胶体与表面化学 试题.doc

一、是非题1.表面超量的英文具体描述： The surface excess of solute is that the number of moles of solute in the sample from the surface minus the number of moles of solute in the sample from the bulk under a condition of the same quantity of solvent or the surface excess of solvent has been chosen to be zero.2. 囊泡的形成途径： The final surfactant structures we consider as models for biological membranes are vesicles. These are spherical or ellipsoidal particles formed by enclosing a volume of aqueous solution in a surfactant bilayer. Vesicles may be formed from synthetic surfactants as well.3.絮凝与聚焦之间的区别： Coalescence：the process that many small particles take together to form a new big particle,total surface area of the dispersion system decreases. Aggregation:the process by which small particles clump together like a bunch of grapes (an aggregate), but do not fuse into a new particle,total surface area of the dispersion system do not decrease as well.4. 胶束micelle：A monophasic, fluid, transparent, isotropic and thermodynamically stable system composed by surfactant and water, the particle has some linear dimension between 10-9-10-6m.5. 乳液emulsion：A multiphasic, no-transparent and thermodynamically unstable system composed by surfactant, cosurfactant, oil and water.6. 微乳液microemulsion：A monophasic, fluid, transparent, isotropic and thermodynamically stable system composed by surfactant, cosurfactant, oil and water.7. 囊泡vesicle：能不能直接从双联续制备转换过来？（）8. 憎水溶胶 亲水溶胶 连续相与分散相有没有明显界限？（没有）9. 胶束体系的稳定性与哪些因素有关？与哪些因素无关？10. 瑞利散射：条件 粒子大小11. 表面吸附超量：物理意义 溶剂的量是不是都为零？（）12. TEM、SEM都需要把样品放入真空中，最后结果都可以表明原来分散度。（）13. 在Langmuir膜、LB膜 单层 理想气体方程式 能否用理想气体关系式描述？（能）2、 多项选择题1. 表面吉布斯自由能： The Gibbs equation:multicomponent systems From Gibbs-Duhen equation:idni=0 注：； ； ； ；2. 几个半径之间的相互关系： Martin DiameterGraticule Diameter, Number Average Diameter(dn)Surface Average Diameter(ds)Volume Average Diameter(dv)3. 摩尔质量及相应的测量方法： （1）数均摩尔质量（number average）渗透压（osmotic press, other colligative properties） （2）质均摩尔质量（mass average）光散射（light scattering, sedimentation velocity） （3）粘均摩尔质量（viscosity average）粘度法（intrinsic viscosity）4. 扫描探针显微镜主要用于测量： 范德华力（van der Waals forces）、离子间作用力（ion-ion interaction）、涂有聚合物的氢键（hydration forces on polymer-coated surface）、生物上的双电层（biologically relevant bilayers） 附：测量材料表面不同性质5. 动力学稳定性包括： 扩散（diffusion）、扩散平衡（diffusion equilibrium）、布朗运动（brownian motion）6. 测量分子间作用力的方法有： 红外IR（）、荧光FL（）、紫外（UV）、核磁共振（NMR）、渗透压（osmotic press）、光散射（light scattering）、粘附（adhesion）、拉力（peeling）、接触角（contact angle）、吸附（adsorption）、光学技术（optical techniques）、X射线散射（X-ray scattering）、中子散射（neutron scattering）7. 电镜的数值孔径： （NA is called the numerical aperture of the lens.） NA：临界参数，同一仪器该值为定值；：目镜与棱镜一级散射时的夹角8. 各种半径的相对大小：dn ds dv9. AFM：原子力显微镜10. 稳态条件下扩散系数D与阻力因子f之间的关系： （1）f与粒子大小、形状、介质因素有关（2）粒子为球形，浓度梯度越大，质点扩散越快； 就质点而言，半径越小，扩散能力越强。（3）椭球：11.第二维利系数：（分子量参数） Second vivid：（mol m3 kg-2）其实质是代表介质中分子间作用力大小。（solute and solvent intercation）其反映一对分子间的相互作用造成的气体性质与理想气体的偏差。是联系气体的宏观热力学性质与微观分子力学参量的一条有效途径。它不仅在实用上可表示真实气体的状态，而且在理论上还可验证和发展分子作用势模型，确定分子力学参量，从而预测物质的其它宏观性质。12. 毛细管产生末端效应的原因： A. 压力差0 B. 流速整个流体的均匀体积速度（） C. 通过每个界面的速度不等 D. 不是一个常数 用毛细管粘度计测量粘度，要求流体通过上下刻度时，流速要一致。为保持流速一致，毛细管粘度计有两个相对较大的球，上面的一个球也要注入液体来消除上末端效应，保证流体流经上刻度时，速度保持均匀；为消除下末端效应，要保证液体中无气泡，下刻度不能太靠下，应靠近下一个小球。13. 光散射过程中，光散射强度与什么因素有关： （1） 与入射光波长的四次方成反比；（2）与粒子体积的二次方成正比（只适用于粒子直径在5100nm）；（3）与体系的折射率（refractive index）有关；（4）与单位体积内的粒子数目成正比。Depend: wavelength of the incident light the size and shape of the scattering particles the optical properties of the scatters the angle of observation14. 动力学方程的最简方程（无重力）： Navier-Stockes 方程： 左一：低流速下忽略 左二：任意位置时，速度对时间的变量（加速度），稳态时忽略 右一：重力 右二：压力 右三：粘滞力15. 德拜散射方程： （1）in the limit of =0, there is no interference effect in the scattering light. （2）in the limit of c0, Kc/R is proportional to sin2(/2). （3）in both and c0, Kc/R equals to 1/M. The Debye scattering model: A: Allowing the particles approximate the wavelength of incident light.B: The interference between the waves of light scattered from different parts of the same particle.C: A large particle does not consist of merely two scattering centers, but may be subdivided into several centers, the number of which increases with the size of the particle. 注：德拜散射方程理论应对哪个结论关系？Rayleigh model assumptions（瑞利假设）16. 动态光散射产生条件： DLS产生波动性的主要原因：random motion17. LB膜产生的原因（哪些分子可以产生LB膜）： 基本要求：分子具有两亲性 （1）分子应具有与水有一定亲和力的亲水端 （2）分子应同时具有足够长的疏水脂肪链，使分子能在水面上铺展而不溶解 注：有一个物质形成的单层，不用于下面什么单层？（LB膜） LB膜的关键：A.灵敏度 B.温度 C.moving race D.Leak proof of system18. 堆积参数在1/21/3之间形成什么样胶束？ A.球形 B.层状 C.圆柱棒状 D.弹性双层 注：见问答题第2题表。19. 三种作用力产生的原因： Debye equation: permanent dipole / induced dipole interaction Keeson equation: permanent dipole / permanent dipole interaction London equation: induced dipole / induced dipole interaction20. 双电层的电性与哪些因素有关： pH、T、all above3、 问答题1. LB膜与表面压的定义，描述实验中如何制备LB膜，测量LB膜的关键因素，解释典型的LB膜曲线。（1） LB layers：Monolayers formed by a substance that is insoluble in the liquid subphase are labeled Langmuir layers. Langmuir layers transferred to solid substrates are known as Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) layers. Surface pressure：2D pressure produced by insoluble molecules doing free movement on the surface of water and colliding with the floating sheet are known as surface pressure. It means the force exerted on the unit length which is represented by .（2）Assembly process of LB films：When insoluble substances spread on the surface and form a monomolecular layer, insert a plate into the liquid level. It will form a monolayer of LB films at both sides of the plate when pulling out the plate. After drying, insert the plate into the liquid level again and it will form a bilayer membrane. And so on, it may form multilayer film, following the principle of hydrophilic to hydrophilic, hydrophobic to hydrophobic.（3）Measurement keys：The system must be leakproof. The float and flexible barriers must always be hydrophobic. The tray and barriers must be carefully machined to assure good contact. The water level be controlled quite accurately. The torque must be measured with sufficient sensitivity to yield meaningful results. Temperature is important in any equation of state. The experiment should be isothermal. Contaminants or impurities must be very littlest. The pH and ionic strength and other properties of the solution should be constant.（4）S: the solidlike phaseLC: the liquid-condensed phaseI: the intermediate liquid phaseLE: the liquid-expanded phaseLE/G: the liquid-expanded/gaslikecoexistence regionG: the gaslike phase2. 堆积参数与胶体结构之间的关系。Critical packing parameterCritical packing shapeStructure formed1Inverted truncated cone or wedgeInverted micelles3. 胶体体系结构之间的转化。4. 胶化是否有用？举例说明（23个）。Colloid is widespread in nature especially in biosphere. It keeps close touch with human life and environment. The application of colloid is very broad. Many important m