语言学第六章Part One.ppt

Teachingaim FOREIGNLANGUAGESCOLLEGE PartOne Chapter6LanguageandCognition Teachingpoints Introducetothestudentslanguagecomprehension discourseinterpretationsandlanguageproduction Thestudentsaretohavethemainideasoflanguageprocessinginmind Whatiscognition Whatispsycholinguistics Commonalitiesbetweenlanguageandcognition 1 Sensorimotorstage birthto2years Thechild scognitivesystemislimitedtomotorreflexesatbirth 感觉运动阶段 儿童的认知系统局限于出生时的运动反射 2 Preoperationalstage 2 7years Childrenacquirerepresentationalskillsandespeciallylanguage 前运算期 获得表达能力 特别是语言能力 3 Concreteoperationalstage 6 7 11 12 Childrenareabletounderstandconcreteproblemsandtakemultipleperspectivesintoaccount 具体运算期4 Formaloperationalstage 11 12toadult Atthisstagechildrenarecapableoflogical theoretical andabstractcognitiveoperations 形式运算期 能够进行逻辑 理论和抽象的认知运算 childhoodcognitivedevelopment Piaget inLatin cognoscere toknow toconceptualize or torecognize thescientifictermfor theprocessofthought referstoafacultyfortheprocessingofinformation applyingknowledge andchangingpreferences Cognition orcognitiveprocesses canbenaturalorartificial consciousorunconscious Theseprocessesareanalyzedfromdifferentperspectiveswithindifferentcontexts Wikipedia cognition 4 1 Mentalprocesses informationprocessing2 Mentalprocessorfacultyofknowing includingawareness perception reasoning andjudgment cognition 3approachestothestudyoflanguageandcognition 5 Theformalapproach structuralpatterns includingthestudyofmorphological syntactic andlexicalstructure Thepsychologicalapproach languagefromtheviewofgeneralsystemsrangingfromperception memory attention andreasoning Italsoinvestigateslanguagebothforitsformalpropertiesandforitsconceptualproperties Eg Analysisofsemanticmemory theassociationofconcepts thestructureofcategories inferencegenerationandconceptualknowledge Theconceptualapproach howlanguagestructures processes patterns conceptualcontent 6 Psychologicalaspectsoflanguage Psychologicalstatesandmentalactivitywiththeuseoflanguage Psycholinguistics PsycholinguisticsbelongstoMacrolinguistics 1 Psycholinguistics2 Sociolinguistics3 Anthropologicallinguistics4 ComputationalLinguistics Aninter disciplinaryScience 9 Languageacquisition L1 L2 LanguagecomprehensionLanguageproductionLanguagedisordersLanguageandThoughtNeurocognition Sixsubjectsofresearch Researchesinlanguageacquisition 1 Diaries CharlesDarwin 2 Taperecorders 3 Videosandcomputers Eg Dr DebRoy MIT 11 2 1LanguageAcquisition Mainaccomplishments ControlofthespeechmusculatureandsensitivitytothePhoneticdistinctionsinparents language One wordstage objects actions motions routines Atthisstage childrenrealizethatsoundsarerelatedtomeanings 1 Holophrasticstage aw not no b m up da dog sa socks aj j light io sio Cheerios baw daw down haj hi s spray sr shirt sweater s what sthat hey look ma mommy d daddy Fromkin V Rodman R Hymans N 2007 AnIntroductiontoLanguage 8thEd Singapore Beijing Thompson PUP wordsofJ P 16months E gWhenJ P says down Hemaybemakingarequesttobeputdown orhemaybecommentingonatoythathasfallendownfromtheshelf Whenhesays cheerios hemaysimplebenamingtheboxofcerealinfrontofhimormaybeaskingforit Thissuggeststhatchildrenhaveamorecomplexmentalrepresentationthantheirlanguageatthispointallowsthemtoexpress Fromkin V Rodman R Hymans N 2007 AnIntroductiontoLanguage 8thEd Singapore Beijing Thompson PUP One wordutterancesseemtoconveyamorecomplexmessage 2 Two wordstage P1191 Vocabularygrowth 2 Primitivesyntax 15 Two wordstage around18m Ageinmonths25 danittsi 26 mob sgo d digo 27 dobajmi ajgattudjus d ders niber 28 ajgatpwedis mamistakmens Don teat the chip Wherebusgo Where Daddygo Don tbite kiss me Igottwo glassesof juice Sonnycolor eda bear I am play ingwith this Mommytalk edtothe men 17 Givedoggiepaper Puttruckwindow Tractorgofloor 3 Three word utterancestage 18 Telegraphicspeech withoutfunctionwords Whatthat Andrewwantthat Notsithere Embedoneconstituentinsideanother Givedoggiepaper Givebigdoggiepaper 4 Fluentgrammaticalconversationstage Usemorefunctionwords missingfunctionwordsandinflectioninthebeginningbutgooduse 90 bytheageof3 withafullrangeofsentencetypes Thecorrectuseofwordorder casemarkingandagreementrulesshowsthateventhoughchildrenmayoftenomitfunctionmorphemes theyareawareofconstituentstructureandsyntacticrules Allpartsofalllanguageareacquiredbeforethechildturnsfour 20 2 2Languagecomprehension informationaboutthepropertiesofwords retrievablewhenunderstandinglanguageForexample wemayusemorphologicalrulestodecomposeacomplexwordlikerewritablethefirstfewtimesweencounteritandafterseveralexposureswemaystoreandaccessitasaunitorword Itmeansthatfrequencyofexposuredeterminesourabilitytorecallstoredinstances Mentallexicon readersusethesamesystemoflinksbetweenspellingunitsandsoundunitstogenerate 产生 thepronunciationsofwrittenwords liketoveandtoaccessthepronunciationsoffamiliarwordslikestove orwordsthatareexceptionstothesepatterns likelove Similarityandfrequencyplayimportantrolesinprocessingandcomprehendinglanguage withthenovelitemsbeingprocessedbasedontheirsimilaritytotheknownones Connectionism连接机制 1 Cohortmodel 集群理论模式 Marslen Wilson Welsh 1990 Thefirstfewphonemesofaspokenwordactivateasetofwordcandidatesthatareconsistentwiththeinput Wordrecognition词语识别 2 Interactivemodel 交互模型 HigherprocessinglevellowerprocessinglevelLexicalknowledgephonemes3 Racemodel 竞争模型 Pre lexicalroutelexicalrouteLower levelprocessingword levelprocessing Serialmodels 串行模型 thesentencecomprehensionsystemcontinuallyandsequentiallyfollowsconstraintsofalanguage sgrammar Comprehensionofsentences句子理解 Parallelmodels并行模型 emphasizethatthecomprehensionsystemissensitivetoavastrangeofinformation includinggrammatical lexical andcontextual aswellasknowledgeofthespeaker writerandoftheworldingeneral Itisgenerallyacknowledgedthatlistenersandreadersintegrategrammaticalandsituationalknowledgeinunderstandingasentence Comprehensionoftext语篇理解 Resonancemodel 共振模型 Informationinlong termmemoryisautomaticallyactivatedbythepresenceofmaterialthatapparentlybearsaroughsemanticre