大学跨文化交际UniinroducionPPT课件.ppt

1 InterculturalCommunication UnderstandingCulturesCulturalMetaphors文化的比喻 Presentation2 CultureisaBridge Plan 1 Timeschedule 36periodsinoneterm4periods 2周 foreachunit2 EvaluationwillbebasedonAttendance participationandhomework 20 casestudyMidterm exam 30 paperFinal exam 50 2 Courseexpectations tasks 1 previewthetext lookingupthenewwordsandexpressionsbeforeclass preparewhattheteacherhasaskedyoutodo2 takeanactivepartinclassdiscussionsandperformances 3 Chooseandreadatleastonerecommendedtextbook 1 跨文化交际英语教程 主编 许力生 上海外语教育 20042 CommunicationBetweenCultures LarryA Samovar 外研社 2002年7月 3 跨文化交际学概论 胡文仲 外语教学与研究出版社 1999年11月4 跨文化交际学 贾玉新 上海外语教育出版社5 跨文化交际研究 与英美人交往指南 林大津 福建人民出版社 2008 4 CaseStudies ShowingConcernFirstOfferSamelanguage differentbehavior 5 Showingconcern 6 AbabyboomerisapersonwhowasbornduringthedemographicPost WorldWarIIbabyboombetweentheyears1946and1959 在二战之前出生的美国人较为传统 被称为SilentGeneration 沉静的一代 二战后的美国百废待兴 很多男性从战场返乡 结婚生子 创造了美国史无前例的babyboom 婴儿潮 而在此期间出生的孩子则被称为babyboomer 婴儿潮世代 人们将战后新生活的希望寄托在babyboomers身上 因此他们从小就受到良好的教育 长大之后在美国诸多领域挑大梁 而目前babyboomers大都面临退休 使社会养老负担加重 7 而在babyboom之后 接踵而至的是babybust 生育低谷 在babybust这段时期出生的孩子被称为GenerationX 被遗忘的一代 或X一代 20世纪60年代到70年代初出生的美国人 这代人成长的过程 恰逢美国社会风气偏向于个人价值的体现和个人幸福的实现 因此他们身上有着不同程度的不负责任 冷漠和物质主义等特点 GenerationY Y一代 是在GenerationX之后出生的美国人 他们出生于20世纪七八十年代 伴随着计算机以及互联网的成长而成长 有人认为Y一代有着更开放的文化价值观 和新的消费方式和行为方式 而也有些人认为他们更加以自我为中心 缺乏同情心和责任感 8 9 Whatisculture ThreeIngredients artifacts人造物品concepts beliefs values worldviews behaviore g Whereasthemoneyisconsideredanartifact thenvalueplacedonitisaconcept theactualspendingandsavingofthemoneyisbehavior 10 TheNatureofCulture Thinkaboutthefollowingsimilesandmetaphors howdoyouthinkcultureisrelatedtothereferences 1 Cultureislikeaniceberg 2 Cultureisoursoftware 3 Cultureislikethewaterafishswimsin 4 Cultureisthegrammarofourbehavior 11 12 1 TheCulturalIceberg 13 14 CultureLikeanIceberg a Objectiveculture history literature andcustoms visible observable smallpart b Subjectiveculture feelingsandattitudesaboutthings invisible largepart 15 finearts literature drama classicalmusic popularmusic folkdancing games cooking dress 2 eyebehavior contextualconversationpatterns socialinteractionrate facialexpressions ObjectiveCulture 16 1 notionsofmodesty conceptionofbeauty idealofchildrearing relationshipstoanimals 2 patternsofsuperior subordinaterelations definitionofsin courtshippractices conceptionofjustice incentivestowork notionsofleadership tempoofwork groupdecision making SubjectiveCulture 17 3 conceptionofcleanliness attitudestowardsdependents theoryofdisease approachestoproblem solving conceptionofstatusmobility statusdesignationsbasedonage sex class occupation kinship etc 4 natureoffriendship orderingoftime conceptof self preferenceforcompetitionorcooperation bodylanguage notionsaboutlogicandvalidity patternsofhandlingemotions SubjectiveCulture 18 CulturalIceberg 1 美术 文学 戏剧 古典音乐 流行隐喻 民间舞蹈 饮食 服饰2 目光 语境谈话方式 社交频率 面部表情 1 谦虚观念 美的概念 子女抚养标准 与动物的关系2 上下级关系模式 罪恶的定义 求爱方式 工作的积极性 友谊的性质 对领导的看法 工作节奏 集体决策3 整洁的概念 对依赖的态度 疾病理论 解决问题方法 地位变化看法 因年龄 性别 阶级 职业 亲属关系等 社会地位的称谓4 朋友的意义 时间观念 对 个人 的看法 对竞争和合作的偏爱 肢体语言 对逻辑和信度的概念 控制情感的模式 19 2 TheCulturalSoftware 20 1 Thebasicoperatingsystemthatmakesushuman 2 Humansaroundtheworldarephysicallythesame universal 3 Physicalselvesarethehardware 4 Homecultureprogramsusandprovesusthesoftware 5 Aninfantisapotentialhumanatbirthandbecomearealhumanwithculture 6 Thecomputerstopsworkingasaresultofitsincompatibilitywithsomeoneelse ssoftware OperatingSystem 21 3 TheCulturalFish 22 a Thefishnoticeseverythingexceptthewaterheisswimmingin b Thefishtakesthewaterforgranted c Wetakeeverythingaroundusforgranted CultureLiketheWateraFishSwimsin 23 Thesameistrueforus Ourcultureissomuchapartofwhoweareandwhattheworldislikeforusthatwedonotnoticeit Wetakeitforgranted FishSwimminginWater 24 4 TheCultureinourOwnStory 25 5 Cultureisthestorywetellourselvesaboutourselves a Everyculturalgrouphasastoryforunderstandingwhotheyareandwhattheworldislike b Thestoryistoldintheirfolklorearts inpoliticsandinintimateconversation c Whatissignificantisthatpeopletellthestorytoshowthemselvesandotherswhotheyare TheCultureinourOwnStory 26 TheCultureinourOwnStory 27 ChineseDragonspowerful brave all conquering TheCultureinourOwnStory 28 WesternDragonFerocious frightening terrible TheCultureinourOwnStory 29 5 TheCultureUnderstoodbyChinese 30 TheCulturebyChinese a writerorspeakershowsherlearningbyquotingfamouspeoplefromthepast b atreasureofgreatworksandculturalachievements 31 32 TheAnalectsofConfucius 33 DaoDejing 34 OutlawsoftheMarsh 35 TheStoryoftheStone 36 TheRomanceofThreeKingdoms 37 JourneytotheWest ThefirstpresidentoftheUnitedStates GeorgeWashington isoftenreferredtoastheFatherofAmerica 38 6 TheCultureUnderstoodbyAmericans Fightfordemocracyandfreedom 39 第32任总统富兰克林 D 罗斯福 FranklinD Roosevelt 1882 1 30 1945 4 12 一直被视为美国历史上最伟大的总统之一 是20世纪美国最受民众期望和受爱戴的总统 也是美国历史上惟一连任4届总统的人 任职长达12年 是惟一一个坐在轮椅上领导美国的总统 他是身残志坚的代表人 因患脊髓灰质炎 俗称 小儿麻痹 致残 也受到世界人民的尊敬 Values self reliant freedom diversity risk takingandinnovative 40 TheCulturebyAmericans a usinganout of datemetaphorrevealsyoutobeoutofdateb afastmovingtrain keepingupwiththetrain 41 CableNewsNetwork 24小时全球报道 美国政府宣传工具 在中国 民众批评CNN网站在报道2008年西藏骚乱时 采用了裁剪照片 且认为节目主持人发表不当言论 Fast foodculture culturalcolonization Basketballculture 做人不能太 CNN BillGates takingriskandinnovative 42 TheattitudesbyforeignerstowardsChinesePeople generalization SavingFace Hardworking Formal 43 TheattitudesbyforeignerstowardsChinesePeople Insensitivetotime Tendingtomisunderstand Beatingaboutthebush说话拐弯抹角 44 TheattitudesbyforeignerstowardsChinesePeople Beingdoubtful不明确表态 含糊其辞 Beatingcontent 45 TheattitudesbyforeignerstowardsChinesePeople Neverkissedparents Shanzaieverywhere 47 TheattitudesbyChinesetowardsWesterners Kissandhuganytimeandanywhere GoingDutch 48 TheattitudesbyChinesetowardsWesterners Beingpunctual Mindyourownbusiness Toofrank 49 CulturesDefined SIMILAR DIFFERENT Humanbeingsareuniquebutindividualswhoshareacommonculturetendtoperceiveandinterprettheworldsimilarlyordifferently 50 1 DefiningCulturefromtheAnthropologicalPerspective Cultureconsistsofpatterns explicitandimplicit ofandforbehavioracquiredandtransmittedbysymbols constitutingthedistinctiveachievementofhumangroups includingtheirembodimentsinartifacts theessentialcoreofcultureconsistsoftraditionalideasandespeciallytheirattachedvalues KroeberandKluckhohn1952年 美国学者AlfredLouisKroeber与ClydeKluckhohn在他们的著作 文化 关于概念和定义的评述 中总结了164条文化定义 上述是他们自己对文化的定义 51 Activity TranslationTranslateKroeberandKluckhohn sdefinitionofcultureintoChinese 文化由外显和内隐的行为模式构成 这种行为模式通过象征符号而获得和传播 文化代表了人类群体的显著成就 包括它们在人造器物中的体现 文化的核心部分是传统观念 尤其是它们带来的价值观念 52 2 DefiningCulturefromthePsychologicalPerspective cultureis thecollectiveprogrammingofthemindwhichdistinguishesthemembersofonecategoryofpeoplefromanother GeertHofstedeGeertHofstedeisaninfluentialDutchsocialpsychologistandanthropologist Heisawell knownpioneerinhisresearchofcross culturalgroupsandorganizations 53 3 DefiningCulturefromtheSociologicalPerspective Accordingtothesocialscientists Cultureisdefinedasapatternoflearned group relatedperception includingbothverbalandnonverballanguageattitudes values beliefsystem disbeliefsystems andbehavior 54 Activity KeywordsFindoutthekeywordssharedbythethreedefinitionsabove Writethemdownandtrytomakeupyourowndefinitionofcultureaccordingtothekeywords Keywords 55 4 DefiningCulturefromtheInterculturalPerspective Cultureisasystemofsharedbeliefs values customs behavioursandartifactsthataretransmittedfromgenerationtogenerationthroughlearning BatesandPlog 56 CONCLUSION CULTUREIS AMAN SSECONDNATURE AWAYOFOVERCOMINGVULNERABILITY ACQUIREDTHROUGHSOCIALIZATIONTHUS MANISTHEPRODUCEROFCULTUREANDTHEPRODUCTOFCULTURE 57 TheCharacteristicsofCulture CultureisNotInnate itisLearned CultureisDynamicCultureispervasiveFacetsofCultureareInterrelatedCultureisEthnocentricCultureisadaptive 58 59 Whenthechildrenaregrowinginthecommunity theirculturaleducationisadvancedbywatchingsocialinteractions takingpartinculturalactivitiesandritualsinthecommunity formingtheirownrelationshipsandtakingtheirplaceintheculture 1 Cultureislearned 60 Itisnecessarytorecognizethatculturesaredynamicratherthanstatic Theyareconstantlychangingandevolvingundertheimpactofeventsandthroughcontactwithothercultures Cultureschangethroughthreemostcommonmechanisms innovation diffusion传播andacculturation文化互渗 calamity 2 Cultureissubjectivetochange E g 1 China spolicyofreformandopening up2 TheUnitedStates enteringWWII3 TheatomicbombinginJapaninWWII 3 CultureIsPervasive Liketheairwebreathe culturepenetratesintoeveryaspectofourlifeandinfluencesthewaywethink thewaywetalk andthewaywebehave 61 4 CultureIsIntegrated Wesometimesbreakdownandisolatevariouspartsofcultureandtalkaboutthemasiftheyareseparateparts However inreality culturefunctionsasanintegratedwholeanditissystemic 62 63 Ethnocentrismisthebeliefthatyourownculturalbackground includingwaysofanalyzingproblems values beliefs language andverbalandnonverbalcommunication iscorrect Ethnocentristsbelievetheircultureisthecentralcultureandotherculturesareincorrect ineffective orquaint奇怪的 5 Cultureisethnocentric 64 Historyofferssomanyexamplesofhowcultureshavechangedasaresultoflaws shiftsinvalues naturaldisasters wars orcalamities MoreandmorewomenworkasCEOsinmajorcompaniesandasofficialsingovernmentinsteadofremainingathomelookingafterchildren Bothwomenandmenhavemadeadaptationtothisculturalchange 6 Cultureisadaptive PartIICommunication ThedefinitionofcommunicationComponentsofcommunication 65 WesternPerspectiveofcommunicationEasternperspectiveofcommunication Thedefinitionofcommunication 66 WesternPerspectiveofcommunication Inwesterncultures communicationisstudiedasthemeansoftransmittingideas Westernculturesemphasizetheinstrumentalfunctionofcommunication thatis effectivenessisevaluatedintermsofsuccessinthemanipulationofotherstoachieveone spersonalgoal 67 Easternperspectiveofcommunication DefinitionsofcommunicationfrommanyAsiancountriesstress harmony whichismostnotableincultureswithaConfuciantradition Easterncultures understandingwoulddefinecommunicationasaprocesswhereallpartiesaresearchingtodevelopandmaintainasocialrelationship 68 PictureAnalysisWhatarethecomponentsofcommunicationreflectedinthefollowingpicture 69 2 Componentsofcommunication Asender sourceisthepersonwhotransmitsamessage Amessageisanysignalthattriggerstheresponseofareceiver Encodingreferstotheactivityduringwhichthesendermustchoosecertainwordsornonverbalmethodstosendanintentionalmessage Encoding 编码 Channel Medium 渠道 Channel Mediumisthemethodusedtodeliveramessage Message 信息 Sender Source 信息源 70 Decoding 解码 Decodingistheactivityduringwhichthereceiverattachesmeaningtothewordsorsymbolshe shehasreceived Receiver 信息接收者 Areceiverisanypersonwhonoticesandgivessomemeaningtoamessage Feedback 反馈 Theresponseofareceivertoasender smessageiscalledfeedback Noise 干扰 Noiseisatermusedforfactorsthatinterferewiththeexchangeofmessages includingexternalnoise physiologicalnoise psychologicalnoiseandsemanticnoise Noiseisinevitable 71 1 ExternalNoise Soundsthatdistractcommunicators voicesinthenextroom annoyingringofsomeone scellphoneinameeting etc Othertypesofexternalnoisethatdon tinvolvesound anovercrowdedroomorasmellycigar 2 PhysiologicalNoiseillnessesanddisabilities 3 PsychologicalNoiseforceswiththesenderorreceiverthatinterferewithunderstanding egotism hostility preoccupation fear etc 4 SemanticNoisecausedbyusingdifferentlanguages theuseofjargon differentunderstandingofthemessagedelivered etc 72 CharacteristicsofCommunication a Communicationisdynamicb Communicationissystematicc Communicationissymbolicd Communicationisirreversiblee Communicationistransactionalf Communicationisself reflectiveg Communicationiscontextual 73 a Communicationisdynamic Communicationisanongoingactivity Itisnotfixed Awordoractiondoesnotstayfrozenwhenyoucommunicate itisimmediatelyreplacedwithyetanotherwordoraction 74 b Communicationissystematic 系统性的 Communicationdoesnotoccurinisolationorinavacuum butratherispartofalargersystem Wesendandreceivemessagesnotinisolation butinaspecificsetting Settingandenvironmenthelpdeterminethewordsandactionswegenerate Dress language topicselection andthelikearealladaptedtocontext 75 c Communicationissymbolic 符号性的 Symbolsarecentraltothecommunicationprocessbecausetheyrepresentthesharedmeaningsthatarecommunicated Asymbolisaword action orobjectthatstandsfororrepresentsaunitofmeaning People sbehaviorsarefrequentlyinterpretedsymbolically asanexternalrepresentationoffeelings emotions andinternalstates 76 d Communicationisirreversible 不可逆转的 Communicationisanirreversibleprocess Wecanneverundowhathasalreadybeendone Althoughwemaytrytoqualify negate orsomehowreducetheeffectsofourmessage onceithasbeensentandreceived themessageitselfcannotbereversed 77 e Communicationistransactional 交互式的 Atransactionalviewholdsthatcommunicatorsaresimultaneouslysendingandreceivingmessagesateveryinstantthattheyareinvolvedinconversations 78 f Communicationisself reflective Humanbeingshaveauniqueabilitytothinkaboutthemselves towatchhowtheydefinetheworld andtoreflectontheirpast present andfuture 79 g Communicationiscontextual 情境的 Allcommunicationtakesplacewithinasettingorsituationcalledacontext Bycontext wemeantheplacewherepeoplemeet thesocialpurposeforbeingtogether andthenatureoftherelationship Thusthecontextincludesthephysical social andinterpersonalsettings 80 CultureandCommunication 81 8