跨文化交际教案Culture and Language,.doc

Language and Cultureby You ZeshunSection One: An Introduction to Language and CultureObjectives:l Understand why we need to learn foreign languagesl Understand why we need to learn foreign culturesl Understand the chronological development of the field of intercultural communication studies 1. 1 Why Foreign Language and Foreign Culture? Lao Tze: Let there be a small country with few peopleThough neighboring communities overlook one another and the crowing of cocks and barking of dogs can be heard, yet the people there may grow old and die without ever visiting one another- a self-sufficient and isolated village Marshall Mcluhan: a global village1. 2 The Necessity of Intercultural Communication Studies: The increase of communication: (1) Technological development; (2) Globalization of the economy; (3) Widespread population migrations; (4) Development of Multiculturalism. Misunderstanding between people from different cultures speaking the same language1. 3 Intercultural Communication (An Overview) The development of intercultural communications studies abroad (1) The burgeoning period: In 1958, The Ugly American (by Lederer and Burdicks ) cultural awareness; In 1959, The Silent language (by Eward T. Hall) “Intercultural communication” Traditional anthropology study to comparative cultural study; Macro perspective to micro perspective; culture to communication; The application of results of intercultural studies to intercultural communication training and international business etc. The Hidden Dimension (1966), Beyond Culture (1976), The Dance of Life (1984), Understanding Cultural Differences (1989); (2) From 1960 to 1970: Kluckhohn and Strodtbecks discourse on cultural value orientation; Culture and Communication ( Oliver,1966), Asian philosophy and communication behavior from rhetorical perspective; Communication and Culture (Smith, 1966), essays on human communication covering thirteen types of communication studies; in 1966, the first class of intercultural communication studies in University of Pittsburgh; Conference related to intercultural communication studies 1968, The First International Conference of the Speech-Communication Arts and Sciences; 1969, The Second International Conference of the Speech-Communication Arts and Sciences; Journals related to Intercultural Communication StudiesSpeech Education; Communication.(3) From1971 to 1980: In 1970The Intercultural-international Speech Communication Year , the establishment of The International Communication Association and Communication Yearbook, The Commission for International and Intercultural Communication and International and Intercultural Communication Annual; In 1972,The First International Conference of Intercultural Communication Studies; Samovar, Intercultural Communication: A Reader (1972/1973).(4) From 1981 to Present: Studies on intercultural communication mushroom Intercultural Communication Studies in China:(1) 1983, He Daokuan, An Introduction to a New Field of Study-Cross-Cultural Communication; 1985, Hu Wenzhong, Communication Between Cultures and Foreign Language Teaching; 1988, Intercultural Communication and English Learning;1990, Intercultural Communication: A Reader; 1994, Culture and Communication; 1995, Dictionary of British and American Culture. Conferences and Other Development:(2) 1995, The Fifth International Symposium on Intercultural Communication Studies, Haerbin and the establishment of China Association of Intercultural Communication Studies.(3) Up to 1995, course of intercultural communication in five universities in China; various books and articles concerning intercultural studies published.Section Two: Communication, Culture and Intercultural Communication Objectives:l Understand such terms as communication, culture, and intercultural communicationl Understand the steps and the types of communicationl Understand the functions and characteristic of culturel Understand the forms of intercultural communication 2. 1 Communication Steps in the communication process: (1) behavior source- the speaker; (2) encoding-the internal activities of the speaker when organizing the message; (3) message-the result of the encoding is a message once it is send and received; (4) channel-the physical medium with which the message is transferred; (5) responder-the person who receives and responds to the speakers message; (6) decoding-the internal activities of the responder when decoding the message; (7) the action taken by the responder, including making response or making no response, after decoding; (8) feedback-the response is a feedback once it is received by the speaker. Factors contributing to communication: (1) personal elements-stable sex, age, personality, profession, social status, education, and experience and unstable elements intention, feeling, identity,etc; (2) non-personal elements- time, place, occasion, etc. Communication defined: (1) Professor Frank Dance Wisconsin University: 126 definitions ; (2) Samovar: Communication may be defined as that which happens whenever someone responds to the behavior or the residue of the behavior of another person- verbal behavior and nonverbal behavior, behavior residue, intentional and unintentional, feedback and no-feedback (One-way communication) Types of communication:(1)verbal and nonverbal symbol; (2)direct and indirect medium; (3)two-way and one-way feedback; (4)one/group-to-one and one/group-to-group numbers of behavior source and responders; (5)directed and non-directed stable responder; (6)intentional and unintentional message sending of the behavior source; (7)active and passive message receiving of the responder; (8)simultaneous and non-simultaneous time of communication.2. 2 Culture Qi Yucun,(1992 ): 250 definitions. Edward Taylor, anthropologist: Culture is a complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. It can be a set of fundamental ideas, practices, and experiences of a group of people that are symbolically transmitted generation to generation through a learning process. It may refer to beliefs, norms, and attitudes that are used to guide our behaviors and to solve human problems. It can be viewed as a system of expressive practices and mutual meanings associated with our behavior; it can be divided into four levelsthe result of material production, productive relations, the visible product of spiritual civilization, and the invisible product of spiritual civilization, or three levels high culture, popular culture, and deep culture, or two levelsCulture with a big C and culture with a small c, etc. A Working Definition: (1) From the perspective of the evolution and development of the culture and the distribution of the human being , culture can be considered as “the comprehensive features which differ one ethnic group from another”； (2) It can be further defined as “ the comprehensive features that differ one group from another” ethnic group- subgroup; culture-subculture.2. 3 Intercultural Communication Based on the definition of communication, intercultural communication may be simply defined as “that which happens whenever someone responds to the behavior or the residue of the behavior of another person from another culture”. Example 1: Even though Andy Wongs parents immigrated to the United States from Taiwan before he was born, they still speak Chinese at home and expect Andy and his brothers and sisters to behave like proper Chinese children. Because Andy loves his parents very much, but he finds their expectations difficult to fulfill. He thinks he speaks respectfully to his mother when he tells her that he is going out with his friends after dinner, but his parents tell him he is being disrespectful.-Is Andys communication with his patents intercultural, either because Andy is very U.S. American and his parents are Chinese or because parents and children have different cultures? Three contributors to successful intercultural communication: (1) the positive feeling we possess at the affective level, including affirmation, self-esteem, comfort, trust, and safety; (2) the beliefs we bring into the intercultural encounter at the cognitive level, including expectations, stereotypes, uncertainties, and misunderstanding of rules or procedures; (3) the actions or skills we possess at the behavioral level, including verbal and nonverbal communication skills in intercultural settings. Three forms of intercultural communication：(1) self-centered dialogueethnocentrism- using their own cultural standards to judge and interact with each other-lack of understanding or unwilling to understand cultural differences; (2) dominant centered dialogue-well aware of cultural differences, but try to impose ones cultural standards on people from another culture-cultural imperialism; (3) equal dialogue-mutual understanding of cultural similarities and differences and sincere efforts to overcome their difference on an equal basis successful communication.2. 4 Intercultural Communication Studies Significance: Intercultural communication studies, focused on the equal dialogue, help to reduce communication barriers, to prevent intercultural conflicts, and to promote intercultural communication. Traps: (1) Overlook the dynamic development of culture;(2) Mistakenly dismiss features of an individual as group features; (3) insufficiently understand the limitation of “cultural stereotype”. Stereotype: those overgeneralized and oversimplified beliefs we use to categorize a group of people, such as, Americans walk very fast; Americans are very straightforward in talking; American students ask too much questions in the classroom and dont respect professors. Section Three: Differences Between Chinese Culture and American Culture - A Macro- PerspectiveObjectives:l Understanding differences between individualism and collectivisml Understanding differences between right-oriented society and commitment-oriented societyl Understanding differences between law-centered and moral-centered societyl Understanding differences between “Doing” “Pulling” and “Being” “Pushing”3.1 Collectivism and Individualism Definition: (1) Collectivism-A man is not an individual but attains his full being only in his social relationships; (2) Individualism-Each individual has a unique identity, a self separate from but influenced by group norms. Reasons: (1) Philosophical thinking:A. Taosim - Chinese consider the cosmos as self-generating and spinning in endless rounds of bipolar oscillation, each part transforming into and interlocking with each other, a person in a community, in a context, interrelated;B. Ancient Greek philosophy; Renaissance - Americans give priority to individuality, each individual having freedom of will and equality of consideration and a voice heard, separate and independent. (2) Religious belief:A. Buddhism emphasizes the harmony of man and nature; to obtain harmony, self should be included in a broader group or community, Confucianism values the patriarchic order of the family as well as the whole society, which actually requires the individual to find his place only within a group; B. Protestantism encourages each individual to work hard, for working hard is considered as the only way to fulfill God will and to atone for ones sin before one can enjoy the only salvation opportunity offered by God, one makes his own greatest effort, even though the other may not do so, American protestants left the old continent to be free and independent. (3) Economic developmentA. People in agricultural society live in one area, depending on each other and forming a self-enclosed group or community; B. People in industrialized society live in high mobility, depending on oneself. 3.2 Right-oriented and Commitment-oriented Put priority not to what rights one can enjoy, but to what one should do for others. Do not infringe upon others rights and protect ones rights from being infringed upon. Although social activities occupy much of his time, he avoids personal commitments to others. He does not like to get involved. A social act such as invitation or offered gift is accepted and thanks are expressed. The recipient is not under obligation to reciprocate, although there is present a vague propriety of a return gesture. This social pressure, however, does not have the binding and formal quality of social obligations evident in other cultures. Americans usually prefer to pursue their social life under conditions that minimize incurring social obligations.3.3 Moral-Centered and Law-Centered Setting a good example, emotion appealing Strict law, division of power: legal power, administrative power, and judicial power3.4 “Being, Pulling” and “Doing, Pushing” Being-qualification, seniority, sex, and family background, etc Doing-the real ability, or the practical skill Pulling-emphasis on humanity and aesthetics Pushing-emphasis on science and technology and pragmatic researchSection Four: Differences Between Chinese Culture and American Culture: A Micro-Perspective Objectives:l Understand feature differences between social organizations in two cultures: family, school, and society, etc.l Understand cultural differences in daily communications of English and Chinese.2.1 Social Organizations Family: (1) nuclear family and extended family; (2) independent and complementary - education, marriage, career, looking after aged parents, financial issue, etc. Even though an American child did not have a chance to choose his parents, he can choose to prefer one more than the other American parent leave their three small children on the beach; Chinese parent have their baby or small children sleep with them during the night.; (3) evils- A heaven for children, a battlefield for the young, and a grave for the old; disputes inside extended family.(4) I think its terrible that in your country children leave their parents when theyre so young. Something that shocks me even more is that many parents want their children to leave home. I cant understand why children and parents dont like each other in your country; In your country, parents dont allow their children to become independent. Parents keep their children protected until the children get married. How are young people in your country supposed to learn about life that way? School(1) student-centered and teacher centered; free-discussion and spoon-feeding.(2) exam-oriented and creation-oriented The humanistic conception regards a child as a gardener regards a young tree, i.e., as something with a certain intrinsic nature, which will develop into an admirable form, given proper soil and air and light-Bertrand Russell. (3) creative activity and imitation and memorizing Am I talking to walls Society(1) Employment:A. planned economy and market economy social securities and social welfare-pension, medical insurance, unemployment relief, and poverty relief; B. success and failure God help those who help themselves, a speech by a company president; C. job hopping.(2) Friendship:A. out- group and in- group; B. friendliness and friendship easy to forget as well as to become friends; give and take;C. helpfulness Liu Keyas experience4. 2 An Overview of the Cultural Differences in Daily Lifel How to address? Mr., Mrs., Miss, Ms, Sir, Madam先生，小姐 Profession+Surname, Position+Surname Bishop Gray，Captain Simmonds，President Bush，Queen Elizabeth 黄老师，李局长，老刘 黄老师Mr. Huang, Miss Huang, Miss, Professor, and Dr. Mr. Chairman, Mr. President 主席先生，总统先生 Mr./Mrs./Miss America, Mr./Miss Universe 美国先生/太太/小姐，环球小姐 Uncle, Aunt, Granny 叔叔，阿姨，奶奶/婆婆，师傅 Mr/Miss Right, Mr/Miss Not-too-bad.l How to introduce? Formal introduction: Mr., Dr., Professor (before surname); title (complementary) 职位， 头衔在前，姓名在后 Informal introduction: (1) Introducing one to another; (2) Introducing one to a group; (3) Self- introduction Introduce one of less important to one of high social status Presenting business cards Shaking handsl How to keep the ball rolling? (being Responsive) The whether The common interests Compliments (Acquaintance)l How to greet? Chinese way of greeting Have you eaten your lunch? Eating lunch? Where are you going? To market? Informal greeting in English Good morning/afternoon/evening Hi/Hello How are you going/doing? Hows everything? Whats new/up? How are things?l Where to make an apology? Im sorry/Pardon me/ Excuse me Excuse me - Get out of the way I beg your pardon Sorry, my English is not so good.l How to compliment? Compliment at least three persons a day Dont be too serious of other peoples complements Complement members of ones own family I like your hairstyle very much Losing weight and put on weight You are beautiful You are so sexyl How to be modest? Language of respect and humility: 尊夫人舍内；贤弟愚兄；贵府寒舍；大作拙作 Polite remarks: 本人才疏学浅；班门弄斧 “You are so beautiful” “Where! Where!” “The nose, the lips, the eyeseverywhere” “You have done a good job” “It is my duty