罗宾斯《管理学》英文版9个重点试题详细解答.docx

。1. Discuss Frederick Taylors work in scientific management. Next, list Taylors four principles of management.Develop a science for each element of an individuals work to replace the old rule-of thumb methodscientifically select and then train ,teach and develop the worker.heartily cooperate with workers so as to ensure that all work is done in accordance with the principles of the science that has been developed. 2. In a short essay, describe what is meant by the specific and general environments within which organizations operate.The specific environment includes external forces that directly impact managers decisions and actions and are directly relevant to the achievement of the organizations goals. The main forces that make up the specific environment are customers, suppliers, competitions and pressure groups.The general environment includes the broad economic, political/legal, sociocultural, demographic, technological and global conditions that affect an organization. 3. In a short essay, define organizational culture, identify and define the seven dimensions that make up an organizations culture.Organizational culture has been described as the shared values, principles, traditions, and ways of doing things that influence the way organizational members act. First, culture is a perception .(Its not something that can be physically touched or seen, but employees perceive it on the basis of what they experience within the organization .)Second, organizational culture is descriptive .(Its concerned with how members perceive the culture, not with whether they like it. Finally, even though individuals may have different backgrounds or work at different organizational levels, they tend to describe the organizations culture in similar terms. Thats the shared aspect of culture. ) Attention to detail Outcome Orientation People OrientationTeam OrientationAggressivenessStabilityInnovation and Risk Taking4. In a short essay, discuss bounded rationality and satisficing. Bounded rationality which says that managers make decisions rationally but are limited by their ability to process information. Then, it about satisficing. Because the managers can not possibly analyze all information on all alternatives, they satisfice rather than maximize. That is, they accept the solutions are “good enough.” 5. In a short essay, define management by objectives (MBO) and list four elements of this type of goal setting. MBO:A process of setting mutually agreed upon goals and using those goals to evaluate performance.Fourgoals:1goalspecificity,2、participativedecisionmaking,3、anexplicittimeperiod 4、performancefeedback. 6. In a short essay, define goals, then list and discuss six characteristics of well-designed goals.written in terms of outcomes rather than actions measurable and quantifiableclear as to a time framechallenging get attain-ablewritten downcommunicated to all necessary organizational members7. In a short essay, discuss the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) matrix and explain its usefulness in segmenting businesses. Include a discussion of the characteristics for each of the four categories based on the BCG matrix. BCG.A strategy tool that guide resource allocation decisions on the basis of market share and growth rate of SBUs, providing a framework for understanding diverse businesses and help managers establish priorities for resources. The dog should be sold off-dated also managers should milk cash cows for as much as they can, and use cash generated to invest in stars and question marks with strong potential improve market share.8. In a short essay, describe the strategic management process and identify the six stages in the process.Identify the organizations current mission ,goals and strategies.do an external analysis.do an internal analysis.formulate strategies.implement strategies.evaluate results.9. In a short essay, describe matrix structure. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this structure?TheBCGmatrixintroducedtheideathatanorganizationsbusinessescouldbeevaluatedandplottedusinga2x2matrixtoidentifywhichonesofferedhighpotentialandwhichwereadrainonorganizationalresources.Some of the strategic advantages of thisorganizational structureare reduced working capital and process cycle times can be reduced in most cases. It creates checks andbalancesbetweencompetingviewpoints and promotes making trade-off decisions that are best for the company. It also h