毕业设计英文翻译.doc

附录1 英文原文Conversion of existing mapping results to the China Geodetic Coordinate System 2000China is a vast area of the country, due to historical reasons, Chinas adoption of the Beijing 54 coordinate system, such as Xian 80 coordinate system coordinates. With the mapping technology known as 2000, China established a national geodetic coordinate system of the earth coordinate system. This will be the extent possible, on Chinas achievements have been converted to the new mapping coordinates a variety of theoretical methods to be learning from industry peers.1.Definition of the China Geodetic Coordinate System 20001. National Geodetic coordinate system is defined to include the origin of coordinates, three axes of direction, scale, and the earth ellipsoid four basic parameters of the definition. China Geodetic Coordinate System origin to include the oceans and atmosphere whole Earths center of mass; China Geodetic Coordinate System Z axis pointing to the original Epoch 2000.0 of the Earths direction, the epoch of the point by the International Bureau of time epoch 1984.0 set the initial point for the projections, the time evolution of orientation relative to the crust does not guarantee the global residual rotation, X-axis pointing to the original point of reference Greenwich meridian and the Earth equatorial plane (epoch 2000.0) of the intersection, Y-axis and Z axis, X axis to the right hand orthogonal coordinate system. With general relativity in the sense of scale. China Geodetic Coordinate System used in the earth ellipsoid parameters values are:Long axle a6378137mFlat rate f=1/298.257222101Gravitational constant GM3.9860044181014m3s-2Angular velocity 7.292l1510-5rad s-1Other parameters as follows:Short radiusb(m)6356752.31414Polar radius of curvaturec (m)6399593.62586The first eccentricity e0.0818191910428Squared of first eccentricity e20.00669438002290Second Eccentricity 0.0820944381519Squared of Second Eccentricity 20.006739496775481/4The length of the meridian circle Q(m)10001965.7293The average radius of ellipsoid R1(m)6371008.77138The same surface area of the sphere radius R2(m)6371007.18092The same volume of radiusR3(m)6371000.78997Ellipsoid in the proper position U0(m2s-2)62636851.7149Dynamic shape factor J20.001082629832258Spherical harmonic coefficients J4-0.00000237091126Spherical harmonic coefficients J60.00000000608347Spherical harmonic coefficients J8-0.000000000014270.00344978650678The Equators value of normal gravity e9.7803253361Polarized normal gravity valuep9.8321849379Mean normal gravity 9.7976432224Latitude45 degrees of the normal gravity value459.80619776952. The method of Point and coordinates transformation(1) Model selectionThe scope of national and provincial choose two-dimensional coordinate conversion seven parameter transformation model; provincial level below the three-dimensional coordinate conversion option or four-parameter model for planar four-parameter model. For the relatively independent plane coordinate system and the China Geodetic Coordinate System links four parameters model can be used flat or polynomial regression model. Coordinate transformation model detailed in Part VI of this guide.(2) Coincidence point selectionCoincidence coordinates can be used in the two coordinates are the results of the point coordinates. But in the end overlap point needed to determine the conversion parameters according to the calculated coincidence coordinate residuals, according to the size of the residuals to determine if the residual error is greater than 3 times removed in recalculate the coordinate conversion parameters until satisfied precision so far; used to calculate the number of transformation parameters and conversion Coincidence size of the region, but not less than five.(3) Calculation of model parametersCoincidence identified with the coordinates of the coordinate conversion model model parameters using least squares method. (4)Accuracy assessment and validation.Coordinate transformation with the above model must meet the corresponding precision indicators, specific indicators and assessment of accuracy assessment methods, see the annex to relevant content. Select some coincidence as an external check point, is not involved in conversion parameter calculation, calculating the transformation parameters using the conversion point coordinates are compared with known coordinates of the external check. Should be selected at least six evenly spaced points on the coordinate transformation coincides accuracy check.(5) Coordinates of the midpoint of the database conversion model parameter calculation of regional selectionXian coordinate system for the 1980 database, using national data of a set of model parameters to meet the 1:5 million and 1:25 million scale database conversion accuracy; with the national data of the model parameters of the six regional meets 1 : 10 000 scale database conversion accuracy. For the 1954 Beijing coordinates database conversion, using the national data of the model parameters of the six regional meets, and 1:25 million, 1:5 million scale database conversion accuracy; by (2 3 ) to Calculation of model parameters to meet the 1:1 million scale database conversion accuracy.3.1:2.5-1:25 Million conversion of the database(1)Basic scale topographic maps by country Framing organizations databaseBasic scale topographic maps by country sub-site organizations graphics data (DLG,DEM,DRG),based on the following program to convert.1.1:2.5-1:10million DLG conversion of the database(2)1954 Beijing coordinate system1:2.5-1:10 million DLG conversion of the databaseA,according to the appropriate regional scale sub-division of lots, two steps complete the coordinate transformation. First to ellipsoid transform, re-scale maps using the corresponding region of X, Y coordinates of the coordinate shift amount of shift;B,according to 2000 National Geodetic coordinates corresponding to the scale of the standard profile data and Drawing cutting edge of the region maps the data in the blank area adjacent maps use additional data;C,add the 2000 National Geodetic coordinates in grid square layer, delete the original square grid where the data layer;D,complete the chart profile changes, data editing, data access side, topology reconstruction, data storage and other data processing and construction of library work;E,with maps for Edge: The picture on the right (1954 Beijing coordinate system) then left (China Geodetic Coordinate System ), the first picture on the right of the ellipsoid to bring change and change in the use of the left with left of motion for the coordinates of picture on the right translation, completed and saved then in the left side with the picture on the right (back up) results. Back to picture on the right to withdraw for Edge to join the pan with the amount, and the projection transformation, and finally use the right amount of completion of the translation with their own translation before they are allowed access to its adjacent picture on the right side;F,on the basis of geographic information database metadata associated changes entries.(2)1980 Xian coordinates 1:2.5-1:10 million DLG Database ConversionFraming according to the relevant regional division of scale, without regard to ellipsoid transform, directly corresponding to the scale regional maps X, Y coordinates of displacement is to coordinate translation; and then follow the 1954 Beijing DLG database coordinate system transformation b f the corresponding steps.2,1:2.5-1:10 million DRG Database ConversionThe original data 300 500dpi scan of original printed maps to correct generated by the RGB raster data, no maps between the elements of Edge Treatment.(1) 1954 Beijing coordinates 1:2.5-1:10 million DRG Database Conversiona、A,consider the ellipsoid transformation and the corresponding map contour corner of the X, Y coordinate translation, calculation coordinate system in 1954, Beijing Drawing of profile corner in the China Geodetic Coordinate System coordinates, and modify the appropriate header files positioning coordinates;B,in the 2000 National DRG data superimposed on the earth coordinate system based on the new geodetic control layer (Fig. profile and square in the grid, etc.), the new chart profile data or data gaps do not do a chart pattern for the region to complement and reduction;C,in the legend to add 2,000 National Geodetic Coordinate System Control base note of new terms;D,the data layer was completed, and keep the original resolution of DRG data;E,change the metadata related to content, increase the standard of the 1954 Beijing Framing coordinates four corners of points in the plan profile China Geodetic Coordinate System coordinates, calculating in 2000 the national standard geodetic coordinate system profile corners framing the map coordinates of points.The converted data for China Geodetic Coordinate System coordinates, coordinates 1954 Beijing Framing.(2) 1980 Xian coordinates 1:2.5-1:10 million DRG Database ConversionGet maps corresponding contour map scale maps corner of the X, Y coordinate shift amount calculation under the shift maps positioning coordinates, modify the header file; and then follow the coordinates to the 1954 Beijing National Geodetic Coordinate System 2000 1:2.5 -1:10 million DRG database conversion b e steps.The converted data for China Geodetic Coordinate System coordinates, coordinates of Xian in 1980, Framing.3,1:2.5-1:10 million DEM Database ConversionThe original data of 25 meter resolution grayscale (256) raster data, library data, maps indirect edge processing intact. This data conversion can be in two ways: one is based on the China Geodetic Coordinate System related to layer DLG data (contour lines, elevation points) to re-generate DEM (see DEM data production specifications), one is for DEM data conversion. The following are given DEM data conversion methods.(1) 1954 Beijing coordinates 1:2.5-1:10 million DEM Database ConversionA,in accordance with the scale corresponds to block maps, the need to add the contents of the adjacent side of the addition of a corresponding scale maps;B,consider the ellipsoid transformation and the corresponding scale maps of the X, Y coordinate translation volume, obtained by X, Y coordinates of corrections;C,the coordinate correction value maps coordinate translation, the same time, the starting coordinates of reference pixel resolution data to determine re-sampling;D,by 2000 the new national geodetic coordinate system and the overlapping pixel map contour maps crop, change the header file positioning coordinates;E,modify the meta data related to entry.(2) 1980 Xian coordinates 1:2.5-1:10 million DEM Database ConversionaA,in accordance with the scale corresponds to the corresponding block maps, the need to add the contents of the adjacent side of the addition of a corresponding scale maps;B,according to the corresponding scale maps of the X, Y coordinate translation capacity for maps coordinate translation and reference pixel resolution to determine the starting coordinates for data re-sampling;C,according to the 1954 Beijing coordinates 1:2.5-1:10 million DEM database conversion d, e steps.4,1:25 million DLG Database Conversion(1) 1:25 extreme increase of the plane coordinate shift amount is converted to the corresponding longitude and latitude, or direct access to the corresponding shift amount of economic and maps, latitude shift amount;(2) The extreme amplitude by 1:25, latitude shift amount, latitude and longitude data to complete the 1:25 10 000 2000 National Geodetic latitude and longitude coordinate data conversion (1954 Beijing coordinate system taking into account the need to change and shift ellipsoid volume);(3) based on 2000 National Geodetic coordinates corresponding to the standard of 1:25 million data profile and Drawing cutting edge of the region maps the data in the blank area adjacent maps using data added;(4) data processing, including: graph profile changes, add new grid layer, data editing, data access side, topology reconstruction, data storage, etc.;(5) to change the metadata file.5,1:25 million DEM Database Conversion(1) the use of National Geodetic Coordinate System 2000 DLG data layers corresponding to re-interpolation generated DEM;(2) changes under the new DEM metadata file.2. Database established by other means1, the establishment of the graphics database by regionBy region (province, region, watershed, etc.) to establish the graphics database (DLG, DEM, DRG), can block the first sub-layer with the completion of conversion, refer to the above basic geographic information database corresponding scale conversion program converted mosaic synthesis.1:10 10 000 -1:25 10 000 database, the database conversion program by 1:25 million conversion block by block, then the overall mosaic synthesis; by way of non-Gaussian projection organization, the original latitude and longitude data network 30 30 or 15 15 intersection as the coordinate conversion reference points to calculate the reference points in the China Geodetic Coordinate System coordinates graphics using GIS software to correct, complete data conversion.2, according to the linear band graphic database establishedBy linear bands (state, river, lines, pipes lines, etc.) to establish the graphics database, can be based on the direction of bands, the length of such section were then spliced synthesis; also can strip ground points in a certain density The two sets of coordinates, point by point through the software to correct. Specific methods:block to correct: extreme blocks for 1:1, 1:1 million, according to data conversion, followed by side-by-block to correct synthesis; for extremely 1:5 block, according to 1:2.5-1:10 million to correct data conversion program block by block Edge after synthesis; corrected point by point: According to data accuracy, the establishment of a certain density (1:1 million 100 MiG outlets, 1:5 million in 2000 MiG outlets) of the coordinate conversion reference points to calculate the reference points in the new coordinate system of coordinates, using GIS software for data conversion.3, no fixed points increase by the establishment of the graphics database partitionIncrease by no fixed points to establish the graphical data area, according to coordinates, scale and data subject where the maps, data, organization, product type (DLG, DEM, DRG) and so on, refer to the appropriate scale of the conversion program, the implementation of data conversion .4, DOM Database ConversionThe original data, air or space remote sensing for black and white or color image data, is continuous gray (full color) or RGB (color) raster data, resolution of a number of ways (mainly for topographic mapping 1:5 aerial images of various resolutions, as well as for special survey of 10 meters, 15 meters, 30 meters and so on satellite images). Image data conversion can refer to the following manner.Has been organized by the database for processing and handling of the DOM data, DEM data can be used 1:2.5-1:10 million conversion method, it can be used to calculate the effective landscape images of edges of 4 points in 2000, National Geodetic Coordinate System coordinates to reposition way.Not by the database organization for processing and handling of DOM data can be used 1:2.5-1:10 million DRG data conversion method, add the new control is no longer the basis of the information.-30 M 5 m resolution data, be based on the data subject where the 1:25 million maps 1:25 10 000 corresponds to the region to use the integrated maps coordinate corrections; for the resolution of 2 meters to 5 meters in between data is required based on the data subject where the 1:5 million map sheet area in the selection of 1:5 million, corresponding to the integrated maps coordinate corrections; thus determine the respective X, Y direction translation of the coordinates corresponding to the number of pixels (direct access 1:25 million, 1:5 million, or integrated coordinate corrections, or by the number of pixels pixel resolution obtained). By Gauss projection, divided as to the (sub-scene) to organize high-resolution image data, the light of 1:1 million program to convert DOM conversion technology.4,1:1 1:5 1 000 million and conversion of basic geographic information database(1)1:1 million and 1:5 1000 grid network coordinate conversion calculation correction1,1980 Xian correct coordinate system coordinate conversion calculationLarge-scale 1:1 million or more generally by (2 3 ) to partition, and the outward expansion of each partition is about 20 , respectively, be calculated by the partition of the transformation parameters, the method used to determine conversion and conversion models, respectively 1:1 million and 1:5 computing the national grid network in 2000, thousands of national geodetic coordinate system coordinates of B2000, L2000, and then find the points of Xian in 1980 and China Geodetic Coordinate System coordinates of the difference DB802000, DL802000 (B2000-B80 , L2000-L80), 1:1 million and 1:5 to form a national network of thousands of grid coordinates of Xian in 1980 and China Geodetic Coordinate System to correct the amount DB802000, DL802000.2,1954 in Beijing coordinates coordinate conversion calculation correctionBeijing 1954 nationwide coordinate system to the China Geodetic Coordinate System Transformation correction amount calculated using two-step method: first calculating the coordinate system conversion in 1954 to the 1980 Beijing Xian correct amount of coordinate system transformation, followed by calculation of Xian in 1980 to the China Geodetic Coordinat