wriingcauseandeffecPPT课件.ppt

Writingstrategies 1 Writingtechniquesemployedinthearticle1 Repetitionofkeywords Lock 2 ComparisonandcontrastPara1vs Para4Para10vs Para11Para12vs 13 2 TextACause EffectStructureCause fearanddistrustEffect varioussecuritydeviceswhichinturnmaketheAmericansprisonersoftheirownmaking 3 3 Cleverwaystothreadhisnarrationbackandforthbetweenthepastandthecentralargument a tensechangeb aphrasethatindicatedanoldhabitincontrastwithaphraseindicatingthecurrentstate usedtov nolongerc Summarysentences Itwasn talwayslikethat P12 4 CauseandEffect TimeSequence SequentialActions AGeneralStatementwithListofExamples AGeneralPrincipleSupportedbyAnExample ProblemSolution ATopicSupportedbyDetails ComparisonandContrast ParagraphWriting 5 ParagraphDevelopmentbyCauseandEffect 6 Procedure Stepsforwritingacauseandeffectessay 1 Distinguishbetweencauseandeffect 2 Developyourthesisstatement 3 Findandorganizesupportingdetails 4 Usingappropriatetransitions Chronological 按年代顺序排列的 Orderofimportance Categorical 按类别顺序的 7 effectsThereforesoasaresult consequentlyaccordinglybecauseofthisThus henceforthisreasonresultin causesduetobecauseofowingtoasaresultofonaccountofforonthegroundofThroughBecausesinceasonthegroundthat TransitionalWordsandPhrases 8 常用于因果分析法的连接词because becauseof for since dueto owingto thanksto asaresult of accordingly hence so thus therefore consequently forthisreasonForonething foranother Thefirstreasonisthat thesecondoneis Itismainly partly becauseof Itisnotthat butthat Itisnotbecause butbecause Thisiswhy 9 therefore consequently asaresult andforthisreason通常后面接逗号Theweatherwascold therefore Sallyclosedthewindow Theweatherwascold Therefore Sallyputonhercoat Theweatherwascold Consequently Sallyputonherscarf Ablizzardhitthetown Asaresult theschoolswereclosed Since because置于表示原因的句子前 句后用逗号 Becausetheweatheroutsidewascold Sallyclosedthewindow so前面的句子后加逗号Theweatherwaswarm soJimturnedontheairconditioner 10 高级句型 TwomajorfactorscontributedtodevastatingsummerfloodingalongtheYangtzeRiveranditstributaries First erosionresultingfromexcessivedeforestationintheupperreachesoftheriverand second heavysiltingwhichraisedtheriverbedinthemainchannel 两个主要因素导致了夏季长江及其支流的特大洪水 第一 过度砍伐引起的河流上游的侵蚀 第二 严重的泥沙淤积抬高了主干道的河床 Greedandatotallackofsocialconsciousnesshavebeencitedasmajorreasonsforthedramaticrisecorruption 人们认为贪婪和社会意识的彻底缺乏是造成腐败急剧增加的主要原因 11 Identifyingthereasonsforanemergingphenomenonwhichinvolvesseveralcomplicatedfactorsisfarfromaneasytask Forexample somescientistsattributeenvironmentaldeteriorationtoaseriesofnaturalfactors whileothersplacetheblamesolely 独自的 单独的 oninappropriatehumanbehavior 要找到涉及许多复杂因素的新现象的原因远非一件易事 例如 一些科学家把环境的恶化归结为一些自然因素 而另一些人把责任都推在人类不适当的行为上 高级句型 12 Theexplanationforthephenomenonoftherisingteenagesuiciderateinvolvesmanycomplicatedfactors Someattributetherisetoanoveremphasisonearlysuccess otherspointtomountingpeerpressure andstillotherstoconfusionoverchangingsocialvalues 对上升的少年自杀率的解释涉及很多复杂的因素 有的人把上升的原因归结为过分强调少年时期的成功 有的人指出是因为不断增长的同伴之间的压力 还有人认为是对不断变化的社会价值的迷茫造成的 高级句型 13 TrytorecitealltheusefulsentencestructuresIprovideyou 14 TypesoftheCause EffectPattern 15 CasualChain 16 Jim sfatherhasabadtemper andheoftenbeatJim smotherandthekids familyviolence Jim smotherleavesJim sfather takingthechildrenwithher 17 WithonlyJim smother sincome thefamilyhaslessmoney sothefamilyexperiencesfinancialproblems Jim smothermovesinwithherboyfriendtohelpthefamilyfinances 18 Jimfeelsunwantedinhisnewhomeandrunsaway ahomelesschild 19 cause effect cause effect cause effect cause effect CasualChain themostimmediateeffect 20 Cause因 Effect果 21 PeerPressureSinceIattendcollege Ifeelmoreandmorepeerpressure WhileIusedtobeatopstudentinseniorhighschool andwasalwayspraisedbyteachersandenviedbypeers nowIfindtherearealotoftalentedpeersincollegeandIamtemporarilyandrelativelypoorinacademicperformance Therefore IfeelthatIhavechangedfromaherotoazero contemporary 22 Cause EffectRelation Topic peerpressure Effect 23 24 Whathassparkedtheincreasinginterestinexercise Foronething peoplehavegainedagreaterawarenessoftheneedforphysicalfitness Foranother theconstantlyimprovingstandardoflivingenablesChinesepeopletopatronizetheincreasingnumberofrecreationalvenues Themainthingperhapscentersonthehealthcareandpsychologicalbenefitsexerciseprovides 什么引发了人们对锻炼越来越浓的兴趣 一方面 人们更加清楚地意识到保持身体健康的必要性 另一方面 不断提高的生活水平使中国人能够支付增加的娱乐支出 最主要的可能在于锻炼带来的保健和心理上的好处 高级句型 25 Effect Cause1 Cause2 Cause3 26 Cause EffectRelation Topic Mylearningexperienceinjuniormiddleschool Effect 27 28 Thedeepimpactofopeningtotheoutsideworldisreadilydiscernibleinanumberofareas theadoptionofmanyWesternhabits bothgoodandbad changingsocialandmoralvalues thetrendtowardsindividualism andtheintroductionofstate of the artconceptsandtechnology ThekeytoadoptingWesternwaycentersonacceptingthegoodandrejectingthebad 对外开放的深刻影响在许多方面都能看到 模仿西方的习惯 包括好的和坏的 改变社会和道德价值观 个人主义的趋势 引进已发展的概念和技术 采取西方方式的关键在于取其精华 去其糟粕 高级句型 29 2020 1 3 30 因果型段落的结构 主题句 果 果因 型语段段主题句 因 因果 型语段主题句 果 发展句分析因 再次归纳论点 果 因 果 型语段 因 果 因 果 型语段 31 ThereisnolifeonEarth S1 Foronething Earth ssurfaceintheareaofManhattan 曼哈顿 iscomposedofsolidconcrete 混凝土 andnothingcangrowthere S2 Foranother theatmosphereisfilledwithcarbonmonoxide 一氧化碳 andotherdeadlygasesandnobodycouldpossiblybreathethisairandsurvive S3 topicsentence主题 S1 effect 果 S2 S3 cause2 因 cause1 因 分析 主题句 果 果因 型语段 32 Thefurtheradvancementofhumancivilizationisalwaysfollowedbythedamagetothenature Topropel 推进 thesocioeconomicdevelopment mostcountriestrytoreachtheirgoalsattheexpenseoftheenvironment Thereisonepopularsayingthatweshoulddevelopourselvesfirst andthenwetrytosavetheenvironment Thisshallowconsensus 意见 hascausedthepollutionofallkinds Thus it stimeformankindtotakestepstostoppollutingthenatureforfollowinggeneration effect果 主题句 因 因果 型语段 33 Therapidlyemergingsexualrevolutionhasbeenaccompaniedbymanydisturbingtrends Perhapsthemostseriousconsequencescenterontherapidspreadofsexuallytransmitteddiseases STDs risingprostitutionandtheriseinAIDScases 伴随着迅速出现的性革命有很多令人烦恼的趋势 最严重的后果可能是性传染病的迅速蔓延 卖淫现象及艾滋病患者的增多 高级句型 主题句 因 因果 型语段 34 InAmerica however itisthoughtthatthereducedaccidentfiguresareduerathertotheincreaseintrafficdensity 密度 Thisiswhyithasevenbeensuggestedthatthepresentspeedlimitsshouldbedoneawaywithcompletely orthataguideshouldbegiventoinexperienceddriversandthespeedlimitsmadeadvisory 顾问的 asisdoneinpartsoftheUSA effect果 cause因 主题句 因 因果 型语段 35 Thetwo dayweekendissincerelypopularwithcollegestudents Itoffersstudentsmoreleisuretimefortheirhobbiesandentertainments whichhelpthemrelaxcompletelyafterfive dayhardwork Italsorelievesthepressureonthemfromtoomanycoursesandassignments Therefore manystudentstrytoenjoythemselvesinmanyinterestingwayssuchasgoingcampingandhavingapotluckparty 主题句 果 发展句分析因 再次归纳论点 果 因 果 型语段 36 Althoughblackshad freedom inalegalsense mostofthemstilldidnothaveanyeducationoreconomicindependence Consequently theywerehelplesstoparticipatesignificantlyinthepoliticalprocesstotrytoimprovetheirstatus Exceptforfarmwork mostformerslaveshadnoskills Asaresult manyblackswentbacktoworkforthesamewhitepeoplewhousedtobetheirmasters 因 果 因 果 型语段 37 Tobrainstormandmakealistofpossiblecausesforthetopic Girlsdon tdoaswellinmathandscienceasboys Exercise 38 Phenomenon statistics graph Why Reasons Reason Significance Problem Thesis Causes Conclusion Reason Detail Detail 39 Girlsdon tdoaswellinmathandscienceasboys Thereareseveralreasonsforthis Thefirstandmostimportantreasonisthattheyaren tencouragedtoplaywithtoysthatbuildupinterestinmathandscienceproblemsandthatbuildskillsforproblemsolvingorunderstandinghowthingswork Girlsareencouragedtoplaywithtoysthatfosterlanguageandhumanrelationsskills Asaresult theycangrowupnotknowinghowanengineworksorhowtobuildamodelfromdirections Second studieshaveshownthatteachersdon texpectgirlstobegoodatmath Evenfemalemathandscienceteacherspaymoreattentiontoboysinclassandcallonboysmoreoften Becauseteachersdon texpectgirlstoexcel theydon ttryveryhard andsoongirlsarefarbehindboysinthesestudies Finally girlsdon thavemanyrolemodelstolookupto Notverymanymathandscienceteachersarewomen especiallyinthelatergrades Whenthemediapicturemathematiciansandscientists theyusuallypicturemen Asaresult girlsaren tinspiredtochoosethesefieldsascareers 40 2020 1 3 可编辑 Howtowritecause and effectparagraph SoundReasoningorlogicWhendiscussingcausesandeffects makesureyouranalysisisoflogic YoumustnottakeitforgrantedthateventAcauseseventBsimplybecauseeventAoccursbeforeeventB Inotherwords youmustexplainclearlywhatreallybringsaboutaparticularresult 41 2020 1 3 可编辑 PossibleShiftinorderIncause and effectwriting itseemsconvenienttostatetheeffectfirstandthenanalyzethecauses Thereverseorder however istobepreferredwhenonecauseleadstoanumberofeffects 42 2020 1 3 可编辑 1 Hasthecause effectrelationshipbeeneffectivelyaddressed 2 Hassufficientsupportingdetailbeenincluded 3 Doesthewritingcontainaneffectiveopeningandclosing 4 Doesthewritingformameaningfulwhole WritingandRevisingEvaluating 43 Homework Whydotheydoso 1 近日来 全国各地都传出有毒奶粉事件 2 为什么这些公司 甚至知名品牌公司这么做 3 对待这一事件所反映的问题 我们应该怎么办 三聚氰胺melamine中国奶制品公司三鹿ChinesedairyfirmSanlu婴幼儿配方奶粉baby infantformulaMilkpowder召回recall 44 Tobrainstormandmakealistofpossiblecausesforthistopic EnergyProblemsinIndia 45 Usingthefollowingnotestowriteashortparagraphon EnergyProblemsinIndia Thefirsttwosentenceshavebeenwrittenforyou EnergyProblemsinIndia3majorcauses LowefficiencyinenergyconsumptionIncreasedpopulationInsufficientinvestmentinenergyproduction Beginning InrecentyearsIndiafindsitselffacingasevereenergyshortageonitshomemarket Therearemanyreasonsbehindthis 46 PercentageofCollegeStudentsTakingPart timeJobs Trend Thenumberofcollegestudentstakingpart timejobsisgoingup 47 WhyCollegeStudentsTakeaPart timeJob 1 最近几年越来越多的大学生加入打工的队伍2 为什么大学生要打工3 大学生打工的意义 Phenomenon Why Reasons significance 48 Reasons 1 money 2 experience 49 significance Tobeindependent confident Tobroadentheiroutlook Toplaceaninfluenceontheirfuturelife 50 PercentageofCollegeStudentsTakingPart timeJobs Trend Thenumberofcollegestudentstakingpart timejobsisgoingup 51 Thereareseveralreasonsforthisproblemofpiracy Firstofall consumershavenotdevelopedenoughlegalconsciousnesstoresistthepirateproducts Rather theytendtobetemptedbythegreatgapbetweentheprices Secondly thegovernmenthasnotpaiddueattentiontoitandnoeffectivemeasureshavebeentakentostoppiracy Forexample thecopyrightlawstillhasmanyholesinit Finally somewritersandproducers beingafraidofthetroubleoflawsuitstheymaybringuponthemselves prefertosufferthepiracyinsilence 52 Piracyhascausedgreatlosstothelegitimateproducersandauthors Becausethepirateproductsoftencostmuchlessthanthegenuineones theyenjoymuchbettersellinginspiteoftheirrelativelypoorqualitythanthegenuineones Thishappensespeciallytosomehigh techproducts whosepricesareoftenrelativelyhigh Then inthecaseofthepirateediti