英语六级语法重点讲解模板.doc

大学英语六级语法重点讲解英语六级语法重点讲解特殊的虚拟语气词should1） It is demanded / necessary / a pity + that结构中的主语从句的谓语动词要用should 加动词原形， should 可省略。句型：(1)suggested(2)It isimportantthat+ (should) do(3) a pity(1)suggested, ordered, proposed, required, demanded, requested, insisted； + (should) do(2)important, necessary, natural, strange，a pity, a shame, no wonder(3)It is suggested that we (should) hold a meeting next week.It is necessary that he (should) come to our meeting tomorrow.2）在宾语从句中的应用在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中。order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist + (should) doI suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week.He insisted that he (should ) be sent there.注意： 如suggest, insist不表示建议 或坚持要某人做某事时，即它们用于其本意暗示、表明、坚持认为时，宾语从句用陈述语气。The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.判断改错:（错）You pale face suggests that you (should) be ill. (对) Your pale face suggests that you are ill. (错) I insisted that you ( should) be wrong. (对) I insisted that you were wrong.3）在表语从句，同位语从句中的应用 在suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should）+动词原形。My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference.I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.一般现在时代替完成时1) 有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时：hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say,remember.I hear (= have heard) he will go to London.I forget (=have forgotten) how old he is.2) 句型 It is since代替It has been since 3) It is (= has been) five years since we last met不定式的特殊句型so as to1） 表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。 Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job. 汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。 Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby. 轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。2)so kind as to -劳驾 Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 劳驾，现在几点了。None、few、some、any、one、ones的用法一、 none 无1) none作主语，多与of 构成短语 none of。 在答语中，none可单独使用。Are there any pictures on the wall?None.2) none作主语，谓语动词单复数均可。但如做表语，则其单复数与表语一致。It is none of your business.二、few 一些，少数few 作主语时，谓语动词用复数，多用于肯定句。三、some 一些1) 可与复数名词及不可数名词连用。2) 当做某一解时，也可与单数名词连用。（= a certain）You will be sorry for this some day.总有一天，你会后悔这件事的。A certain (some) person has seen you break the rule.某些人不同意你的看法。注意：(1)在肯定疑问句中用some代替any。(2)some用于其他句式中: a.肯定疑问句中：说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的，或期望得到肯定回答时。Would you like句式中，表委婉请求或建议，如： Would you like some coffee? b.在条件状语从句中表示确定的意义时，如： If you need some help，let me know. c. some位于主语部分, Some students havent been there before. d. 当否定的是整体中的部分时，some可用于否定句。如： I havent heard from some of my old friends these years. 这些年我没有收到一些老朋友的信。四、any 一些1)any 多用于否定句和疑问句和条件状语从句中。当句中含有任何的意思时，any可用于肯定句。Here are three novels. You may read any.这有三本小说，你可任读一本。五、one, ones 为复数形式ones必须和形容词连用。如果替代的名词时无形容词在前，则用some, any，而不用ones。Have you bought any rulers?Yes，I ve bought some.Only在句首要倒装的情况Only in this way, can you learn English well.Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.不定代词every、no、all、both、neither、nor的用法1）不定代词有all , both, every, each, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, another, other, some, any , one, no 以及some, something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone.等。2） 不定代词的功能与用法a.除every 和no外不定代词既可用作名词，也可用作形容词。every和no在句中只能作定语。I have no idea about it.b.all 都，指三者以上。all 的主谓一致：all的单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复数决定。All goes well. 一切进展得很好。all 通常不与可数名词单数连用，如：不说 all the book，而说 the whole book。但all可与表时间的可数名词单数连用，如 all day，all night，all the year； 但习惯上不说 all hour，all century。all还可以与一些特殊的单数名词连用，如 all China，all the city，all my life， all the way3） both都，指两者。a.both 与复数动词连用，但 both and可与单数名词连用。b.both, all 都可作同位语，其位置在行为动词前， be 动词之后。如果助动词或情态动词后面的实义动词省 去，则位于助动词或情态动词之前。Who can speak Japanese?We both (all) can.4）neither两者都不a.neither作主语时，谓语动词用单数。b. 作定语与单数名词连用，但neither nor 用作并列连词，可与复数名词连用。其谓语采用就近原则。c.可用于下列句型，避免重复。She cant sing，neither (can) he.neither 与nord.如前句是否定式从句，则主句用neither，而不用 nor。If you dont do it，neither should I.如果你不干，我也不干。e. 如后连续有几个否定句式，则用nor，不用neither。He cant sing，nor dance，nor skate.比较may和might1） 表示允许或请求；表示没有把握的推测；may 放在句首，表示祝愿。May God bless you!He might be at home.注意： might 表示推测时，不表示时态。只是可能性比may 小。2） 成语： may/might as well，后面接不带to 的不定式，意为不妨。If that is the case, we may as well try.典型例题Peter _come with us tonight, but he isnt very sure yet.A. mustB. may C. can D. will答案B. 表可能性只能用may.此句意可从后半句推出。though, although的用法注意： 当有though, although时，后面的从句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用Although its raining, they are still working in the field.虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。He is very old, but he still works very hard.虽然他很老，但仍然努力地工作。Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.伤口虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。 （谚语）典型例题1） _she is young, she knows quite a lot.A. WhenB. However C. Although D. Unless答案：C。意为虽然她很年轻，却知道许多。2)as, though 引导的倒装句as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.= Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.注意： a.句首名词不能带任何冠词。b.句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.= Though he tries hard, he never seems虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做的不尽人意。3)ever if, even though.即使Well make a trip even though the weather is bad.4) whetheror- 不管都Whether you believe it or not, it is true.5)no matter +疑问词 或疑问词+后缀everNo matter what happened, he would not mind.Whatever happened, he would not mind.替换：no matter what = whateverno matter who = whoeverno matter when = wheneverno matter where = whereverno matter which = whicheverno matter how = however注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。（错）No matter what you say is of no use now.（对）Whatever you say is of no use now.你现在说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主语从句)（错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what theyre given,（对）Prisoners have to eat whatever theyre given.囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。从so do I 谈起 两人对话，乙方对甲方的问话常可用简短回答作出 反应。例如： Do you like it? - Yes，I do.这同样适用于陈述句的场合： You worry too much- No，I dont.在后一种情况下，乙方也能Sodo主语之类 的结构表示看法。 例如甲方说我喜欢苹果，乙方 如果想表示我也喜欢苹果，英语可以说：A：I like apples.B：So do I（ I like apples，too。）这里的so在意义上相当于in the same way，即同样、 也那样，作简短反应表示同样看法时常用之。就诸如此类的四种结构略作介绍。1Sodo主语结构 在简短反应中表示我也如此或另外一个人也 如此时，也就是主语不同于上文的主语以及上 文并无可用于构成倒装的动词（即操作词时）， 可用此结构。例如： A：I like playing football. B：So do I./So does my brother./So did my father. 如果上文有可用于构成倒装的动词时，则用相同 的动词或根据不同人称用同类的动词。 I must go - So must I. John can speak French-So can I. Ive got a new car-So has John. She is clever.- So is he.2Neither/Nor do 主语 结构 如果上文表示否定意义而在简短反应中表示同样 看法时，可用此结构。例如，甲方说I cant swim， 乙方如果想表示我也不会游泳，英语可以说 Neither can I. / Nor can I（I cant either）。 又例如： A：He doesnt speak French. B：Neither/Nor do I. Neither/Nor does my brother. Neither/Nor does my father. 关于以上两种结构，有两点说明： 第一，能用动词缩略形式。例如： Im going to London. -Sos John。(is) Ive been to New York. -Sos John.(has) Id have gone to Tokyo if I could-Sod John.(would) John hasnt got a visa. -Norve do I(have) Jim and Mary arent acting in the college play. -Neithers Peter.(is)第二，上述甲乙对话如用and连成一句可出自一人 之口。例如： John can speak French and so cant I. John cant speak French and neither/ nor can I. John speaks French and so do I. John doesnt speak French and neither/nor do I. 上述斜体部分相当于and I can, too / and I cant either / and I do too / and I dont either 的意思。3So主语do结构 在简短反应中，对别人所说的情况加以肯定以及 主语与上文主语相同时，可用此结构，注意，这 里不用倒装同序；so 的意义相当于indeed, certainly，即不错、对了。例如： A：John smokes a lot. B: So he does(=He smokes a lot indeed.) 这类简短反应往往带有说话人的惊奇口吻。例如： A：Look，its raining! B: So it is. 在这里，So it is的含义是 You are right! It is raining；and this surprises me.more than的用法a)接名词，意为“不仅，不止”，有and的意思。He was more than a scientist, but was a poet.他不仅是为科学家，还是个诗人。b)接数词，意为“.以上”。More than twenty people were injured in the accident.20多人在事故中受伤。c)接形容词，意为“非常，十分”。He was more than pleased with her performance.他对她的表演非常满意。d)接含can的从句，意为“如此.不能；.得不”。The beauty of the place is more than I can describe.那地方美得无法形容。e)接动词，意为“不仅是.而且还.”。They decide to do more than talk about the rise of the cheating.主谓倒装句的应用 主语和谓语是句子的核心，它们之间有两种语序：一是主语在谓语之前称为自然语序（Natural Order）；二是主语在谓语之后则称为倒装语序（Inverted Order）。而倒装语序中又有全部倒装（Full Inversion）和部分倒装（Partial Inversion）两种情况。 首先，在全部倒装的句子中，要把整个谓语放在主语的前面去而构成倒装语序。 例如： There are large numbers of students in the lecture hall. 在There be的句式中，There只是个引导词而不是主语，真正的主语是后面作表语的名词或者名词短语。因此，There be的句式都是全部倒装的句子。）演讲厅里有大量的学生。 When he ran to the door, there stood a mid-aged man with a lantern in his hand .（此句是为了描述情节的需要，把倒装当着修辞的手段而写成了全部倒装句。句子的主语是a mid-aged man，谓语是stood 。）当他向房门跑去时，那儿正立着一位手里拿着一盏灯笼的中年男人。另外，在部分倒装的句子中，只把谓语的一部分（如情态动词、助动词、或是系动词be）放到主语的前面去，构成倒装语序。例如：Are you going to take part in the football match against Accounting Department on Friday afternoon? （句子的谓语是are going to take part，are是句子的谓语的一部分；句子的主语是you 。所以，此句是部分倒装的句子。疑问句都是部分倒装句。）你打算去参加星期五与会计系进行的足球赛吗？Hardly could he finish his test paper when the school bell rang .（由于语法要求的原因，本句写成了部分倒装的句子。它的自然语序应该是：When the bell rang, he could hardly finish his test paper.）他还未做完试卷，下课铃就响了。了解了倒装语序的构成情况后，我们再来看看倒装语序在各种不同类句子中的使用情况：A. 在疑问句中各种疑问句一般地说都是倒装语序。例如：Will they come to see us this weekend ? 这个周末他们将来看我们吗？Are you talking about the film you saw last Monday ?你们是在谈论你们上周一看的那部电影吗？Can you speak another foreign language except English?除开英语，你还能说另一种外语吗？Where did you buy the dictionary, in the book store nearby or in Xinhua bookstore?你在哪儿买的这本词典，是在附近的书店还是在新华书店？She is not a student, isnt she ? 她不是个学生，对吗？B. 在感叹句中某些感叹句也用倒装语序。例如：Isnt it a beautiful garden ! 多么美丽的花园啊！What a beautiful garden it is ! 多么美丽的花园啊！（在这种句式中，主语在谓语之前，属于自然语序。对于主语和谓语而言，语序没有倒装。）Have you ever seen such a naughty kid like him !你见过那个孩子像他这么调皮！C. 在陈述句中 陈述句在一般情况下用自然语序；但由于英语语法的某些原因，陈述句也要使用倒装语序。这些原因大致可以归纳 1) 为了避免句子部分内容不必要的重复，常用so + be动词（助动词、情态动词）+主语或neither / nor + be动词（助动词、情态动词）+主语的倒装句式。其中第一个句式表示与前面所述的肯定情况相同， 第二个句式表示与前面所述的否定情况相同。例如： His brother is a college student; so is mine. 他弟弟是大学生，我弟弟也是。 His brother is not a college student; nor is min . 他弟弟不是大学生，我弟弟也不是。 He used to have his further study abroad; so did I. 他曾去国外深造过，我也去过。 He didnt use to have his further study abroad; neither did I. 他没去国外深造过，我也没有。 One of my friends can speak three foreign languages; so can his wife. 我的一个朋友会说三门外国语，他的妻子也会。 One of my friends cannot speak three foreign languages; neither can his wife .我的一个朋友不会说三门外国语，他的妻子也不会。 They are now preparing for their final examinations; so are we . 他们正在为期末考试作准备，我们也一样。 They are not now preparing for their final examinations; nor are we . 他们没在为期末考试作准备，我们也没有。2）具有否定意义的词或短语置于句首时（除否定词修饰主语外），句子一般要写成部分倒装句。这类词或短语常见的有：not, never, seldom, hardly, rarely, scarcely, by no means, under no circumstances, in no way, at no time, no sooner (than), hardly (when), not only (but also), not until ,等。例如： Hardly had she sat down when she heard someone knocking at the door . 她还没来得及坐下来，就听见有人敲门。 Not until twelve oclock did he go to bed last night . 他昨晚直到十二点钟才睡觉。 Never have my sisters been to Hong Kong before . 我的妹妹们以前从未去过香港。 No sooner had I returned home from New Zealand than I bought a house and went to live there.我从新西兰一回国，就买了一栋房子并在那儿住下了。So far as I know, seldom does Mary come back to see her mother. 就我所知，玛利几乎很难回来看她妈妈。 Scarcely a drop of rain fell here last fall . （否定词修饰主语时，句子不用倒装。） 去年秋天，这儿几乎没下一滴雨。英语中否定句的用法1) 一般否定句I dont know this. No news is good news.There is no person /not a person/not any person in the house.2)特指否定He went to his office, not to see him.I am sorry for not coming on time.I dont think/believe/suppose/feel/imagine you are right.3)部分否定I dont know all of them.I cant see everybody/everything.All the answers are not right.（并非所有答案都对。）All is not gold that glitters. （闪光的不一定都是金子。）Both of them are not right.（并非两人都对。）4)全体否定None of my friends smoke.I can see nothing/nobody.Nothing can be so simple as this.Neither of them is right.5) 延续否定You didnt see him, neither/nor did I.You dont know, I dont know either.He doesnt know English, let alone/to say nothing of/not to speak of French.6) 半否定句We seldom/hardly/scarcely/barely hear such fine singing.I know little English.I saw few people.7) 双重否定You cant make something out of nothing.Whats done cannot be undone.There is no sweet without sweat.No gain without pains.I cant help /keep/ laughing whenev