are north americas largest birds, with wing-length of up to 3 meters. in the 1980s, electrical lines and lead poisoning(铅中毒) nearly drove them to dying out. now, electric shock training and medical treatment are helping to rescue these big birds.in the late 1980s, the last few condors were taken from the wild, and there are now more than 150 flying over california and nearby arizona, utah and baja in mexico.electrical lines have been killing them off. “as they go in to rest for the night, they just dont see the power lines,” says bruce rideout of san diego zoo. their wings can bridge the gap between lines, resulting in electrocution(电死) if they touch two lines at once.so scientists have come up with a shocking idea. tall poles, placed in large training areas, teach the birds to stay clear of electrical lines by giving them a painful but undeadly electric shock. before the training was introduced, 66% of set-freed condors died of electrocution. this has now dropped to 18%.lead poisonous has proved more difficult to deal with. when condors eat dead bodies of other animals containing lead, they absorb large quantities of lead. this affects their nervous systems and ability to produce baby birds, and can lead to kidney(肾) failures and death. so condors with high levels of lead are sent to los angeles zoo, where they are treated with calcium edta, a chemical that removes lead from the blood over several days. this work is starting to pay off. the annual death rate for adult condors has dropped from 38% in 2000 to 5.4% in 2011. rideouts team thinks that the california condors average survival time in the wild is now just under eight years. “although these measures are not effective forever, they are vital for now,” he says. “they are truly good birds that are worth every effort we put into recovering them. ”63.california condors attract researchers interest because they .a.are active at nightb.had to be bred in the wildc.are found on in californiad.almost died out in the 1980s64.researchers have found electrical lines are.a.blocking condors journey home b. big killers of califorbnia condorasc. rest places for condors at nightd. used to keep condors away65.according to paraghaph 5 ,lead poisoning.a.makes condors too nervous to fly b. has little effect on condors kidneysc. can hardly be gotten rid of form condors bloodd. makes it different for condors to produce baby birds66.the passage shows that .a.the average survival time of condors is satisfactoryb.rideouts research interest lies in electric engineeringc.the efforts to protect condors have brought good resultsd.researchers have found the final answers to the problem【答案】63.d64.b65.d66.c除c，故选d。64.b细节理解题。根据第三段“electrical lines have been killing them off.their wings can bridge the gap between lines, resulting in electrocution(电死) if they touch two lines at once.”可知，神鹰不知道停在电线上会触电身亡，它们经常停在电线上休息，结果，很多被电死了，故选b。考点：环保类短文阅读【名师点睛】推理判断题属于主观题，是层次较高的题目。它包括判断题和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存，推理是为了作出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。此类题要求在理解表面文字的基础上，作出判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意思和深层意思，也就是通过文章中的文字信息、上下文的逻辑关系及事物的发展变化等已知的信息，推断出作者没有直接表达的态度和观点。推理判断题的解题方法 ：推理判断题不仅要求考生读懂文章中的每个句子的意思还要推理它们之间的关系，结合自己的生活常识和经验，再通过逻辑推理和判断，理解文章的言外之意，从而揭示文章的深层涵义。任何一篇文章都有其特定的写作目的，读者需要知道如何去做或按照某种方式思考问题。推理判断题的答案不可能在文章中直接找到，因此推理时我们务必要忠于原文，在文章中寻找并确定可推论的依据，即：已知部分推论的前提，从中推测出未知部分推理的结论，切忌妄加评论，把自己的观点当成作者的观点。3.【2016天津】c when john was growing up, other kids felt sorry for him. his parents always had him weeding the garden, carrying out the garbage and delivering newspapers. but when john reached adulthood, he was better off than his childhood playmates. he had more job satisfaction, a better marriage and was healthier. most of all, he was happier. far happier. these are the findings of a 40-year study that followed the lives of 456 teenage boys from boston. the study showed that those who had worked as boys enjoyed happier and more productive lives than those who had not. “boys who worked in the home or community gained competence (能力) and came to feel they were worthwhile members of society,” said george vaillant, the psychologist (心理学家) who made the discovery. “and because they felt good about themselves, others felt good about them.” vaillants study followed these males in great detail. interviews were repeated at ages 25, 31 and 47. under vaillant, the researchers compared the mens mental-health scores with their boyhood-activity scores with their boyhood-activity scores. points were awarded for part-time jobs, housework, effort in school, and ability to deal with problems. the link between what the men had done as boys and how they turned out as adults was surprisingly sharp. those who had done the most boyhood activities were twice as likely to have warm relations with a wide variety of people, five times as likely to be well paid and 16 times less likely to have been unemployed. the researchers also found that iq and family social and economic class made no real difference in how the boys turned out. working-at any age-is important. childhood activities help a child develop responsibility, independence, confidence and competence-the underpinnings (基础) of emotional health. they also help him understand that people must cooperate and work toward common goals. the most competent adults are those who know how to do this. yet work isnt everything. as tolstoy once said, “one can live magnificently in this world if one knows how to work and how to love, to work for the person one loves and to love ones work.”46. what do we know about john?a. he enjoyed his career and marriage.b. he had few childhood playmates.c. he received little love from his family.d. he was envied by others in his childhood.47. vaillants words in paragraph 2 serve as _.a. a description of personal values and social valuesb. an analysis of how work was related to competencec. an example for parents expectations of their childrend. an explanation why some boys grew into happy men48. vaillants team obtained their findings by _.a. recording the boys effort in schoolb. evaluating the mens mental healthc. comparing different sets of scoresd. measuring the mens problem solving ability49. what does the underlined word “sharp” probably mean in paragraph 4?a. quick to reactb. having a thin edgec. clear and definited. sudden and rapid50. what can be inferred from the last paragraph?a. competent adults know more about love than work.b. emotional health is essential to a wonderful adult life.c. love brings more joy to people than work does.d. independence is the key to ones success.【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章通过john的例子结合一个研究发现说明童年时期帮助做一些家务的孩子长大后会更快乐，更成功。46.【答案】a47.【答案】d【解析】试题分析：根据第二段的句子boys who worked in the home or community gained competence and came to feel they were worthwhile members of society，可知，第二段vaillant的话是解释为什么一些男孩成长为快乐的人。故选d。考点：考查推理判断。48.【答案】c【解析】试题分析：根据第三段的句子the researchers compared the mens mental-health scores with their boyhood-activity scores，可知，vaillant的团队获得他们的发现是通过对比不同的得分。故选c。考点：考查细节理解。49.【答案】c 50.【答案】b 【解析】试题分析：根据最后一段的句子one can live magnificently in this world if one knows how to work and how too love, to work for the person one loves and to love ones work，可知，情感健康对于好的成年人生活是基本的。故选b。考点：考查推理判断。【名师点睛】这篇文章内容和学生自己的生活密切相关，而且是通过调查研究的方式给出，更加有说服力，虽然是考试题，学生应该有兴趣阅读，文章篇幅适中。考查比较全面，除了理解细节题，还需要适当的推理，还有词义辨析类的题目，对学生能力考查比较全面。做词义辨析类的题目，要仔细阅读这个词所在的前后的句子，发现有没有关联的同义词，反义词或是这个词的定义，分析这篇阅读的49题，要求判断sharp的含义，这个词不是陌生的单词，高中教材上出现过，它的意思是“锋利的，尖锐的，敏捷的，聪明的”，但是代入后，发现这些意思都不符合，而结合所在句子，特别是下文的those who had done the most boyhood activities were twice as likely to have warm relations with a wide variety of people, five times as likely to be well paid and 16 times less likely to have been unemployed.可知和上文的观点是一致的，也就是这些人在孩子的时候做的事情和他们成人后是怎样的人之间的关联是令人惊讶地明显。答案也不难得出。4.【2016浙江】ca scientist working at her lab bench and a six-old baby playing with his food might seem to have little in common.after all,the scientist is engaged in serious research to uncover the very nature of the physical world,and the baby is,well, just playingright?perhaps,but some developmental psychologists have argued that this “play” is more like a scientific investigation than one might think.take a closer look at the baby playing at the table. each time the bowl of rice is pushed over the table edge, itfalls in the ground-and, in the process, it belongs out important evidence about how physical objects interact ; bowls of rice do not flood in mid-sit, but require support to remain stable. it is likely that babies are not born knowing the basic fact of the universe; nor are they ever clearly taught it. instead, babies may form an understanding of object support through repeated experiments and then build on this knowledge to learn even more about how objects interact. though their ranges and tools differ, the babys investigation and the scientists experiment appear to share the same aim(to learn about the natural world ), overall approach (gathering direct evidence from the world), and logic (are my observations what i expected?).some psychologists suggest that young children learn about more than just the physical world in this way-that they investigate human psychology and the rules of language using similar means. for example, it may only be through repeated experiments, evidence gathering, and finally overturning a theory, that a baby will come to accept the idea that other people can have different views and desires from what he or she has. for example, unlike the child , mommy actually doesnt like dove chocolate. viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws on how children learn ,but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists. why do young children and scientists seem to be so much alike? psychologists have suggested that science as an effort -the desire to explore, explain, and understand our world-is simply something that comes from our babyhood. perhaps evolution provided human babies with curiosity and a natural drive to explain their worlds, and adult scientists simply make use of the same drive that served them as children. the same cognitive systems that make young children feel good about feel good about figuring something out may have been adopted by adult scientists. as some psychologists put it, ”it is not that children are little scientists but that scientists are big children.”50. according to some developmental psychologists, a. a babys play is nothing more than a game.b. scientific research into babies; games is possiblec. the nature of babies play has been thoroughly investigatedd. a babys play is somehow similar to a scientists experiment51.we learn from paragraph 2 that a. scientists and babies seem to observe the world differentlyb. scientists and babies often interact with each otherc. babies are born with the knowledge of object supportd. babies seem to collect evidence just as scientists do52. children may learn the rules of language by a. exploring the physical world b. investigating human psychologyc. repeating their own experiments d. observing their parents behaviors53. what is themain idea of the last paragraph?a. the world may be more clearly explained through childrens play.b. studying babies play may lead to a better understanding of science.c. children may have greater ability to figure out things than scientists.d. ones drive for scientific research may become stronger as he grows.54. what is the authors tone when he discusses the connection between scientists research and babies play? a. convincing. b. confused. c. confidence. d. cautious.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了孩子的玩耍和科学家的研究有共同之处。50. 【答案】d【解析】试题分析：根据文章第一段的but some developmental psychologists have argued that this “play” is more like a scientific investigation than one might think，可知心理学家觉得孩子的玩耍和科学家的研究有些相似，故选d。考点：考查细节理解。51. 【答案】d52. 【答案】c【解析】试题分析：根据文章第三段的句子for example, it may only be through repeated experiments, evidence gathering and finally overturning a theory可知孩子可以通过重复自己的实验来学习语言的规律，故选c。考点：考查细节理解。53. 【答案】b考点：考查细节理解。54. 【答案】d【解析】试题分析：根据作者在文中的用词appear to和may来弱化绝对性的表达，和通过引用其他人的观点some psychologist suggest/argue that 可知，作者的语气是谨慎的。故选d。考点：考查推理判断。【名师点睛】阅读理解有时理解文章的长难句是关键，理解不了这些句子很难理解文章的大意。下面我们分析一下这篇文章中的长句。句子1：it is likely that babies are not born knowing the basic fact of the universe; nor are they ever clearly taught it.这句话使用分号连接两个并列分句，前面的分句使用it is likely that这个句型，还有knowing作伴随状语，后面的分句是nor+倒装句的结构。句意：可能孩子不是天生就知道宇宙的基本事实，他们也没有被清楚的教过。句子2：for example, it may only be through repeated experiments, evidence gathering, and finally overturning a theory, that a baby will come to accept the idea that other people can have different views and desires from what he or she has.这句话使用强调句，强调的是through repeated experiments, evidence gathering, and finally overturning a theory,这部分比较长，考生可能没有注意这个句式。主干部分中idea后面是同位语从句，from后面还有宾语从句。句意：例如，它可能只是通过反复实验，收集证据，并最终推翻一个理论，一个婴儿会接受其他人可以和他/她有不同的意见和愿望的想法。考点：考查说明类短文阅读5.【2016江苏】 b chimps(黑猩猩) will cooperate in certain ways, like gathering in war parties to protect their territory. but beyond the minimum requirements as social beings, they have little instinct (本能) to help one another. chimps in the wild seek food for themselves. even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children. who are able from a young age to gather their own food. in the laboratory, chimps dont naturally share food either. if a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or, with no great effort, a plate that also provides food for a neighbor to the next cage, he will pull at random -he just doesnt care whether his neighbor gets fed or not. chimps are truly selfish.human children, on the other hand are extremely corporative. from the earliest ages, they decide to help others, to share information and to participate a achieving common goals. the psychologist michael tomasello has studied this cooperativeness in a series of expensive with very young children. he finds that if babies aged 18 months see an worried adult with hands full trying to open a door, almost all will immediately try to help.there are several reasons to believe that the urges to help, inform and share are not taught .but naturally possessed in young children. one is that these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train children to behave socially. another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded. a third reason is that social intelligence.developsinchildrenbeforetheirgeneralcognitive（认知的）skills,atleastwhencomparedwithchimps.intestsconduc