英语国家社会与文化入门课后问答答案!!!.docx

英国 Unit 3 第6题 What kind of institution(部门 is the House of Lords（上议院）? What role dose it play in 部门) 部门 （上议院） British government? A: It consists of the Lords Spiritual(神职议员)who are the Archbishops(大主教) and most prominent （杰出的、 卓越的） bishops （主教）of the church of England ;and the Lords Temporal(世 俗议员)，which refers to everyone else。They inherited(继承) the seat from their forefathers or been appointed by the sovereign （郡主、 最高统治者） parliament 议会） they speak and vote .In （ as individuals （个人） ,not as representatives （代表） of the greater interests of the country. They do not receive salaries and many do not attend Parliament at all. unit5 3.What are the three main areas in national economies？Describe the development of each of the three areas in the UK economy. 答案 National economies can be broken down into three main areas,”primary” industries, such as agriculture ,fishing, and mining,”second-ary”industries, which manufacture complex goods from those primary products ;and tertiary industries .often described as services,such as banking, insurance, tourism, and the selling of goods. Britains agricultural sector is small （ producing 1.4%of the national wealth ） but efficient, producing 58% of the UKs food needs with only 2%of its workforce.Three quarters of Britains land is used for agriculture. With about a quarter of that under crops-wheat and barley are the two commonest. The rest is grazing for animals, including cattle (both dariy and beef), The fishing industry provides 55%of the UK demand for fish Sconish ports land the majority of the fish caught. In the secondary sector of the economy. Manufacturing industry remains important, producing 22% of national wealth. British companies are are active in all major fields of manufacturing industry, but are particularly strong in pharmaceuticals(the British company Glaxo-Wellcrme is the biggest drug company in the world),chemicals(Cis the second largest paint manufacture in the world),aerospace overall the UK industry is third in （ size in the world） and food drink (Scotch whisky being a major export). ）unit7 1. (1)What are the purposes of the British education system? (2)Please comment on these purposes. (3)What are the main purposes of the Chinese education system? (4)Are there any differences or similarities in the education of the two nations? 答：(1)The purpose of the British education system is to teach children practical skills and socialize them. (2)Children learn practical skills, and the rules and values they need to become good citizens, to participate in the community, and to contribute to the economic prosperity of an advanced industrial economy. (3)The purpose of the Chinese education is to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills they will need to become active members of society. (4) In china, people think school is just about teaching children what are often called” the three Rs-“reading, writing and arithmetic”(reading, writing and arithmetic). 2. How does the British education reflect social class? British education reflect the deeper divisions in British society in which social class is still very important: class inequality can be erased or continued according to education policy. Whats more, the enduring feature of British education is the continuing debate over how “equal” educational opportunity should be. In British, the accent you speak with, the clothes you wear, and the schools you attend are all markers that identify your social class. The school (or college)tie is a clear marker of social class. Even on informal occasions you will sometimes see men wearing their school ties as belts to hold up their trousers proudly displaying their attendance at a certain school. In Britain, where you are educated is very important to you future. 3 what are the major changes that have taken place since World war 2? Is British education moving towards more progress or more equality? Pick up some examples from the text to illustrate your points. Other major changes to the British education system were caused by world war 。 This time, the new system would emphasize equality. The result was the 1944 Education Act which made entry to secondary schools and universities” meritocratic”. Children would be abilities they displayed. All children were given the right to a free secondary education and the main concern was to make sure more children had access to a good education. In the 1960s,comprehensive schools were introduced all over the country, which ended the division between grammar schools-where the most academically capable pupils were sent to be prepared for university-and vocational school where less successful pupils were sent to learn allowed to let children compete for places. 4. Why does the author say that universities in Britain have been rather elitist? 答：Most students were from the middle classes, attended good schools, performed well in their A-levels and received a fully-funded place in a university. In recent years, great efforts have been made to increase the numbers of and kinds of people that pursue higher education. Access for mature students and students without traditional A-level qualifications is widening. 5. (1) what is the Open University in Britain? (2)What do you think of this system? (1)The Open University offers a non-traditional route for people to take university level courses and receive a university degree. People can follow university courses through textbooks, TV and radio broadcasts, correspondence, videos, residential schools and a network of study centre. (2)It was the Open University which provided the inspiration for the founding of Chinas TV and Radio University.澳大利亚 上册 15 单元 1. What are the unique features of the Australian continent? 答：Isolated from other major land masses, Australias distinctive flora and fauna evolved through its long period as an island continent.2 Discuss the social and cultural values embodied in the Dreaming. Membership in a particular language group was of great social and cultural significance. Traditionally, languages belong to tracts of country which, in the belief system of the Dreaming, have been put in their places by Dreamtime creator figures. 3. Why does the author say that In most of the languages there is no distinction between the words for “belief”,” law” and “knowledge”? Do you think its true in your own language? The sacred creation stories are not only explanations about how the country came to be formed, they also provide principles of how people should live and interact with others, especially with whom they may or may not intermarry. 4. (1) what do you know about Zheng Hes voyages in the 15th century? (2)Do you think his fleet got to the northern part of Australia? (3)Why? 答：(1)Yes. (2)Yes. (3) In 1405, Zhu Di the Ming emperor commissioned his admiral Zhengzhou to take 317 of his ships to the Middle East and Eastern Africa .Between 1405 and 1433 Zhengzhou made seven trips routinely passing through what we now call Southeast and South Asia .I am sure that Zhengzhou had gone there, because there is evidence that several ships from that armada landed on the Aru Islands to the north of Arnhem Land. 5. What is the impact of the assimilation policy on the indigenous people? 同化政策对 本土人民的影响是什么？ 答：The missionaries on the “protected reserves” set out destroy the culture of the Dreaming and to replace it with Christianity. As the children grew to adulthood many of them had lost both their families and their culture. They were employed as domestic servants or on cattle stations .Young Aboriginal women were continually at risk of rape. Aboriginal people were excluded from the social ,the political ,the education ,the health services and other aspects. Racism was an entrenched part of Australian culture until the 1960s and operated at the personal and institutional level.Unit 18 1. Do you think the Australia government system is a democratic one? Why? Australia has what has been called a “Wash minster” form of polity. In other words it is a mixture of the US, Washington system of government and the British, Westminster system: the political structure is based on a Federation of States and has a three-tier system of government but the chief executive is a Prime Minister not a President. 2. Why do you think Australia adopted the “Wash minister” form of polity? Do you think it reflects the advantages of both systems? The political structure of Australia is based on a Federation of State and has a three-tier system of government, but the chief executive is a Prime Minister not a President. Yes. Although Australia has a three-tier system of government, the Prime Minister and his Cabinet at federal level is the acknowledged centre of Australia parliamentary power. 3. Do you think the pluralist form of government is ideal? What are its drawbacks? Yes. Citizens can choose the government and exert their power. This system secures transparency and thus accountability. Pluralism provides for a ready made alternative government. The Australian government system is a democratic one. Australians understand and conduct life upon a basic commitment to different. 4. Do you think the government can improve the efficiency of the social welfare and social security services by contracting them out to private sector? Why? Yes. It is being encouraged to focus on producing program as marketable commodities to reduce its dependence upon government funding. 5. Is the loss of social capital a necessary cost in maintaining a countrys strong economy? Why? Yes. Both the Labor and Coalition Parties have been instrumental in deregulating the economy. The Coalition is associated with the most stringent forms, and the Labor Party is aligned with a political program. As citizens, Australians today are debating whether the loss of “social capital”-the cut-backs of public spending on education, health and the public broadcaster-is a necessary cost in maintaining Australias position as one of the “strong” economies in global league tables. However, the Coalition is associated with the most stringent forms of economic rationalism especially with making a balanced budget the programmer focusing more on the balance between social and economic aspects of Australian life.Unit 20 1. Why do you think there was strong racism against Chinese and Pacific Islanders in Australia in the late 19th century? The Chinese constituted the third largest group and were subjected to racism at many levels. They were the target of physical attacks. Pacific Islanders were kidnapped by the “Blackbirders”. 2. Do you think Multiculturalism enables migrants from other countries to have equality? Why? Yes. Multiculturalism was identified as comprising three areas of policy: Cultural Identity, Social Justice, Economic Efficiency. 3. Do you think the aboriginal people achieved equality after Mabo and Wik decisions? Why? No. There are still many social issues of equity that need to be addressed. 4. Why does the author say“History, culture and politics, the way we see and the ways we act, are intertwined”? The documentation of the wrongs is now a recognized part of the history of Australia. It forms part of the curriculum in schools. 5. Why do you think there are different interpretations of history? Those historians and politicians who want to “disremember” and those who want to reveal the racism that has been part of the construction of modern Australian society美国UNIT 3 1.What is an American? He is either a European, or the descendant of a European, hence that strange mixture of blood, which you will find in no other country. He is an American, who leaving behind him all his ancient prejudices and manners, receives new ones from the new mode of life he has embraced, the new government he obeys, and the new rank he holds. . Here individuals of all nations are melted into a new race of men, whose labors and posterity will one day cause great changes in the world. . The American is a new man, who acts new principles; he must therefore entertain new ideas, and form new opinions. 4 . In what way did Puritanism influence American culture? A. Today, Puritans are no longer in existence. But their legacies are still felt in American society and culture. For example, the Puritans hoped to build a city upon hill an ideal community. Since that time, Americans have viewed their country as a great experiment, a worthy model for other nations. This sense of mission has been very strong in the minds of many Americans. B. The Puritans also have left rich cultural heritage to future Americans. The American values such as individualism, hard work, respect of education owe very much to the Puritan beliefs. UNIT 4 1 Why did the Articles of Confederation fail? Was it necessary to change the Articles of Confederation and write a new constitution for the new nation of the United States at the time? The Articles of Confederation failed because the states did not cooperate with the Congress or with each other. When the Congress needed money to pay the national army or to pay debts owed to France and other nations, some states refused to contribute. The Congress had been given no authority to force any state to do anything. It could not tax any citizen. Only the state in which a citizen lived could do that. 2. What is a federal system? What are some of the major differences between a federal system and a confederation? The Constitution set up a federal system with a strong central government. A federal system is one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constituent parts, with some rights reserved to each. The Constitution also called for the election of a national leader, or president. It provided that federal laws would be made only by a Congress made up of representatives elected by the people. It also provided for a national court system headed by a Supreme Court. 3. What are some of the major powers of each of the three branches of the U.S. government? How are the three branches supposed to check and balance each other? If Congress proposes a law that the president thinks is unwise, the president can veto it. That means the proposal does not become law. Congress can enact the law despite the presidents views only if two-thirds of the members of both houses vote in favor of it. If Congress passes a law which is then challenged in the courts as unconstitutional, the Supreme Court has the power to declare the law unconstitutional and therefore no longer in effect. The president has the power to make treaties with other nations and to make all appointments to federal positions, including the position of Supreme Court justice. The Senate, however, must approve all treaties and confirm all appointments before they become official. In this way the Congress can prevent the president from making unwise appointments 4What is the Bill of Rights? Do you think that it was necessary to write the Bill of Rights explicitly into the U.S. Constitution? The Bill of Rights: the first 10 amendments, collectively known as the Bill of Rights, were added within two years of the adoption of the U.S. Constitution. These amendments remain intact today, as they were written two centuries ago. The first guarantees freedom of worship, speech and press, the right of peaceful assembly, and the right to petition the government to correct wrongs. The Bill of Rights and subsequent constitutional amendments guarantee the American people the fullest possible opportunity to enjoy fundamental human rights. 5 What are the two political parties in the United States? Do you think they are fundamentally different? The United States has two major political parties. One is the Democratic Party, which evolved out of Thomas Jeffersons party, formed before 1800. The symbol of the party is the donkey. The other is the Republican Party, which was formed in the 1850s, by people in the states of the North and West, such as Abraham Lincoln, who wanted the government to prevent the expansion of slavery into new states then being admitted to the union. The symbol of the Republican Party is the elephant.UNIT 6 1. In what way do you think that religious freedom was a historical necessity in the United States? 1. By the middle of the 18th century, many different kinds of Protestants lived in America. 2. The Great Awakening of the 1740s, a revival movement that sought to breathe new feeling and strength into religion, cut across the lines of Protestant religious groups, or denominations. 3. A few Americans were so influenced by the new science and new ideas of the Enlightenment in Europe that they became deists, believing that reason teaches that God exists but leaves man free to settle his own affairs. 4. The First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States forbade the new federal government to give special favors to any religion or to hinder the free practice, or exercise, of religion. 3 What promotes the diversity in American religion? 1. The United States has always been a fertile ground for the growth of new religious movements. Frontier America provided plenty of room to set up a new church or found a new community. 2. Many religious communities and secular utopias, or experiments in new forms of social living, were founded in 18th and 19th century America. 3. Americans with different religions live together under the same law. 4. The religious beliefs of Americans continue to be strong with social progress. 5. In the United States every church is a completely independent organization, and concerned with its own finance and its own building. 6. Continuous immigration.UNIT 8 1. What is the goal of education in the United States? Discuss the similarities and differences in Great Britain, the United States and China concerning the goals of education. 答：The goal isand has been since the early decades of the republicto achieve universal literacy and to provide individuals w